William McDougall's instinct theory of motivation, developed in the early 20th century, posited that behavior is primarily driven by innate biological instincts. McDougall believed that these instincts, inherited through evolution, compel individuals to engage in specific behaviors that contribute to survival and reproduction. He identified various instincts, including hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression, as fundamental motivators of human behavior. In contrast, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposed that behavior is influenced by unconscious drives and instincts, particularly the libido (sexual energy) and the death instinct (Thanatos). Freud's theory emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts, early childhood experiences, and the dynamic interplay between the id, ego, and superego in shaping personality and motivation. While both McDougall and Freud acknowledged the influence of innate drives on behavior, their theories differed in several key aspects: Nature of Instincts: McDougall's instinct theory emphasized a broader range of instincts, including social instincts such as affiliation and curiosity, whereas Freud focused primarily on the sexual and aggressive instincts. Origin of Motivation: McDougall attributed motivation to the activation of specific instincts in response to environmental stimuli, while Freud emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts and drives stemming from early childhood experiences. Role of Consciousness: McDougall's theory did not place as much emphasis on the unconscious mind as Freud's theory did. McDougall believed that instincts could be consciously experienced and recognized, whereas Freud argued that much of human motivation operates at an unconscious level. Empirical Basis: McDougall's instinct theory relied heavily on observations of animal behavior and evolutionary principles, whereas Freud's psychoanalytic theory drew primarily from clinical case studies and interpretations of dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue. In summary, McDougall's instinct theory and Freud's psychoanalytic theory both sought to explain human motivation, but they differed in their emphasis on the nature of instincts, the origin of motivation, the role of consciousness, and the empirical basis of their theories. While McDougall's theory has faded in prominence compared to Freud's, both perspectives contributed to our understanding of motivation and continue to influence contemporary theories of psychology. User Ethology theory by Lorenz Konard criticism explain his experiment in 60 words 3 / 3 ChatGPT Konrad Lorenz's ethology theory emphasized innate behaviors and instinctual patterns in animal behavior, particularly through his studies on imprinting in ducks and geese. His experiments showed that young birds imprint on the first moving object they see, typically their mother, during a critical period after hatching. Critics argue that his research may oversimplify complex behaviors and ignore the role of learn

1. Motivation Origin And Development
Presented By - Akanksha Gupta
Graduated from BHU
Master pursuing from BHU

2. Motivation Defination
Motivation
word derived from latin word '' Movere '' means to move . It is affected by biological emotional sociological
terms.Motivation is a internal processes that activate , guide , and maintain behavior over time .
Baron & Byrne Kantwitz - In a psychology we define motivation as a hypothetical internal process that
provide the energy for behavior and directs in toward specific goal.
'' Motivation refers to driving and pulling forces which result in persistent behavior directed toward
particular goals. Morgan King Schopler
It is a type of affective process .Motivation is the drive or
desire to act and achieve goals, influenced by needs, beliefs,
emotions, internal and external factors.

3. Cognitive And Affective Process
Cognitive Process
Concern description of the behavior .
It include acquisition store retrieval by retrieval we use our
knowledge .
Individual attentive toward consequences and behave that
way - cognitively and affectively
Flight or flight are cognitively affect and effect our behavior .
Affective Process
Affective processes involve emotional responses to
motivational stimuli.
Give explanation and cause behind behavior .
Felling component how you feel everything deal with affective
process .

4. Philosophical Origin of Motivation
The philosophical exploration of motivation can be traced back to ancient civilizations where thinkers pondered
questions about human desires, goals, and actions. Here are some key philosophical origins of motivation:
1 Ancient Greek Philosophy:
● Plato: Plato's dialogues, such as "The Republic" and "Phaedrus," delve into the nature of human desires
and motivations. He explored concepts like the tripartite soul, which consists of reason, spirit, and
appetite, each with its own drives and motivations.
● Aristotle: Aristotle's works, including "Nicomachean Ethics" and "Politics," discuss the pursuit of
happiness (eudaimonia) and the role of virtues in motivating human behavior. He categorized motivation
into intrinsic good.
2 Stoicism and Epicureanism:They believed that individuals could attain tranquility and happiness by aligning
their actions with reason and virtue.They believed that individuals could attain tranquility and happiness by
aligning their actions with reason and virtue.

5. Epicureanism: His followers focused on the pursuit of pleasure (ataraxia) as the primary motivation for human behavior.Human try to
avoid pain not phase fear and his behavior is pleasure seeking . This philosophy persist for longer period of time and also known as
epicurean thinking.
Confucianism: Confucian philosophers such as Confucius and Mencius emphasized the importance of moral cultivation and social
harmony as motivations for human action.His ethics focused on the development of virutus character and fulfilling ones role in society .
Daoist : Daoist teachings encouraged individuals to let go of desires and attachments to find inner peace.
Bentham in late 18 century concept of hedonism emerge according tto this concept, people seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
in their lives, making decisions based on the anticipated pleasure or pain associated with different choices.
4 . Modern Philosophy:
Rationalism and Empiricism: Modern philosophers like René Descartes, John Locke, and David Hume explored the relationship
between reason, sensation, and motivation. Descartes posited that the mind's innate ideas and desires drive human action, on the
other hand Jhon Locke emphasized the role of experience and associations in shaping motivations.

