diagnosis of pathalogical tissue pptx...

1. DIAGNOSIS OF
PATHALOGICAL TISSUE
BY GROUP 9

2. INTRODUCTION
By arfat husain

3. pathological tissues
Pathological tissues refer to abnormal or diseased tissues that have
undergone changes in their structure or function due to various
conditions, such as:-
➢ - Injury
➢ Infection
➢ Inflammation
➢ Cancer
➢ Genetic disorders
These changes can affect the tissue's appearance, function, or both,
leading to various diseases or disorders. Pathological tissues can be
identified through:-
➢ Microscopic examination
➢ Biopsy
➢ Imaging test ex:- x-ray , CT scans

4. Importance of diagnose
Diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition based on its sig
ns, symptoms, and laboratory tests. The importance of diagnosis lies in:
1. Accurate treatment: Diagnosis guides the selection of appropriate t
reatment, ensuring effective management of the condition.
2. Prevention of complications: Early diagnosis can prevent or mini
mize complications, improving patient outcomes.
3. Reducing uncertainty: Diagnosis provides clarity, reducing anxiet
y and uncertainty for patients and families.
4. Informed decision-making: Diagnosis enables patients to make inf
ormed decisions about their care and treatment options.
5. Improved patient care: Diagnosis leads to targeted care, enhancing
patient safety and overall well-being.

5. 6. Reducing healthcare costs:
Accurate diagnosis can reduce unnecessary tests, procedures, and
hospitalizations, lowering healthcare costs.
7-Advancing medical knowledge:
Diagnosis contributes to the understanding of diseases, informing
research and improving future patient care
. In summary, diagnosis is a critical step in the healthcare process, enabling effective
treatment, prevention of complications, and improved patient outcomes.

6. Tissue collection
By zainab

7. Biopsy procedure
A biopsy is a medical procedure that involves removing a small sample of
tissue or cells from the body for examination under a microscope. Here's a
step-by-step overview of the biopsy procedure:
1. Preparation: - Patient is given local anesthesia to numb the area.
Skin is cleaned and disinfected. - A sterile drape is placed over the
area
1. Insertion of the biopsy needle: - A hollow needle is inserted into the
tissue or organ. - The needle is guided by imaging techniques (e.g., ultr
asound, CT scan).
2. Collection of the biopsy sample: - A small sample of tissue or cells is
collected through the needle. - The sample is placed in a sterile
container.
3 Removal of the needle: - The needle is removed, and pressure is
applied to the site to stop bleeding

8. 4 . Closing the site: -
The site is closed with a bandage or stitches, if necessary.
5 Sending the sample to the lab:
- The biopsy sample is sent to a laboratory for examination.
6 Results:
- A pathologist examines the sample under a microscope and pro
vides a diagnosis.

9. Types of biopsy procedures:-
➢ Needle biopsy:
A needle is inserted into the affected area to collect a tissue sample.
➢ Surgical biopsy:
A surgical incision is made to access the affected area and collect a tissue sample.
➢ Endoscopic biopsy:
A flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) is used to collect a tissue sample from
internal organs.
➢ Bone marrow biopsy
: A needle is inserted into the bone marrow to collect a sample.
➢ Skin biopsy:
A small skin sample is removed for examination.
The specific steps and procedures may vary depending on the type of biopsy and the location o
f the tissue or organ being sampled.

10. fine needle aspirations [FNA]
Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a minimally invasive
medical procedure used to collect a sample of cells from a
lump or mass for examination. Here's a short note on FNA
:Procedure:-
1.A thin, hollow needle is inserted into the lump or mass.
2. Cells are suctioned into the needle and collected in a syri
nge.
3. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for examination.
Used to diagnose:-
1. Cancer (e.g., breast, thyroid, lymph nodes)-
2. Inflammatory conditions (e.g., abscesses)-
3. Infections (e.g., tuberculosis)

11. Surgical Incision:
A surgical incision is a cut made in the skin and underlying
tissues to access a specific area of the body for surgical pur
poses. Here's a short note on surgical incision
:Purpose:-
To allow access to a specific area or organ for surgery-
To drain abscesses or fluids-
To remove tumors or diseased tissue
Types:
- 1’Vertical incision (up and down)-
- 2. Horizontal incision (side to side)-
- 3. Oblique incision (at an angle)-
- 4. Curved incision (following natural curves of the body)

12. tissue sample
By ahsan raza

13. Preparation of tissue sample
Cytology and histopathology are essential disciplines in medicine and
biology, focusing on the microscopic examination of cells and tissues,
respectively. Proper preparation of tissue samples is crucial in both fie
lds to ensure accurate diagnosis and research outcomes.
1. Collection of Tissue Samples: Tissue samples can be obtained th
rough various methods, including
➢ biopsies,
➢ surgical excision,
➢ fine needle aspiration.
Collection techniques must be performed with precision to obtain ade
quate and representative samples for analysis.

