Slide presentation on human development

1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

2. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
The scientific study of how people change and
remain the same across the lifespan.
It involves:
Quantitative changes: improvements in height,
age, weight
Qualitative changes: improvements in speech,
attitude, intelligence.

3. ASPECTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Physical development– changes in body structure
and acquisition of motor skills.
Perceptual development– changes in sensory
capacities.
Intellectual development– changes in thought
processes.
Personality and social development– changes in
self-concept, interpersonal relations, and gender
identity.

4. GROWTH DEVELOPMENT
Takes place during the
first 20 years of life
Happens after 20 years of
life
Physical change and
increase in size
Increase in complexity of
function and skill
progression
Measured quantitatively Measured qualitatively
Varies during different
stages
Capacity and skill of a
person to adapt to the
environment
Rapid during prenatal,
neonatal, infancy and
adolescence and slows
down during childhood
Behavioral aspect of
growth
Minimal during
adulthood

5. THREE QUESTIONS ACROSS THEORIES
ABOUT DEVELOPMENT
What is the source of development?
Nature (heredity) vs. Nurture (environment)
What is the shape of development?
Continuity vs. Discontinuity
Timing: Is it too late?
Critical and Earlier Periods vs. Later
Experiences

6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT
Development is lifelong.
Development is multidimensional.
Development is multidirectional.
Relative influence of biology and culture shift
over the lifespan.
Development involves changing resource
allocation.
Development shows plasticity.
Development is influenced by historical and
cultural context.

7. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE
MEIOSIS-- a cell division which produces
gametes (sex cells)
SEX CELLS– Sperm (male)
Ovum/Ova (female)

8. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE
SEX CELLS– Sperm (male)
Ovum/Ova (female)

9. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE
CHROMOSOMES
-- X chromosomes (dominant)
-- y chromosomes (recessive)
GENES– true units of heredity
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)– code for genetic
information

10. FERTILIZATION– union of sperm and ovum
THE BEGINNING OF LIFE

11. FERTILIZATION– union of sperm and ovum
THE BEGINNING OF LIFE

12. FERTILIZATION– union of sperm and ovum
ZYGOTE– fertilized egg.
THE BEGINNING OF LIFE

13. MITOSIS– cell multiplication; zygote reproduces
itself.
XX– female
Xy-- male
THE BEGINNING OF LIFE

14. GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
Mutation– process where genes become altered
or damaged resulting to defective characteristics.
Inherited Diseases
Maternal Diseases
Teratogens– harmful external substances like
drugs, alcohol, etc., that may invade the womb and
may result in defects or severe damage at birth.

15. GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21– distinctive
physical appearance and retarded intellectual
growth.

16. DOWN SYNDROME OR TRISOMY 21

17. MULTIPLE BIRTHS
Identical Twins– monozygotic twins

18. Fraternal Twins– dizygotic twins
MULTIPLE BIRTHS

19. Siamese Twins– incomplete separation of
two masses of cells.
MULTIPLE BIRTHS

20. Traits that are controlled by the genes found in
the chromosomes.
Genes in the X chromosome control virtually all
these sex-linked traits since the y chromosome is
small and carries few genes.
SEX-LINKED TRAITS

21. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
1. PRENATAL
Germinal Stage
Embryonic Stage
Fetal Stage
2. Infancy and Toddlerhood (0-3 years)
3. Early Childhood (3-6 years)
4. Middle Childhood (6-11 years)
5. Adolescence (11-20 years)
6. Young Adulthood (20-40 Years)
7. Middle Adulthood (40-65 years)
8. Late Adulthood (65 years above)

22. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES- PRENATAL

23. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES- PRENATAL

24. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES- PRENATAL
Period of development before birth or gestation.
Divided into three substages: germinal, embryonic,
and fetal stages.
Germinal Stage (fertilization-2 weeks)– cell
division continues then the cells are developed into
a blastocyst, which is made up of three layers:
ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
Ectoderm– skin and nervous system
Endoderm– digestive and respiratory system.
Mesoderm– muscle and skeletal system.

25. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES- PRENATAL
Divided into three substages: germinal, embryonic,
and fetal stages.
 Embryonic Stage ( 2-12 weeks)– placenta and
umbilical cord develops; basic outlines of the
organ, body, and nervous system are established;
beginnings of features such as fingers, eyes, mouth,
and ears become visible; pregnancy is critical.
Fetal Stage (12 weeks-birth)– neural tube
develops into brain and spinal cord and neurons
form; sex organ begins to appear.

26. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES- INFANCY,
BABYHOOD, TODDLERHOOD (0-3 YEARS)
Physical Development: complex development of the
brain; rapid development of physical features and
body mass
Perceptual Development: prefer anything sweet and
can discriminate scent.
Intellectual: they gain knowledge using their senses
Psychosocial: attachment to parents

27. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-EARLY
CHILDHOOD 3-6 YEARS OLD)
Physical Development: Handedness appears;
appearance becomes slender
Perceptual Development: prefer anything sweet and
can discriminate scent.
Intellectual: egocentric thinking develops then later
on begin to acknowledge other’s opinion; memory
and language improves
Psychosocial: they become independent; helping,
aggression, and fearfulness becomes common.

28. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-MIDDLE
CHILDHOOD 6-11 YEARS OLD)
Physical Development: Growth gap takes place but
strength increases
Perceptual Development: preference develops
Intellectual: overcomes egocentricism and thinks
logically and concretely; developed learning skills but
needs to be improved for some
Psychosocial: developed sense of self; peers becomes
the center of their interest.

29. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-ADOLESCENCE11-
20 YEARS OLD)
Physical Development: development of secondary sex
characteristics
Perceptual Development: preference develops
Intellectual: thinks abstractly and scientifically
Psychosocial: search for identity; peer influence
becomes an issue

30. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-YOUNG
ADULTHOOD20-40 YEARS OLD)
Physical Development: growth spurt stops but
physical prowess is at its peak; however, it will
gradually decline; becomes more health conscious
Perceptual Development: preference develops
Intellectual: mental abilities are at its peak
Psychosocial: formation of intimate relationship;
occupational choices are made and taken

31. HUMAN DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
Cognitive Theory of Development (Jean Piaget)–
explains how we acquire knowledge.
Moral Reasoning Stages of Development
(Lawrence Kohlberg)– explains how we learn to form
and use moral judgment .
Psychosexual Theory of Development (Sigmund
Freud)– explains how personality develops.
Psychosocial Theory of Development (Erik
Erikson)– explains how we learn to adapt to our
environment as we relate to people and as our
environment meet our emotional needs.

32. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-LATE
ADULTHOOD65 YEARS OLD & ABOVE)
Physical Development: physical prowess and health
declines
Perceptual Development: sensory abilities declines
Intellectual: mental abilities are gradually declining
for some
Psychosocial: search for legacy, life’s meaniing,
importance of family and support, coping with death
becomes the focus.

33. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES-LATE
ADULTHOOD65 YEARS OLD & ABOVE)
Physical Development: physical prowess and health
declines
Perceptual Development: sensory abilities declines
Intellectual: mental abilities are gradually declining
for some
Psychosocial: search for legacy, life’s meaniing,
importance of family and support, coping with death
becomes the focus.