Measuring Active Citizenship

Active citizenship | Cinzia Conti| Rome 17 - 18 June 2013

• 24 athletes born abroad in the
Italian oliypic games London
2012.
• 267 born in Italy
Censimento 2001:
285.782 cittadini
italiani per
acquisizione
Tra il 2001 e il
2011: circa 400
mila acquisizioni
Rilevanza della
naturalizzazioni

Citizenship: formal and substantial
Citizenship denotes the particular legal bond between an individual
and his or her State, acquired by birth or naturalization, whether by
declaration, choice, marriage or other means according to national
legislation (ER n° 862/2007).
Formal
Different laws in different
countries
(Law of 5 February 1992 91)
Substantive
The rights of citizenship as
participation in social life chances

Formal citizenship
Gli anni
sono dieci
per i
cittadini
dei Paesi
Terzi
4 per i
comunitari

Substantive citizenship

Statistics and citizenship
Formal
Regulation 862/2007: data on acquisition of citizenship (art.3) and long term
residence permits (art.6)
Formal and substantive
The Zaragoza Declaration (2010) Active citizenship core indicators:
o the share of immigrants that have acquired citizenship
o the share of immigrants holding permanent or long-term residence
permits
o the share of immigrants among elected representatives
A step forward
“Social Inclusion & Active Citizenship indicators for migrant integration”
(Discussion Paper, Migration Policy Group, Lisbon 2012) trust in public institutions
voter turnout among the population entitled to vote
sense of belonging

Long term-resident permits: longitudinal versus
cross sectional approach
• The share of immigrants who acquired permanent or long-term residence Long-
term resident status refers to permits issued only under Council Directive
2003/109/EC. This is based on a total duration of legal residence of 5 years or
longer, combined with a series of other conditions that must be met to qualify for
this status.
• Residence permits data contain statistical information based on Article 6 of
Regulation (CE) No 862/2007 of 11 July 2007 with reference to permits valid at
the end of the reference period, disaggregated by citizenship, reasons for the
permit being issued and by the length of validity; and on the number of long-term
residents at the end of reference period.
• The numerator used is the population of third-country nationals having long-term
legal resident status. The denominator is the total number of valid residence
permits held by third country nationals
• Elegibility and population at risk.....Longitudinal versus cross sectional approach:
some evidences from Italian experience

Title of presentation | Name and Surname | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
Long-term residence permits: longitudìnal
approach
Citizenship
Share of long-term
residence permits
Stock 2013
(total)
Share of long-term
residence permits
Stock 2013
(only holders)
Inflows 2007
% still present
% long-term
residence permit
on total flows 2007
still present in 2013
% long-term
residence permit
on total flows 2007
Morocco 64.4 59.1 66.8 27.2 18.2
Albania 66.3 63.8 69.9 29.6 20.7
Ukraine 49.3 49.3 75.4 20.5 15.4
Moldova 39.3 38.6 76.2 20.8 15.9
China 39.0 34.4 74.9 5.9 4.4
India 52.1 45.4 60.9 25.5 15.5
Bangladesh 53.7 46.5 70.5 18.9 13.3
Philippines 49.5 47.5 55.2 8.9 4.9
Sri Lanka 52.3 47.2 72.2 13.7 9.9
Peru 50.5 48.5 68.8 17.5 12.0
Tunisia 66.2 59.4 52.3 28.9 15.1
Total 54.6 50.4 63.2 22.5 14.2
Share of immigrants holding permanent or long-term residence permits
Source: Istat on data of Ministry of Interior

