materi pebelajaran kelas sig untuk mahasiswa uniska banjarbaru

1. Chapter 2
GEOSPASIAL

2. Data spasial
Data grafis /geometris
• menyimpan kenampakan-kenampakan
permukaan bumi
Atribut / Data tabular
• menyimpan atribut dari kenampakan-
kenampakan permukaan bumi, data
sosial ekonomi
Types of Geographic Data

3. MODEL
DATA

4. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
https://gisgeography.com/gis-formats/

5. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
DATA VEKTOR
merupakan bentuk bumi yang direpresentasikan ke
dalam Kumpulan
1) garis,
2)area (daerah yang dibatasi oleh garis yang
berawal dan berakhir pada titik yang sama),
3)titik dan
4)nodes (merupakan titik perpotongan antara
dua buah garis)

6. DATA VEKTOR
Data titik
• tersimpan sebagai sebuah koordinat (X,Y).
Data garis
• merupakan data-data titik yang saling terhubung (X1,Y1) (X2,Y2) (X3,Y3)….
(Xn,Yn).
Data luasan/area (poligon)
• merupakan data garis yang membentuk kurva tertutup (X1,Y1) (X2,Y2)
(X3,Y3)…. (X1,Y1).
Data Permukaan (surface)
merupakan suatu area dengan koordinat 3 dimensi (X1,Y1, Z1)
Raster
Vektor Atribut

7. merupakan bentuk bumi yang direpresentasikan ke dalam
Kumpulan
1) garis,
2) area (daerah yang dibatasi oleh garis yang berawal dan
berakhir pada titik yang sama),
3) titik dan
4) nodes (merupakan titik perpotongan antara dua buah
garis)
DATA VEKTOR
Raster Vektor Atribut

8.  Merupakan representasi yang cocok untuk penyajian
dalam format peta (konvensional).
 Obyek geografis disajikan dalam titik atau segmen
garis.
 Keuntungan dan keterbatasannya:
◦ Tidak membutuhkan tempat penyimpanan data
yang besar
◦ Penyajian garis yang sangat halus
◦ Perhitungan luas area memerlukan algoritma yang
lebih kompleks
◦ Merupakan data baku pembentuk data spasial untuk
keperluan SIG/peta
Data Vektor
Raster Vektor Atribut

9. Types of
Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
Raster data is made up of pixels (also
referred to as grid cells). They are
usually regularly spaced and square
but they don’t have to be. Rasters
often look pixelated because each
pixel has its own value or class
RASTER
RASTER
Raster data is made up of pixels
(also referred to as grid cells). They
are usually regularly spaced and
square but they don’t have to be.
Rasters often look pixelated
because each pixel has its own
value or class
CONTINUOUS RASTERS (non-
discrete) are grid cells with gradually
changing data such as elevation,
temperature, or an aerial photograph.
DISCRETE RASTERS have distinct
themes or categories. For example, one
grid cell represents a land cover class or a
soil type

10. STRUKTUR DATA RASTER
setiap informasi disimpan
dalam petak-petak
bujursangkar (grid), yang
membentuk sebuah bidang.
Petak-petak bujursangkar itu
disebut dengan pixel (picture
element). Posisi sebuah pixel
dinyatakan dengan baris ke-m
dan kolom ke-n.
kolom
baris
pixel (x,y, n1,n2,n3)
sumbu y
sumbu x
n1,n2,n3 : attribute
kolom
baris
pixel (x,y, n1,n2,n3)
sumbu y
sumbu x
n1,n2,n3 : attribute
Raster Vektor Atribut

11. Pixel
PIXEL
Raster Vektor Atribut

12. Perbandingan
Raster vs Vektor

13. Vector vs Raster: Spatial Data Types
 Do you want to work with pixels or coordinates?
 Raster data works with pixels. Vector data consists of coordinates.
 What is your map scale?
 Vectors can scale objects up to the size of a billboard. But you don’t
get that type of flexibility with raster data
 Do you have restrictions on file size?
 Raster file size can result in much larger (in comparison with vector
data sets with the same phenomenon and area).
https://gisgeography.com/gis-formats/
GIS FORMAT

14.  Semua obyek geografis dalam bentuk dinyatakan dengan sel atau piksel
(luasan kecil) yang merupakan titik yang mempunyai koordinat dan atribut.
 Merupakan pendekatan yang sesuai dengan data inderaja berupa citra
digital yang merupakan salah satu data masukan SIG.
 Keuntungan dan keterbatasannya:
◦ Membutuhkan tempat penyimpanan data yang besar
◦ Penyajian kurang baik / kurang halus tergantung resolusi
◦ Merupakan data baku pembentuk citra dijital pada sistem inderaja
Data Raster
Raster Vektor Atribut

15. Sumber data raster
Gambar
•Digital Raster
Graphic
•Hasil scan peta
Foto Udara
•Hitam putih
•berwarna
Citra satelit
•Resolusi
Rendah
•Resolusi tinggi