6. 10 mins
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Existentialism highlights the tension between freedom of choice and the responsibility to create
one's own values and meaning in life.
All of these philosophical perspectives continue to offer valuable insights into the nature of desires,
goals, and actions in the quest for a meaningful life.
Woodworth Drive Theory of Motivation -
This theory Robert S. Woodworth, is a psychological theory that focuses on the role of tension
reduction in motivating behavior and he developed his drive theory in the early 20th century as part
of his broader research into human behavior and motivation. Here's an overview of Woodworth's
drive theory:
Woodworth's drive theory provided a framework for understanding how internal physiological states
motivate behavior and how behaviors are reinforced through drive reduction. It influenced
subsequent theories of motivation and learning, including Hull's drive reduction theory and later
cognitive theories of motivation.
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7. Woodworth give two types need primary and secondary drives:
○ 1. Primary Drives: Biological needs such our hunger, thirst, and sex, which
are essential for survival and homeostasis.
○ 2. Secondary Drives: Secondary Drives are learned or acquired needs that
are not directly related to physiological survival but are acquired through
experience and conditioning. These may include the drive for achievement,
affiliation, or social approval.
○ Criticism-
○ Critics argue that not all behavior can be explained solely by the reduction of
physiological drives and that factors such as cognition, emotions, and social
influences also play crucial roles in motivating behavior.

8. Instinct and Ethology
Instinct Theory
William McDougall's instinct theory of motivation, developed in
the early 20th century, posited that behavior is primarily driven
by innate biological instincts.
He believed that these instincts, inherited through the evolution
process, compel individuals to engage in specific behaviors that
contribute to his survival and reproduction. He identified various
instincts, including hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression, as
fundamental motivators of human behavior.
He suggests that individuals are motivated by unmet needs,
such as achievement, affiliation, and power.This theory
emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing
specific needs to motivate individuals effectively.
On the other hand Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic
theory proposed that behavior is influenced by
unconscious drives and instincts, particularly the
libido (sexual energy) Eros ( life instinct ) our survival
related behavior and the death instinct (Thanatos)
related agresssion , life distrution .

9. Freud's theory emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts,early
childhood experiences, and the dynamic interplay between the id, ego,
and superego in shaping personality and motivation.Mac Dougall's
instinct theory and Freud's psychoanalytic theory both sought to explain
human motivation, but they differed in their emphasis on the nature of
instincts, the origin of motivation, the role of consciousness, and the
empirical basis of their theories.
Feature of Instinct - 1- Inborn tendency 2- Genetic Bases 3- Generalize
expression of all member of species 4 - Less affected by environmental
modification.
Instinct Continue ……

10. Ethology Theory
Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist and
ornithologist, is considered one of the founding
fathers of ethology, the study of animal behavior
in their natural habitat.He is pioneering
ethologist whose work significantly contributed
to our understanding of animal behavior,
particularly in the areas of instinct and imprinting
.
He argued that certain behaviors are genetically
programmed and characteristic of a particular
species. These instincts are shaped by evolution
and serve adaptive functions, such as
reproduction, survival, and social interaction.

11. Concept of Imprinting -
Lorenz's most famous contributions to ethology is
the concept of imprinting. Imprinting is a rapid and
irreversible form of learning that occurs during a
critical period early in an animal's life
.During this sensitive period, animals form a strong
attachments to specific individuals or objects,
usually their caregivers. Imprinting ensures that
animals recognize and bond with their caregivers,
facilitating social and survival behaviors.

12. Fixed Action Patterns:
He identified fixed action patterns (FAPs) as
stereotyped, species-specific behaviors triggered by specific stimuli in the
environment. These behaviors are instinctual and occur automatically in
response to particular cues.
He done his experiment on gosling and exposed newly hatched goslings to
a moving object, often himself, during a critical period after birth. The
goslings imprinted on the moving object and followed it, demonstrating a
strong attachment. This experiment highlighted the importance of early
experiences in shaping social behavior and attachment in animals.
Criticism - Critics argue that his research may oversimplify complex
behaviors and ignore the role of learning and environmental influences.