14. Preparation of tissue sample
1. Fixation:
➢ After collection, tissue samples are typically
fixed to preserve cellular structure and prevent
degradation
➢ Common fixatives include formalin and alcohol
based solutions
➢ Proper fixation is essential for maintaining cellular
morphology and ensuring accurate interpretation of t
issue samples.

15. 3. PROCESSING:
Once fixed, tissue samples undergo processing to prepare them for embedding.Processing involves
dehydration, clearing, and infiltration with embedding media.Dehydration removes water from the
tissue, while clearing removes any remaining alcohol and prepares the tissue for embedding
.Infiltration involves impregnating the tissue with a medium such as paraffin wax or resin, which pr
ovides support for sectioning.

16. 4.EMBEDDING:
Embedding is the process of embedding the processed tissue in a solid medi
um to facilitate sectioning.Paraffin wax and resin are commonly used embedding materials.Proper em
bedding ensures that tissue samples are properly oriented and supported for sectioning
5.SECTIONING:
Embedded tissue samples are sectioned into thin slices using a microtome.
The thickness of sections can vary depending on the type of analysis being performed.Sections are
typically mounted on glass slides for staining and microscopic examination
.

17. Histopathological
Examination By farhan

18. ➢ Histopathological examination involves studying
tissue samples under a microscope to detect
abnormalities or diseases
It helps in diagnosing conditions like:-
I. cancer,
II. infections,
III. inflammatory disorders by analyzing
IV.cellular structure,
V. organization,
VI.and any pathological changes.
➢ This examination aids in determining the appropriate
treatment plan and prognosis for patients
Histopathological Examination

19. ➢ During microscopic analysis of pathological tissue
, pathologists examine the cellular structure and or
ganization to identify any abnormalities.
➢ This involves looking for changes in cell size, sha
pe, arrangement, and overall tissue
architecture.
➢ They might also assess for
I. signs of inflammation,
II. necrosis,
III. infection,
IV. malignancy.
Microscopic analysis

20. A: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
➢ This staining is a common histological staining te
chnique used to visualize tissue structure under a
microscope. Hematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue-p
urple,
➢
➢ while eosin stains cytoplasm and extracellular str
uctures pink.
STAINING TECHNIQUE

21. ➢ This technique used in histopathology to de
tect specific proteins or antigens within tiss
ue samples.
➢ It involves labeling antibodies with fluores
cent dyes, which then bind to the target pro
teins in the tissue section.
➢ When illuminated with a specific waveleng
th of light, the bound antibodies emit fluor
escence, allowing visualization and localiz
ation of the target proteins under a microsc
ope.
B: Immunofluorescence (IF)

22. • IF is particularly useful for identifying and studying various diseases, including
➢ autoimmune disorders,
➢ infectious diseases,
➢ cancers, by examining the presence,
➢ localization,
abundance of specific proteins within tissues.

23. Various special stains can highlight specific cellular
components or structures, such as:
I. - periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain for glycogen
II. , Masson's trichrome stain for collagen,
III. silver stains for reticulin fibers..
C: Special stains:

24. It is involve analyzing the observed cellular and tissue abnormalities in the context
of
➢ clinical history
➢ imaging studies,
➢ laboratory tests
Pathologists assess the
➢ morphological features,
➢ patterns
➢ distribution of abnormalities to arrive at a diagnosis or differential diagnosis
Interpreting findings

