the title of this course is Entitles as GIS and Remote sensingmulugeta48
This course is entitled as GIS and Remote sensing, this course is mainly focus on the application of GIS on irrigation water which is the application of water to the soil for the purpose of crop production
the title of this course is Entitles as GIS and Remote sensingmulugeta48
This course is entitled as GIS and Remote sensing, this course is mainly focus on the application of GIS on irrigation water which is the application of water to the soil for the purpose of crop production
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
2. Data spasial
Data grafis /geometris
• menyimpan kenampakan-kenampakan
permukaan bumi
Atribut / Data tabular
• menyimpan atribut dari kenampakan-
kenampakan permukaan bumi, data
sosial ekonomi
Types of Geographic Data
4. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
https://gisgeography.com/gis-formats/
5. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
DATA VEKTOR
merupakan bentuk bumi yang direpresentasikan ke
dalam Kumpulan
1) garis,
2)area (daerah yang dibatasi oleh garis yang
berawal dan berakhir pada titik yang sama),
3)titik dan
4)nodes (merupakan titik perpotongan antara
dua buah garis)
6. DATA VEKTOR
Data titik
• tersimpan sebagai sebuah koordinat (X,Y).
Data garis
• merupakan data-data titik yang saling terhubung (X1,Y1) (X2,Y2) (X3,Y3)….
(Xn,Yn).
Data luasan/area (poligon)
• merupakan data garis yang membentuk kurva tertutup (X1,Y1) (X2,Y2)
(X3,Y3)…. (X1,Y1).
Data Permukaan (surface)
merupakan suatu area dengan koordinat 3 dimensi (X1,Y1, Z1)
Raster
Vektor Atribut
7. merupakan bentuk bumi yang direpresentasikan ke dalam
Kumpulan
1) garis,
2) area (daerah yang dibatasi oleh garis yang berawal dan
berakhir pada titik yang sama),
3) titik dan
4) nodes (merupakan titik perpotongan antara dua buah
garis)
DATA VEKTOR
Raster Vektor Atribut
8. Merupakan representasi yang cocok untuk penyajian
dalam format peta (konvensional).
Obyek geografis disajikan dalam titik atau segmen
garis.
Keuntungan dan keterbatasannya:
◦ Tidak membutuhkan tempat penyimpanan data
yang besar
◦ Penyajian garis yang sangat halus
◦ Perhitungan luas area memerlukan algoritma yang
lebih kompleks
◦ Merupakan data baku pembentuk data spasial untuk
keperluan SIG/peta
Data Vektor
Raster Vektor Atribut
9. Types of
Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
Raster data is made up of pixels (also
referred to as grid cells). They are
usually regularly spaced and square
but they don’t have to be. Rasters
often look pixelated because each
pixel has its own value or class
RASTER
RASTER
Raster data is made up of pixels
(also referred to as grid cells). They
are usually regularly spaced and
square but they don’t have to be.
Rasters often look pixelated
because each pixel has its own
value or class
CONTINUOUS RASTERS (non-
discrete) are grid cells with gradually
changing data such as elevation,
temperature, or an aerial photograph.
DISCRETE RASTERS have distinct
themes or categories. For example, one
grid cell represents a land cover class or a
soil type
10. STRUKTUR DATA RASTER
setiap informasi disimpan
dalam petak-petak
bujursangkar (grid), yang
membentuk sebuah bidang.
Petak-petak bujursangkar itu
disebut dengan pixel (picture
element). Posisi sebuah pixel
dinyatakan dengan baris ke-m
dan kolom ke-n.
kolom
baris
pixel (x,y, n1,n2,n3)
sumbu y
sumbu x
n1,n2,n3 : attribute
kolom
baris
pixel (x,y, n1,n2,n3)
sumbu y
sumbu x
n1,n2,n3 : attribute
Raster Vektor Atribut
13. Vector vs Raster: Spatial Data Types
Do you want to work with pixels or coordinates?
Raster data works with pixels. Vector data consists of coordinates.
What is your map scale?
Vectors can scale objects up to the size of a billboard. But you don’t
get that type of flexibility with raster data
Do you have restrictions on file size?
Raster file size can result in much larger (in comparison with vector
data sets with the same phenomenon and area).
https://gisgeography.com/gis-formats/
GIS FORMAT
14. Semua obyek geografis dalam bentuk dinyatakan dengan sel atau piksel
(luasan kecil) yang merupakan titik yang mempunyai koordinat dan atribut.
Merupakan pendekatan yang sesuai dengan data inderaja berupa citra
digital yang merupakan salah satu data masukan SIG.
