This is an educational purposes.

3. WORD
SCRAMBLE

4. GUESS
WHAT?

5. TARHE
_ _ _ _ _
EARTH

6. SHPEREMOTA
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ATMOSPHERE

7. LKEINC
_ _ _ _ _ _
NICKEL

8. XGEYNO
_ _ _ _ _ _
OXYGEN

9. CNOTENTNI
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
CONTINENT

10. PETAL TCEONTICS
P_ _ _ _ T _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
PLATE TECTONICS

11. CVONCEITON
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
CONVECTION

12. RECO
_ _ _ _
CORE

13. TLEMAN
_ _ _ _ _ _
MANTLE

14. TRUSC
_ _ _ _ _
CRUST

15. PETAL MMEVOTENT
P_ _ _ _ M_ _ _ _ _ _ _
PLATE MOVEMENT

16. EARTH’S
INTERIOR ,
CONVECTION ,
AND PLATE
MOVEMENT
01

17. • A. Describe the components ofE arth’s interior and
B. Explain how scientists determined its structure.
C. Specify the origin, size, and extent of Earth’s
magnetic field .
OBJECTIV
ES:

18. Earth’s Interior
Who Studies Earth’s Interior?
Geologists
Scientistswho study the forcesthat make and
shapeplanet Earth.
 They study the processesthat create Earth’s features
and search for clues about Earth’s history.

19. What kind of evidence do scientists use to
learn about the interior of the earth?
Direct vs. Indirect
Direct evidence: from rock samples.
Scientists drill up to 12 km into the earth.
Forces blast rock from as deep as 100 km.
Indirect evidence: from seismic waves

20. How do scientists study the Earth?
 To reach the Earth’s core you would have to travel over 6,000 km
(3,728 miles)!
 Scientists record Seismic Waves – a vibration that travels
through Earth carrying the energy released during an
earthquake
 Types of seismic waves –
Pwaves – travel through crust(6km/sec) and mantle(8km/sec)
Swaves – will nottravel through liquid
http://aspire.cosmic-ray.org/labs/seismic/seismic.swf

21. Layers
of
the
Earth

22. EARTH
• Earth is a medium-size planet with a diameter of
approximately 12,760 kilometers.
• It is one of the terrestrial planets, composed
primarily of heavy elements such as iron, silicon,
and oxygen—very different from the composition
of the Sun and stars, which are dominated by the
light elements hydrogen and helium.
• Earth’s orbit is nearly circular, and Earth is warm
enough to support liquid water on its surface.
• It is the only planet in our solar system that is
neither too hot nor too cold, but “just right” for the
development of life as we know it.

23. Some Properties of the Earth
Property Measurement
Semimajor Axis 1.00 AU
Period 1.00 year
Mass 5.98 x 10^24 kg
Diameter 12,756 km
Radius 6378 km
Escape Velocity 11.2 km/s
Rotational Period 23h 56m 4s
Surface Area 5.1 x 10^8 km2
Density 5.514 g/cm3
Atmospheric Pressure 1.00 bar

24. • The top layer of the Earth is the CRUST which is divided
into two types.
CRUST
• Oceanic crust – covers 55% of Earth’s
surface and lies mostly submerged under
the oceans. It is typically about 6 kilometers
thick and is composed of volcanic rocks
called basalt.
• Continental crust – covers 45% of the
surface, some of which is also beneath the
oceans. The continental crust is 20 to 70
kilometers thick and is composed
predominantly of a different volcanic class
of silicates (rocks made of silicon and
oxygen) called granite

25. Composition of the Crust
• Primitive rock is an essential type of rock
that can reveal information about the early
history of the solar system. It has not been
significantly altered by heating and
represents the original material that formed
the solar system. Primitive rock is not found
on Earth due to the planet's early heating,
but researchers can study smaller objects
like comets, asteroids, and small planetary
moons to find it. Some samples of primitive
rock can even be found in objects that fall
to Earth from these smaller celestial bodies.

26. • It is the largest layer of the Earth by volume.
• The mantle extends to a depth of about 2,900
km (1,800 miles).
MANTLE
• The upper mantle is composed of silicate
rock and is the source of magma that fuels
volcanic eruptions.
• The lower mantle is under pressure and
temperature than the upper mantle, and is
thought to be composed of more dense
materials such as magnesium and iron.