16. Foto udara

17.  Kelebihan
Letak geografis dinyatakan secara eksplisit
berdasarkan posisi piksel / grid-cell
Data raster bersifat inherent (tiap area memiliki
atribut sendiri) sehingga memudahkan pemodelan
matematik / analisis kwantitatif
Data hutan dan ketinggian dapat diproses dengan
mudah
Data raster kompatibel dengan data masukan
inderaja dan alat tampilan keluaran seperti
monitor, printer dan plotter
 Kekurangan
Resolusi ditentukan oleh ukuran sel, makin
kecil makin akurat dan makin besar data
Karena sebagian besar data rujukan berbentuk
vektor maka diperlukan konversi dari raster ke
vektot
Hasil cetak data raster tidak sebaik hasil cetak
data vektor (jigsaw)
Data Raster

18. Struktur datanya lebih sederhana

Struktur datanya lebih rumit

Lebih mudah dan efisien dalam
melakukan overlay dan analisis data

Efisien untuk analisis

Mampu menampilkan image dari foto
udara

Sebagai sarana representasi yang baik

Dapat melakukan analisis DTM (Dijital
Terain Model)

Transformasi proyeksi lebih efisien

Dapat melakukan simulasi

Ketelitian, akurat dan lebih presisi

Teknologi yang mudah untuk
dikembangkan

Proses generalisasi dan editing lebih
mudah

Mudah untuk membuat program sendiri

Relasi atribut langsung dengan database

Efektif dalam menampilkan banyak data
spatial

MODEL DATA VEKTOR
MODEL DATA VEKTOR MODEL DATA RASTER
+
+

19. MODEL DATA VEKTOR
MODEL DATA VEKTOR MODEL DATA RASTER
Tidak efektif dalam penyimpanan file

Sulit dan membutuhkan waktu lama
dalam proses overlay

Kualitas tampilan grafis yang terbatas

Tidak bisa menampilkan data
image/foto udara

Sulit untuk melakukan analisis
keterkaitan

Harga software yang mahal

Begitu banyak tranformasi nonlinear

Struktur data yang terlalu banyak

akurasi sangat tergantung dengan
ukuran grid/pixel

Tidak efektif dalam menampilkan
banyak data spatial

-
-

20. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
Geodatabases

21. Differences Between Personal and File Geodatabases
PERSONAL GEODATABASE
FILE GEODATABASE
ASPECT
Supported in older ArcGIS versions
Introduced in ArcGIS 10.0 and later
Supported ArcGIS Versions
Limited storage capacity (2 GB)
Large storage capacity (up to 1 TB)
Storage Limit
Supports single-user editing only
Supports single-user editing only
Multi-User Support
May have slower performance
Generally offers better performance
Performance
Limited compression capabilities
Efficient data compression
Data Compression
Limited security options
Provides better security mechanisms
Security
Does not support attachments
Supports attachments
Attachments
Does not support network datasets
Supports network datasets
Network Datasets
Does not support versioning
Does not support versioning
Data Versioning
Stored in a Microsoft Access data file
Stored as folders in a file system
Storage Type

22. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
A web mapping service (WMS) consists of
geospatial data hosted through the Internet with
standards set by the Open Geospatial Consortium
(OGC).
WMS enables the exchange of spatial information
and viewing over the web in the form of a map or
image to your web browser.
WEB MAPPING SERVICE
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/

23. Web mapping services applications
 Creating maps for websites or mobile apps
 Visualizing trends of geographic data
 Identifying places where businesses are located or where people live
 Building digital archives of historic maps
 Editing features and attributes
 Planning heritage tours around locations on maps
 Showing the location of campus buildings or places on campus
 Managing event logistics such as parking and transportation
 Tracking access points at a venue
 Helping viewers see what events are happening near them
 Organizing a scavenger hunt or other social contest
 Connecting people with organizations in their area of interest

24. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
WMS, WFS, WCS, WPS, WMTS, WCPS
WMS
WFS
WCS
WPS
WMTS
WCPS
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/

25. WEB MAPPING SERVICE (WMS)
 A Web Mapping Service (WMS) is the most widely used and most straightforward form for displaying GIS data on the web. It
offers a variety of benefits, including the ability to provide a geospatial view of your GIS data.
 A WMS provides data as a visual representation through the internet with basic querying options. A WMS gives basic
zooming, panning and assists organizations to serve GIS data as images with quick rendering speeds.
 You should choose a WMS service for any of the following options:
 • Render data quickly
 • Perform basic querying
 • Produce simple maps
 • Maintain styles when published
 Overall, a WMS allows people to view information about their own geographic locations based on the OGC standards for
WMS
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/

26. WEB FEATURE SERVICE
(WFS)
 A Web Feature Service (WFS) provides essential tools for businesses and individuals who want to create
interactive maps with a variety of features including search capabilities, filtering, sorting options, and more.
 If you want to perform any type of action such as editing data, a WFS gives you access to vector data (not
raster). By using the GetFeatures request, you will be able to retrieve features for advanced features, and much
more.
 It's recommended to use a WFS in any of the following circumstances:
• Create, manipulate, and delete features
• Perform advanced querying to retrieve feature information
• View and edit attribute table records
 If you want access to the features so you can manipulate them in any way, a WFS is the best way to go. This type
of mapping service follows the OGC standards for WFS
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/