25. Molecular diagnosis
By sumaiya abdul wakeel

26. Molecular diagnostic techniques
Polymerase Chain Reaction;
➢ PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests are a fast, highly accurate way to dia
gnose certain pathological tissues and genetic changes.
➢ With its ability to detect minute amounts of DNA or RNA contained in tis
sues or fluids, PCR has improved the rapidity and accuracy of
diagnosis, enhanced understanding of pathogenesis, and helped identify in
fectious causes for diseases previously considered idiopathic.
➢ The steps of performing PCR are:
1. Selecting DNA markers
2. Design primers
3. DNA extraction
4. PCR setup
5. PCR cycling
6. Detection and interpretation
7. Validation and controls

27. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
➢ Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique that
uses fluorescently labelled DNA probes to detect chromosomal alterations in
tissues.
➢ Tumour cells generally contain chromosomal alterations, FISH is able to d
etect cells that have chromosomal abnormalities consistent with neoplasia
in exfoliative and aspiration cytology specimens.
.

28. ➢ The steps to detect pathological tissues in FISH are:
1. Target DNA identification
2. Probe design
3. Hybridization
4. Detection and imaging
5. Analysis
➢ FISH can detect lymphoma,
AML, CML, bladder cancer etc

29. IMAGING MODALITIES
By Tehmina shoukat

30. IMAGING MODALITIES
1. Radiography; Radiography is a medical imaging technique that us
es X-rays to produce images of the internal structures of the body. I
t plays a significant role in the diagnosis and management of
various pathological diseases. It is commonly used to diagnose
and monitor various medical conditions, such as bone fractures,
dental problems,and lung diseases like pneumonia.
2. Ultrasound is a valuable diagnostic tool, helping healthcare
professionals to:-
❖ Identify abnormalities-
❖ Monitor disease progression-
❖ Guide interventions and treatments-
❖ Evaluate treatment effectiveness

31. ❖ Ultrasound plays a significant role in the diagnosis and management
of various pathological diseases, including:
1.Liver diseases: cirrhosis, liver cancer, gallstones
2. Kidney diseases: kidney stones, kidney cancer, hydronephrosis
3. Thyroid diseases: thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer
4. Cardiovascular diseases: heart failure, coronary artery disease.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and man
agement of various pathological diseases, including:-
❖ Brain and spinal cord disorders: tumors, strokes, multiple sclerosis-
❖ Cardiovascular diseases: heart failure, coronary artery disease-
❖ Gastrointestinal conditions: liver and pancreatic diseases-
❖ Endocrine disorders: pituitary gland and adrenal gland diseases

32. 4. Computed Tomography (CT)
plays a significant role in the diagnosis a
nd management of various pathological diseases, including:
• Cancer: detection, staging, and monitoring
• Musculoskeletal disorders: fractures, osteoporosis, and joint di
seases
• Gastrointestinal diseases: liver, pancreas, and bowel disorders
• Pulmonary diseases: lung cancer, emphysema, and pulmonary
embolism
• Infections: abscesses and septicemia
5.Positron Emission Tomography (PET); PET scans help healthc
are professionals to:-
❖ Visualize metabolic activity and detect diseases at the molecul
ar level-
❖ Identify areas of high metabolic activity, such as tumors-
❖ Guide biopsies and surgeries-

33. Clinical correlation
By Sarmad jabbar

34. .
Clinical Correlation In Diagnostic Purpose
➢ Clinical Correlation:
Discuss how the pathological findings are
correlated with the patient's symptoms and medical history to reach
a diagnosis. For example, if a tissue sample shows malignant cells
and the patient has a history of unexplained weight loss and fatigue,
this correlation strengthens the suspicion of cancer
➢ Integration of Pathological Findings with Clinical Data:
Explain how pathologists
integrate the microscopic findings with other clinical data, such as
imaging studies and laboratory tests, to form a comprehensive
diagnostic picture. For instance, if a tissue sample shows signs of
inflammation and the patient has elevated white blood cell count,
this integration supports a diagnosis of infection.

35. ➢ Differential Diagnosis:
List the possible diagnoses that are considered based
on the pathological findings and clinical data. For instance, if a tissue sample
shows granulomas and the patient has a history of travel to an endemic area,
this supports a differential diagnosis of tuberculosis or fungal infection.
➢ Prognostic and Predictive Factors:
Describe the factors that can influence the
prognosis (expected outcome) and predict the response to treatment.
For example, certain genetic mutations in a tumor sample may
indicate a more aggressive cancer that requires more intensive treatment.

36. Thank
you