Long-term residence permits: Longitudinal
approach
Reason of the permit in
2007
% inflows 2007 still present in
2013
% long-term residents on total
inflows 2007 still present in 2013
% long-term residents on total
inflows 2007
Male Female
Male and
female
Male Female
Male and
female
Male Female
Male and
female
Work 60.6 73.5 66.1 8.7 14.5 11.4 5.3 10.6 7.6
Family reunification 63.8 67.4 66.3 44.4 56.2 52.8 28.3 37.9 35.0
Study 26.5 29.1 27.8 9.9 11.5 10.7 2.6 3.3 3.0
Asylum/humanitarian 50.3 50.7 50.4 1.9 1.8 1.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Other reasons 33.8 32.4 33.1 9.5 14.2 11.8 3.2 4.6 3.9
Total 58.5 68.1 63.2 14.5 29.6 22.5 8.5 20.1 14.2
Source: Istat on data of Ministry of Interior

An indicator also for the future?
• Presently the indicator is expected only to grow
• The growth is not only the result of a increasing integration level
• In Italy the long-term permits have not an expiration date
• If a person that has a long-term permit decides to go back in his
country of origin, nobody will delete his name from the register of
residence permits

Acquisition of citizenship: Regulation
862/2007
Data on acquisitions of citizenship are collected annually by
Eurostat as part of an annual data collection on migration flows and
on population stocks by citizenship and country of birth. These
statistics are regulated by Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007
on Community statistics on migration and international protection,
which is binding for the countries of the European Economic Area
Data on acquisition of citizenship relate to the number of persons
who acquired citizenship of the country of residence during the
reference year, having previously held the citizenship of another
country or having being stateless. These data cover only
acquisitions after birth and exclude acquisitions by non-residents.
(Eurostat Indicators of Immigrant Integration, A Pilot Study, 2011)

Acquisition of citizenship: Zaragoza
declaration
The share of foreigners that have acquired citizenship is the
ratio between the number of residents who acquired citizenship in a
country during a calendar year and the total number of resident
foreigners in that country at the beginning of the year.
This indicator is commonly referred to as ‘naturalisation rate’, even
if this terminology may be misleading since the acquisitions
considered are all modes of acquisitions in force in each country,
and not only naturalisations (residence-based acquisitions requiring
an application by the person concerned).
The indicator can be computed for specific groups of foreigners (for
example third country nationals), for specific age groups and/or for
men and women separately.
(Eurostat Indicators of Immigrant Integration, A Pilot Study, 2011)

Acquisitions of citizenship: untill 2010
Individual data provided by
Ministry of Interior
(only some kinds of acquisitions,
but many information on
individulas: age, previous
citizenship, sex)
Aggregated data collected by Istat
at municipality level
(all kinds of acquisition but few
information: manicipality and sex
Istat estimation for
Regulation 862/2007:
data for all kind of
acquisitions for age, sex
and previous citizenship

Acquisitions of citizenship: 2011
Individual data provided by
Ministry of Interior
(only some kinds of
acquisitions, but many
information on individulas: age,
previous citizenship, sex)
Aggregated data collected by Istat
at municipality level
(all kinds of acquisition but few
information: manicipality and sex)
Istat estimations
For Regulation 862/2007: data for all kind of acquisitions for
age, sex and previous citizenship
Estimation for different territories and for kind of acquisition
(marriage, residence, etc.)
Muncipality lists at different years
(t-1 and t). Record linkage
Individual data to individuate the
changes of citizenship (many
information about individuals, not
the type of acquisition)
Linkage using tax
code

Acquisition of citizenship: a longitudinal
approach
Necessity of longitudinal approach
“To do so, it would be necessary to base the rate on the foreign population
actually eligible for naturalization, or as statisticians call it, the population at
risk of experiencing an event. As pointed out by Nicolas Perrin (2006) a
cohort approach towards measuring rates of citizenship acquisition would
allow the calculation of the likelihood of obtaining citizenship for individual
cohorts of immigrants which would provide a much better measure of the
impact of policy measures on patterns of citizenship acquisition“(Reichel
2011)
THESIM: Towrds Harmonised European statistics on International Migration
2006. Perrin «A cohort Approach to Acquisition of Citizenship Statistics
Th problem of elegibility and the definition of the population «at risk»