27. WEB COVERAGE SERVICE
(WCS)
 you can request multidimensional raster data. For instance, you can use it for satellite imagery, aerial photography, elevation
hillshades, or temperature grids.
 The term WCS originates from gridded coverages, which refer to any type of raster-based image. Although this type of format is less
common compared to a WMS or WFS, it works well for satellite imagery or any type of raster image.
 You'll want to use a WCS in any of the following circumstances.
 • Represent multidimensional formats like netCDF, HDF, or GRIB
 • Contains multi-year data like temperature data
 • Analyze raster data
 The WCS standard is not as common as other web services. But the OGC standards of WCS define the protocol for using it.
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/

28. WEB PROCESSING SERVICE
(WPS)
 When you want to serve and execute a geoprocessing tool for access across a network, it's the
Web Processing Service (WPS) that defines all the inputs and outputs to perform a GIS
operation.
 For example, geoprocessing services can include anything from overlay, proximity, and routing
tools based on the standardized WPS XML schema related to geospatial data.
 Here are the following situations you may want to use a Web Processing Service (WPS).
 • Perform geospatial analysis for anyone without the proper software
 • Accept a standard set of inputs and outputs
 • Simplify a spatial operation as a widget in a web map
 The OGC standards for the WPS define a protocol for inputs and outputs for geoalgorithms.
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/

29. WEB MAP TILE SERVICE (WMTS)
 A Web Map Tile Service (WMTS) is a relatively newer standard web service developed in 2010. The idea for this
type of web service is similar to a WMS. But it's a protocol designed for a 2D tiled schema that is 256 x 256 pixels
in size.
 One of the benefits of using a WMTS is that it can be pre-rendered on the server-side map tiles at different scales
and cached on the client side. As a result, this results in faster
 delivery, less bandwidth, and a better user experience for its quick loading.
 You may want to consider using a WMTS in any of the following situations;
 Provide optimal speed for viewing cached image tiles
 Display large amounts of data over the internet but has limited capability for analysis
 Serve base maps with optimal performance
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/

30. WEB COVERAGE PROCESSING SERVICE
(WCPS)
was developed in 2008 and is a mix of WCS and WPS. The primary usage of the WCPS standard is for multi-
dimensional coverages such as sensor data, imagery, or statistical analysis.
 Although this format has a role in remote sensing imagery, it goes beyond a simple coverage grid (WCS). For
example, you can use a WCPS to calculate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values from a multi-
spectral satellite.
 Even though it's not as popular as the other web service standards, here are some of its users.
 • Extract and analyze server-side multi-dimensional coverage repositories
 • Perform an advanced 4-D climate model with multi-dimensional data
 • Provide extra flexibility for preprocessing and data reduction
The OGC WCPS protocol is one of the newer types of web services available but is less useful than other
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/

31. WEB COVERAGE PROCESSING SERVICE
(WCPS)
was developed in 2008 and is a mix of WCS and WPS. The primary usage of the WCPS standard is for multi-dimensional
coverages such as sensor data, imagery, or statistical analysis.
 Although this format has a role in remote sensing imagery, it goes beyond a simple coverage grid (WCS). For example,
you can use a WCPS to calculate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values from a multi-spectral satellite.
 Even though it's not as popular as the other web service standards, here are some of its users.
 • Extract and analyze server-side multi-dimensional coverage repositories
 • Perform an advanced 4-D climate model with multi-dimensional data
 • Provide extra flexibility for preprocessing and data reduction
The OGC WCPS protocol is one of the newer types of web services available but is less useful than other
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/

32. characteristics of various web services used in
geospatial applications
EXAMPLE USE CASES
DATA TYPE SUPPORT
PURPOSE
ACRONYM
SERVICE
Displaying maps with
layers and symbology
Maps, Layers, Images
Serve maps as images for visualization
WMS
Web Mapping Service
Retrieving, querying, and
editing geographic
features
Vector Features
Serve geospatial features for querying
WFS
Web Feature Service
Accessing and analyzing
raster data
Raster Data
Serve multi-dimensional data (rasters)
WCS
Web Coverage Service
Running geospatial
analyses and algorithms
Geoprocessing Tasks
Execute geospatial processes remotely
WPS
Web Processing Service
Efficiently displaying maps
with cached tiles
Maps, Layers
Serve pre-rendered map tiles for
speed
WMTS
Web Map Tile Service
Advanced analysis and
processing of raster
coverages
Raster Data
Execute complex operations on raster
data
WCPS
Web Coverage
Processing Service

33. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
Multi-temporal
Space Time Cubes Pattern Multi-temporal data
attaches a time component to information.
But multi-temporal geodata not only has a time
component but a geographic component as well.
https://gisgeography.com/what-is-geodata-geospatial-data/