Keuntungan dan keterbatasannya:
◦ Membutuhkan tempat penyimpanan data yang besar
◦ Penyajian kurang baik / kurang halus tergantung resolusi
◦ Merupakan data baku pembentuk citra dijital pada sistem inderaja
Data Raster
Raster Vektor Atribut
15. Sumber data raster
Gambar
•Digital Raster
Graphic
•Hasil scan peta
Foto Udara
•Hitam putih
•berwarna
Citra satelit
•Resolusi
Rendah
•Resolusi tinggi
17. Kelebihan
Letak geografis dinyatakan secara eksplisit
berdasarkan posisi piksel / grid-cell
Data raster bersifat inherent (tiap area memiliki
atribut sendiri) sehingga memudahkan pemodelan
matematik / analisis kwantitatif
Data hutan dan ketinggian dapat diproses dengan
mudah
Data raster kompatibel dengan data masukan
inderaja dan alat tampilan keluaran seperti
monitor, printer dan plotter
Kekurangan
Resolusi ditentukan oleh ukuran sel, makin
kecil makin akurat dan makin besar data
Karena sebagian besar data rujukan berbentuk
vektor maka diperlukan konversi dari raster ke
vektot
Hasil cetak data raster tidak sebaik hasil cetak
data vektor (jigsaw)
Data Raster
18. Struktur datanya lebih sederhana
Struktur datanya lebih rumit
Lebih mudah dan efisien dalam
melakukan overlay dan analisis data
Efisien untuk analisis
Mampu menampilkan image dari foto
udara
Sebagai sarana representasi yang baik
Dapat melakukan analisis DTM (Dijital
Terain Model)
Transformasi proyeksi lebih efisien
Dapat melakukan simulasi
Ketelitian, akurat dan lebih presisi
Teknologi yang mudah untuk
dikembangkan
Proses generalisasi dan editing lebih
mudah
Mudah untuk membuat program sendiri
Relasi atribut langsung dengan database
Efektif dalam menampilkan banyak data
spatial
MODEL DATA VEKTOR
MODEL DATA VEKTOR MODEL DATA RASTER
+
+
19. MODEL DATA VEKTOR
MODEL DATA VEKTOR MODEL DATA RASTER
Tidak efektif dalam penyimpanan file
Sulit dan membutuhkan waktu lama
dalam proses overlay
Kualitas tampilan grafis yang terbatas
Tidak bisa menampilkan data
image/foto udara
Sulit untuk melakukan analisis
keterkaitan
Harga software yang mahal
Begitu banyak tranformasi nonlinear
Struktur data yang terlalu banyak
akurasi sangat tergantung dengan
ukuran grid/pixel
Tidak efektif dalam menampilkan
banyak data spatial
-
-
20. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
Geodatabases
21. Differences Between Personal and File Geodatabases
PERSONAL GEODATABASE
FILE GEODATABASE
ASPECT
Supported in older ArcGIS versions
Introduced in ArcGIS 10.0 and later
Supported ArcGIS Versions
Limited storage capacity (2 GB)
Large storage capacity (up to 1 TB)
Storage Limit
Supports single-user editing only
Supports single-user editing only
Multi-User Support
May have slower performance
Generally offers better performance
Performance
Limited compression capabilities
Efficient data compression
Data Compression
Limited security options
Provides better security mechanisms
Security
Does not support attachments
Supports attachments
Attachments
Does not support network datasets
Supports network datasets
Network Datasets
Does not support versioning
Does not support versioning
Data Versioning
Stored in a Microsoft Access data file
Stored as folders in a file system
Storage Type
22. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
A web mapping service (WMS) consists of
geospatial data hosted through the Internet with
standards set by the Open Geospatial Consortium
(OGC).
WMS enables the exchange of spatial information
and viewing over the web in the form of a map or
image to your web browser.
WEB MAPPING SERVICE
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/
23. Web mapping services applications
Creating maps for websites or mobile apps
Visualizing trends of geographic data
Identifying places where businesses are located or where people live
Building digital archives of historic maps
Editing features and attributes
Planning heritage tours around locations on maps
Showing the location of campus buildings or places on campus
Managing event logistics such as parking and transportation
Tracking access points at a venue
Helping viewers see what events are happening near them
Organizing a scavenger hunt or other social contest
Connecting people with organizations in their area of interest
24. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
WMS, WFS, WCS, WPS, WMTS, WCPS
WMS
WFS
WCS
WPS
WMTS
WCPS
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/
25. WEB MAPPING SERVICE (WMS)
A Web Mapping Service (WMS) is the most widely used and most straightforward form for displaying GIS data on the web. It
offers a variety of benefits, including the ability to provide a geospatial view of your GIS data.
A WMS provides data as a visual representation through the internet with basic querying options. A WMS gives basic
zooming, panning and assists organizations to serve GIS data as images with quick rendering speeds.
You should choose a WMS service for any of the following options:
• Render data quickly
• Perform basic querying
• Produce simple maps
• Maintain styles when published
Overall, a WMS allows people to view information about their own geographic locations based on the OGC standards for
WMS
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/
26. WEB FEATURE SERVICE
(WFS)
A Web Feature Service (WFS) provides essential tools for businesses and individuals who want to create
interactive maps with a variety of features including search capabilities, filtering, sorting options, and more.
If you want to perform any type of action such as editing data, a WFS gives you access to vector data (not
raster). By using the GetFeatures request, you will be able to retrieve features for advanced features, and much
more.