Acquisition of citizenship: year of submission
Citizenship
Total
2011
% for year of submission of the application
Naturalization rates
(x 1.000)
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 < 2005 Crudea
Correct1b
Correct2c
Morocco 3,840 7.5 43.9 31.9 10.5 4.4 1.9 7.7 14.1 13.5
Albania 3,424 13.5 48.9 26.0 9.0 1.1 1.5 7.1 11.3 10.8
Tunisia 624 7.9 36.5 34.3 15.1 4.3 1.9 5.3 9.3 9.2
Peru 601 11.3 49.3 28.3 9.3 1.2 0.7 5.9 10.6 10.0
Serbia/ Kosovo/ Montenegro 449 14.0 51.0 22.5 9.4 2.2 0.9 4.5 7.5 7.2
Egypt 446 5.4 24.0 33.2 30.0 5.4 2.0 4.0 8.8 8.7
Macedonia, Republic of 444 19.8 54.7 18.9 4.7 1.6 0.2 5.7 9.3 8.7
India 439 5.7 33.9 29.6 23.9 6.2 0.7 3.1 7.4 7.2
Bangladesh 362 6.4 40.9 31.5 17.7 3.6 0.0 3.5 8.1 7.7
Bosnia-Herzegovina 296 10.1 54.1 25.7 6.4 3.0 0.7 10.0 14.3 13.0
Note: (a) calculated on permits in early 2011;
(b) correct1: rates obtained by dividing the sum of the application in each year by the number of residence permits at the beginning of
the corresponding year;
(c) correct2: acquisitions computed on a weighted average of the valid residence permits in previous years with weights given by the
share of applications for each year.
Source: elaboration on data of he Ministry of the Interior.

Beyond the Regulation 862/2007 and the
Zaragoza declaration: substantive citizenship
Zaragoza declaration: elected representatives
This indicator is supposed to capture the share of immigrants among elected
representatives in each of the Member States. So far, data for this indicator is not
collected systematically at EU level. Case studies are available but limited to a
small number of countries
Indicators of political participation (only few countries)
voting, membership in (political) organisations, running for office, elected
officials, protesting, volunteering as well as subjective citizenship such as sense
of belonging, trust in political institutions, and awareness of discrimination
In Italy: waiting for the data of Survey on ‘Condition and social integration of
foreign citizens’ and further developments…...

Social inclusion and active citizenship
Ismu Survey (2008)
68
53
17
19
23
40
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Quanto ritiene importante che i figli
degli immigrati possano ottenere
subito la cittadinanza italiana?
Quanto sarebbe importante per lei
ottenere la cittadinanza italiana?
Quanto sente di appartenere all'Italia?
Molto Abbastanza Poco Per nulla
Belonging

Social inclusion and active citizenship:
associated life
10
6 5
7
10
14
7 8
11
9
10
8
9
10
16
6
10
17
3
4
2
4
5
5
2
4
6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Uomo Donna 0-4 anni 5-9 anni 10-14
anni
15+ anni Sc.
obbligo
Diploma Laurea
in prevalenza di italiani
italiani e stranieri
stranieri
21,8% partecipa
ad associazioni
il 21,8% degli intervistati partecipa
alle attività di qualche associazione.
Questa cifra si compone di un 8,2%
di persone che contribuiscono a
associazioni di soli stranieri, di un
9,8% di individui che, invece,
partecipano a quelle miste e di un
restante 3,8% che collabora a
quelle formate prevalentemente da
italiani

Many developments in recent years…further
steps
Quality and completeness of administrative data
Full exploitation of administrative data (record linkage)
Monitoring the integration of naturalised people…starting from Census
data
Sample survey for indicators about substantive citizenship
Cooperation between statistics ad policy makers…..Cooperation between
Istat and Ministry of Interior

Measuring Active Citizenship

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