27. CORE  Two parts
 Outer Core – liquid; behaves like a
thick liquid; forces the solid inner core to
spincausing Earth’s magnetic
field
 Inner Core – solid; extreme
pressuresqueezes the atoms of
iron and nickel so that they cannot
spread out to become liquid
 Inner core and outer core are just slightly
smaller than the moon

28. Section 2: Convection and the Mantle
How does Heat transfer?
Radiation – heat transfer
through empty space; ex.
sunlight
Conduction – heat transfer
through direct contact
Convection- heat transfer by
movement of
heated fluids

29. How do convection currents affect
the Earth?
 Heating and cooling a fluid
changes its density; warmer fluids
have a lower density and float;
colder fluids have a higher density
and sink

30. CONVECTION CURRENT WORKS IN THE EARTH’S
INTERIOR

31. Section 3: Drifting Continents
Were the continents once together?
Alfred Wegener
hypothesized that
all the continents
had moved from a
supercontinent
known as Pangaea.

32. What is the evidence for Wegener’s
idea?
 Evidence of Continental Drift:
Landforms– similar mountain ranges
Fossils– similar fossils of a fernlike
plant existed on both continents
Climate– tropical plant fossils found in
coldclimates

33. Section 4: Sea-Floor Spreading
What is happening in the ocean?
Using sonar scientists
discovered mountains
under the ocean
The longest chain of
mountains in the world is
under the ocean and is
known as the Mid- Ocean
ridge!

34. Side-scan sonar locates
missing plane
Courtesy of NOAA.
Side-scan sonar image of the
remains of the submarine USS O-9
(SS-70) off the Isle of Shoals, New
Hampshire in more than 400 feet of
water.
Courtesy of NOAA.

35. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2112456/Titanic-
pictures-Extraordinary-sonar-images-map-shipwreck-ocean-
floor.html
SONAr image of the Titanic (2.5 miles below sea level)

36. Debris field surrounding the stern of the ship

37. Bow and stern
sections rest 1.5
miles apart from
each other.

38. What is sea-floor spreading?
 Harry Hess suggested that at the
mid-ocean ridge molten
material rises from the mantle
and erupts; pushing older rock
to both sides
 This process is known as sea-
floor spreading!

39. What is the evidence for Sea-floor
spreading?
Evidence from Molten Material
Evidence from Magnetic Strips
Evidence from Drilling Samples

40. How can the ocean floor keep from getting
wider and wider?
 The older ocean floor plunges
into deep-ocean trenches in a
process known as
subduction
 Sea-floor spreading and
subduction work
together like a giant conveyer
belt!

41. Plate Tectonics
• Plate tectonics is a theory that
explains how the slow movement
of the Earth's mantle causes the
crust to move, resulting in
continental drift and the
formation of geological features.
• It is a fundamental concept in
geology and is compared to
evolution in biology and gravity
in astronomy.

42. Section 5: What is the theory of plate
tectonics?
 The Earth’s lithosphere is
cracked into separate sections
known as plates
 Geological theory states that these
plates are in constant, slow
motion, driven by the convection
currents in the mantle

43. How is the theory of plate tectonics
different from continental drift?
 Continental driftis based on the movementof the continents DUEto
plate tectonics
 Continents are NOTthe same as plates
 Tectonic platescan be made up of both oceaniccrust and
continentalcrust

44. What happens where the plates meet?
 Plate Boundaries – where the
edges of the lithosphere meet;
faults form along these boundaries:
Transform
Divergent
Convergent

45. What are Transform boundaries?
 The place where two plates
slip past each other, moving in
opposite directions
Earthquakes occur
frequently at these
boundaries

46. What are Divergent Boundaries?
 The place where two plates
move apart, or diverge and
create a rift valley
 Most occur at the mid-
ocean ridge although some
can occur on land

47. What are Convergent
boundaries?
 The place where two plates come
together, or converge creating a
collision
Subduction occurs at convergent
boundaries
 The density of the crust determines
which curst will be on top – if both plates
are the same density they form a
mountain range

49. USE ½ CROSSWISE

50. I. IDENTIFICATION.
Directions: Identify the words being
defined or described in each item.
1. Scientists who study the forces that make
shape planet Earth.
2. Refers to the outermost and thinnest
of Earth.
3. It is the largest layer of the Earth by
volume.
4. It is a heat transfer by movement of
heated fluids.
5. He hypothesized that all the continents had
moved from a supercontinent known as
6. This process is known as when the mid-
ocean ridge molten material rises from the
mantle and erupts; pushing older rock to both
sides.
7. A type of plate boundary where two plates
slip past each other, moving in opposite
directions.
8. . A type of plate boundary where two
plates move apart, or diverge and create a rift
valley.
9. A theory that explains how the slow
movement of the Earth's mantle causes the
crust to move, resulting in continental drift
and the formation of geological features.
10. A type of crust that covers 55% of Earth’s
surface and lies mostly submerged under the
oceans.