It's recommended to use a WFS in any of the following circumstances:
• Create, manipulate, and delete features
• Perform advanced querying to retrieve feature information
• View and edit attribute table records
If you want access to the features so you can manipulate them in any way, a WFS is the best way to go. This type
of mapping service follows the OGC standards for WFS
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/
27. WEB COVERAGE SERVICE
(WCS)
you can request multidimensional raster data. For instance, you can use it for satellite imagery, aerial photography, elevation
hillshades, or temperature grids.
The term WCS originates from gridded coverages, which refer to any type of raster-based image. Although this type of format is less
common compared to a WMS or WFS, it works well for satellite imagery or any type of raster image.
You'll want to use a WCS in any of the following circumstances.
• Represent multidimensional formats like netCDF, HDF, or GRIB
• Contains multi-year data like temperature data
• Analyze raster data
The WCS standard is not as common as other web services. But the OGC standards of WCS define the protocol for using it.
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/
28. WEB PROCESSING SERVICE
(WPS)
When you want to serve and execute a geoprocessing tool for access across a network, it's the
Web Processing Service (WPS) that defines all the inputs and outputs to perform a GIS
operation.
For example, geoprocessing services can include anything from overlay, proximity, and routing
tools based on the standardized WPS XML schema related to geospatial data.
Here are the following situations you may want to use a Web Processing Service (WPS).
• Perform geospatial analysis for anyone without the proper software
• Accept a standard set of inputs and outputs
• Simplify a spatial operation as a widget in a web map
The OGC standards for the WPS define a protocol for inputs and outputs for geoalgorithms.
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/
29. WEB MAP TILE SERVICE (WMTS)
A Web Map Tile Service (WMTS) is a relatively newer standard web service developed in 2010. The idea for this
type of web service is similar to a WMS. But it's a protocol designed for a 2D tiled schema that is 256 x 256 pixels
in size.
One of the benefits of using a WMTS is that it can be pre-rendered on the server-side map tiles at different scales
and cached on the client side. As a result, this results in faster
delivery, less bandwidth, and a better user experience for its quick loading.
You may want to consider using a WMTS in any of the following situations;
Provide optimal speed for viewing cached image tiles
Display large amounts of data over the internet but has limited capability for analysis
Serve base maps with optimal performance
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/
30. WEB COVERAGE PROCESSING SERVICE
(WCPS)
was developed in 2008 and is a mix of WCS and WPS. The primary usage of the WCPS standard is for multi-
dimensional coverages such as sensor data, imagery, or statistical analysis.
Although this format has a role in remote sensing imagery, it goes beyond a simple coverage grid (WCS). For
example, you can use a WCPS to calculate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values from a multi-
spectral satellite.
Even though it's not as popular as the other web service standards, here are some of its users.
• Extract and analyze server-side multi-dimensional coverage repositories
• Perform an advanced 4-D climate model with multi-dimensional data
• Provide extra flexibility for preprocessing and data reduction
The OGC WCPS protocol is one of the newer types of web services available but is less useful than other
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/
31. WEB COVERAGE PROCESSING SERVICE
(WCPS)
was developed in 2008 and is a mix of WCS and WPS. The primary usage of the WCPS standard is for multi-dimensional
coverages such as sensor data, imagery, or statistical analysis.
Although this format has a role in remote sensing imagery, it goes beyond a simple coverage grid (WCS). For example,
you can use a WCPS to calculate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values from a multi-spectral satellite.
Even though it's not as popular as the other web service standards, here are some of its users.
• Extract and analyze server-side multi-dimensional coverage repositories
• Perform an advanced 4-D climate model with multi-dimensional data
• Provide extra flexibility for preprocessing and data reduction
The OGC WCPS protocol is one of the newer types of web services available but is less useful than other
https://gisgeography.com/web-mapping-services-wms/
32. characteristics of various web services used in
geospatial applications
EXAMPLE USE CASES
DATA TYPE SUPPORT
PURPOSE
ACRONYM
SERVICE
Displaying maps with
layers and symbology
Maps, Layers, Images
Serve maps as images for visualization
WMS
Web Mapping Service
Retrieving, querying, and
editing geographic
features
Vector Features
Serve geospatial features for querying
WFS
Web Feature Service
Accessing and analyzing
raster data
Raster Data
Serve multi-dimensional data (rasters)
WCS
Web Coverage Service
Running geospatial
analyses and algorithms
Geoprocessing Tasks
Execute geospatial processes remotely
WPS
Web Processing Service
Efficiently displaying maps
with cached tiles
Maps, Layers
Serve pre-rendered map tiles for
speed
WMTS
Web Map Tile Service
Advanced analysis and
processing of raster
coverages
Raster Data
Execute complex operations on raster
data
WCPS
Web Coverage
Processing Service
33. Types of Geographic Data
GIS
GEOSPASIAL
KARTOGRAFI
PENGIDERAAN
JAUH
GPS
APLIKASI
VECTOR
RASTER
DATABASES
WEB
MULTITEMPORAL
Multi-temporal
Space Time Cubes Pattern Multi-temporal data
attaches a time component to information.
But multi-temporal geodata not only has a time
component but a geographic component as well.
https://gisgeography.com/what-is-geodata-geospatial-data/