13. Homeostasis
Homeostasis theory suggests that motivation is driven by the need to maintain internal stability and equilibrium in response to
changing physiological needs and states.This views suggests that organisms strive to maintain internal stability or
equilibrium in response to changing internal or external conditions. In the context of motivation, homeostasis theory proposes
that individuals are driven to maintain a balanced state by regulating physiological needs and psychological states.
Homeostasis : a state of physiological balance within body .
It is a natural balancing term . Homeostasis have certain limitation it is not fix because it involve constant attention and
equlibiration. There are four area that support to homeostasis -
1 - Psychophysical Data 2- Gestalt Perceptual Constancy 3- Study of work efficiency and level of aspiration 4- Clinical Data (to
reduce anxiety )
Homeostasis theory proposes that individuals have a set point or ideal level for various physiological factors, such as body
weight or blood glucose levels. When deviations occur from these set points, feedback mechanisms are activated to restore
equilibrium and maintain stability in our body .
Limitation - It fails to fully account for behaviors motivated by higher-order needs, such as achievement, affiliation, and
self-expression. Additionally, it does not adequately address individual differences and the role of learning and cultural influences
in shaping motivation.

14. Hull Drive Reduction Theory
Developed in the mid-20th century, Hull's theory provides a systematic framework for understanding how internal physiological needs
drive behavior and how reinforcement influences the likelihood of specific responses.
For Hull Drive pooled energy source composed of all current bodily disturbance . posits that behavior is motivated by internal physiological
needs (drives) that create tension or arousal.he primary function of behavior is to reduce or eliminate these drives, leading to a state of
homeostasis.
When an organism experiences a physiological need, it is motivated to engage in behaviors that satisfy that need, such as eating when
hungry or drinking when thirsty. Reinforcement occurs when a response leads to the reduction or elimination of a drive, increasing the
likelihood of that behavior occurring again in similar situations.
Criticism -
Hull's theory has contributed to our understanding of motivation and reinforcement, it has been criticized for its oversimplification of
behavior and its exclusive focus on physiological drives.Not all behavior can be explained solely in terms of drive reduction.
Although this theory has been challenged by alternative theories of motivation, like cognitive theories and social learning theory, which
emphasize the role of cognitive processes, social factors, and observational learning in shaping behavior.

15. Incentive Theory
When we talk about Incentive theory it talk about behavior that is driven by the desire to attain rewards or
incentives and to avoid punishments.
It focuses on internal and external factor that motivate person behavior.
Incentives can be tangible rewards, such as money or food, or intangible rewards, such as praise or social
approval.
According to Incentive theory individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that are associated with
positive incentives and to avoid behaviors that are associated with negative consequences. I

17. It highlight the role of reinforcement and reinforcement schedule in shaping person behavior & his
motivation.
Criticism -
Critics argue that incentive theory oversimplifies motivation by focusing primarily only external rewards and
punishments, neglecting internal factors such as emotions, cognitive processes, and individual differences.
It fails to fully account for the complexity and variability of human motivation and behavior.
Expectancy Theory of Motivation -
We have understand human values and beliefs placing impotance of that behavior give focus to that
particular behavior .
Tolman's theories, particularly his concept of "purposive behaviorism," emphasized the role of
cognitive processes in motivation. He proposed that behavior is directed towards goals or
purposes, and that individuals actively anticipate and plan their actions based on their expectations of
future outcomes.
In concusion , while Tolman's theories contributed to our understanding of cognitive processes in
motivation and learning.

18. Criticism -
Expectancy-value theory oversimplifies motivation by focusing solely on cognitive
processes and neglecting emotional, social, and cultural factors that also influence
behavior.
Need Theory of Motivation -
This theory emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing specific
needs to motivate individuals effectively.Need theory of motivation, proposed by David
McClelland and others, posits that individuals are driven by three fundamental needs:
achievement, affiliation, and power. According to this theory individuals' behavior and
performance are influenced by the strength of these needs and the extent to which
they are satisfied.There are many psychologist who proposed his theory on need like
Maslow , Murray McClelland .

19. Criticism of need theory - Critics argue that need theory oversimplifies motivation by
focusing excessively on universal needs while neglecting individual differences,
cultural influences, and the dynamic nature of motivation.
Conclusion -
Motivation has evolved from philosophical speculation to a multidisciplinary
field encompassing diverse perspectives and methodologies. While early theories
focused on basic drives and reinforcement, contemporary approaches
emphasize the interaction of cognitive, social, emotional, and biological factors
in shaping motivation.
Current research integrates insights from psychology, neuroscience, economics,
and other disciplines to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex
forces that drive human behavior.

20. 1 - Baron , R.A. & Mishra G. (2017) , Psychology , Chennai :Pearson India Education
2 - Gorman, P. Motivation and Emotion :Routledge Modular Psychology Series
3 - Singh A.K . (2019) Advanced General Psychology , Varanasi : Motilal Banarsidas
4- Cherry K. (2024 ) Incentive Theory : retrieved from verywellmind .com
5- Fischerau K.(2014) Konard Lorenz Imprinting : retrieved from .univie.ac.com
References