51. II. ENUMERATION
Directions: Provide what is being asked.
Write your answers in the blank.
A. LAYERS OF THE EARTH
1. ______________
2.______________
3.______________
4. ______________
B. TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
5.______________
6.______________
7. _____________
C. GIVE THE 3 THEORIES MENTIONED
8. _____________
9. _____________
10. ____________

55. ACTVITY TIME
P R O F E S S I O N T H E M E

56. 3.
You will guess a word from an object. You
will be given an incomplete word as a clue.
1.
You will guess an object based on the
characteristics that will be told in the
question.
2.
You will guess the nature of an object shown
in the question and you will be given
multiple choices.
HOW TO PLAY?
WE WILL PLAY 3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GAMES

57. LET'S GET STARTED!
ARE YOU
READY ?

58. QUESTION NO.1
At work, I use a hammer. My job is in
the field of law, I also have to
understand the contents of the
criminal law code, and in my work, I
have to decide problems fairly. Who
am I?

59. 1. THE
ANSWER IS...
J U G D E

60. QUESTION NO.2
The job of designing a building
is called...
A. Doctor C. Architect
B. Teacher D.Fisherman

61. A
A
The job of designing a building
is called...

62. QUESTION NO.3
The job of designing a building
is called...
A. Doctor C. Architect
B. Teacher D.Fisherman

63. A
A
The job of designing a building
is called...

64. QUESTION NO.4
At work, I use a hammer. My job is in
the field of law, I also have to
understand the contents of the
criminal law code, and in my work, I
have to decide problems fairly. Who
am I?

65. 4. THE ANSWER IS...
A R C H I T E C T

66. QUESTION NO.5
At work, I use a hammer. My job is in
the field of law, I also have to
understand the contents of the
criminal law code, and in my work, I
have to decide problems fairly. Who
am I?

67. 5. THE
ANSWER IS...
J U G D E

68. Guess the word
D C T R
QUESTION NO.6

69. QUESTION NO.6
Guess the word
D O C T O R

70. Guess the word
D C T R
QUESTION NO.7

71. QUESTION NO.7
Guess the word
D O C T O R

72. QUESTION NO.8
The job of designing a building
is called...
A. Doctor C. Architect
B. Teacher D.Fisherman

73. A
A
The job of designing a building
is called...

74. QUESTION NO.9
At work, I use a hammer. My job is in
the field of law, I also have to
understand the contents of the
criminal law code, and in my work, I
have to decide problems fairly. Who
am I?

75. 9. THE
ANSWER IS...
J U G D E

76. QUESTION NO.10
At work, I use a hammer. My job is in
the field of law, I also have to
understand the contents of the
criminal law code, and in my work, I
have to decide problems fairly. Who
am I?

77. 10. THE ANSWER IS...
A R C H I T E C T

78. TYPES OF
FAULTS

79. INTRODUCTION
Deformation is the change in the shape, size or
position of the bed due to the applied forces.
Fault is brittle type of deformation in which
fracture or rupture when will be developed before
the displacement of block.
Due to the effect of differential stresses we can
observe verity of deformation structures.

80. Fault
terminology:-
There are disposition of different
type of faults

81.  Epicenter
Point directly above the focus
 Hypocenter Focus
The source from which the energy is released radiating from all
directions.
 Earthquake
It is a shaking of the surface of the earth resulting from a
sudde release of energy in the lithosphere.

82. Causes of faults
• Faults are essentially the shear or sliding failures, resulting
from tensional, compressional, rotational stress acting the
crustal rock masses.
• They may be due to the shrinking Earth; or due to the
convection currents produced in the Earth.
• The faults occur in volcanic areas and mountain zones, they
are found in plains and plateaus.

83. 3 TYPES OF FAULTS

84. NORMAL FAULT
It is a type of fault that

85. REVERSETHRUST FAULT
It is a type of fault that

86. STRIKE SLIP FAULT
It is a type of fault that

87. ACTIVITY:
 Activity No. 2
 WHERE DOES AN EARTHQUAKE START?

After performing this activity, you should be able to:
 Differentiate focus and epicenter; and
 Demonstrate how movement along faults affect the surroundings.
 Materials Needed:
 fault model scissors paste
 Procedure:
1. Photocopy the Fault Model (Figure 12; you can also trace it on paper). Then cut along the outlines of the two
drawings.
2. Fold along the lines and paste where indicated. In the end, you should have a model consisting of two parts
that fit together (Figure 1).
3. The upper surface of the model represents the surface of the Earth. The trace of the fault on the surface of
the Earth is called the fault line. Be ready to point out the fault line when your teacher calls on you.
4. Pull the two pieces apart (Figure 14). The flat surface between the two pieces is called the fault plane. This is
where fault slip or fault movement happens. Point out the fault plane when your teacher asks you.
5. The place where the fault begins to slip is called the focus. It is where the first movement occurs. Thus, the focus is
the origin of the earthquake. Be ready to explain it to your teacher.

88. ACTIVITY: