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Introduction to Computer
Architecture

      Ankush Srivastava
      Email:- anksri000@gmail.com
What is binary?
   We use the decimal (base 10) number
    system
   Binary is the base 2 number system
   Ten different numbers are used in
    base 10. How many are used in base
    2?
Bits & Bytes
   kilo, mega, and giga are different in
    binary!

bit (b) – binary digit
Byte (B) – 8 binary digits
KiloByte (KB) – 210 bytes
MegaByte (MB) – 220 bytes
GigaByte (GB) – 230 bytes
Storage Scam!
   Example: iPod Nano 8GB
What is computer
architecture?
   What does “architecture” mean?
   Layout and interactions of a computer
    system
   What is a computer system?
   Input  Process  Output
   Can a computer system be more than
    one computer? Think of an example...
Major Components of a Computer

   Central Processing Unit (CPU)
   Random Access Memory (RAM)
   Hard Drive / Disk
ON-OFF-ON-ON




         1               0            1          1

   Several ways to remember the state of a switch:
       Electrical – RAM, flash memory
       Magnetic – Hard drives, magnetic tapes
       Optical – CDs, DVDs
What does memory look like?
                         Address    Data
   Memory ~ RAM            0        36
   Looks like a table      1       3765
   Address and Data        2       786
   Address is the          3       356
    location                4       252
   Data is the actual      5      67980
    value                   6       2355
   Memory stores both      7       4234
    data and assembly       8       3466
    instructions
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
   Also called the “chip”
    or “processor”
   The brain of the                  Control
                                                Address Bus
                                       Unit
    computer                                     Memory
   Major components:                  ALU
       Arithmetic Logic Unit                   Data Bus

        (ALU)
           calculator
       Control unit
           controls the calculator
       Communication bus
        systems
   What’s a bus?!?
Fetch-Execute Cycle
1.   Fetch instruction from
     memory
2.   Decode instruction in        Control
                                            Address Bus


     control unit
                                   Unit
                                             Memory


3.   Execute instruction (data     ALU
                                            Data Bus
     may be fetched from
     memory)
4.   Store results if necessary
5.   Repeat!
Registers
   Temporary storage containers used
    inside the CPU
   Extremely fast
   Fixed size, usually multiples of 8-bits
       Also called a “word”
       Example: 32-bit machines (4-byte words)
   How large is a word in a 64-bit
    machine?
Cache
   Slower than registers
   Faster than RAM
   Located in front of
    main RAM
   Different levels of
    cache
   Level1 (L1) and Level2
    (L2)
   Size is usually around
    1 MB
Memory Hierarchy
Virtual Memory
   What if a program is too big for RAM?

   If a program is too big for memory
    (RAM), then we start using the hard
    drive (disk) to store data
Hard Drives
CD/DVDs
   Lands and pits used to represent
    binary
   Optical medium - lasers and refraction
    used to read lands and pits
Direct Access
   also known as “random access”
   No need to go through other data to get
    the data you want
   We already know where the data is, so
    we just get it
   “Magic data retrieval” – no
    movement/motion
   Example: registers, cache, RAM
Sequential Access
   also known as “serial-access”
   Data is ordered in some sequential
    fashion
   To get to your data, you need to go
    through other data in front of it
   Example:
       Fast-forwarding through a tape to get to
        the song you want
Direct-Access vs. Sequential Access
   Direct-Access:
       Advantage: fast access
       Disadvantage: data cannot be accessed in sequential or sorted
        order
           Data is placed randomly on the disk
           Accessing things in order then requires an index file
           Slower when trying to access sequential data that is not already in
            order (back-and-forth-and-back-and-forth)
       Example: hard drives (disks)
   Sequential Access
       Advantage: Simple to organize (already in some sequential
        order)
       Disadvantage: Slow when accessing specific things in no order
       Example: magnetic tape backups
   Could we implement sequential access using a hard
    disk?

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Introduction to Computer Architecture

  • 1. Introduction to Computer Architecture Ankush Srivastava Email:- anksri000@gmail.com
  • 2. What is binary?  We use the decimal (base 10) number system  Binary is the base 2 number system  Ten different numbers are used in base 10. How many are used in base 2?
  • 3. Bits & Bytes  kilo, mega, and giga are different in binary! bit (b) – binary digit Byte (B) – 8 binary digits KiloByte (KB) – 210 bytes MegaByte (MB) – 220 bytes GigaByte (GB) – 230 bytes
  • 4. Storage Scam!  Example: iPod Nano 8GB
  • 5. What is computer architecture?  What does “architecture” mean?  Layout and interactions of a computer system  What is a computer system?  Input  Process  Output  Can a computer system be more than one computer? Think of an example...
  • 6. Major Components of a Computer  Central Processing Unit (CPU)  Random Access Memory (RAM)  Hard Drive / Disk
  • 7. ON-OFF-ON-ON 1 0 1 1  Several ways to remember the state of a switch:  Electrical – RAM, flash memory  Magnetic – Hard drives, magnetic tapes  Optical – CDs, DVDs
  • 8. What does memory look like? Address Data  Memory ~ RAM 0 36  Looks like a table 1 3765  Address and Data 2 786  Address is the 3 356 location 4 252  Data is the actual 5 67980 value 6 2355  Memory stores both 7 4234 data and assembly 8 3466 instructions
  • 9. Central Processing Unit (CPU)  Also called the “chip” or “processor”  The brain of the Control Address Bus Unit computer Memory  Major components: ALU  Arithmetic Logic Unit Data Bus (ALU)  calculator  Control unit  controls the calculator  Communication bus systems  What’s a bus?!?
  • 10. Fetch-Execute Cycle 1. Fetch instruction from memory 2. Decode instruction in Control Address Bus control unit Unit Memory 3. Execute instruction (data ALU Data Bus may be fetched from memory) 4. Store results if necessary 5. Repeat!
  • 11. Registers  Temporary storage containers used inside the CPU  Extremely fast  Fixed size, usually multiples of 8-bits  Also called a “word”  Example: 32-bit machines (4-byte words)  How large is a word in a 64-bit machine?
  • 12. Cache  Slower than registers  Faster than RAM  Located in front of main RAM  Different levels of cache  Level1 (L1) and Level2 (L2)  Size is usually around 1 MB
  • 14. Virtual Memory  What if a program is too big for RAM?  If a program is too big for memory (RAM), then we start using the hard drive (disk) to store data
  • 16. CD/DVDs  Lands and pits used to represent binary  Optical medium - lasers and refraction used to read lands and pits
  • 17. Direct Access  also known as “random access”  No need to go through other data to get the data you want  We already know where the data is, so we just get it  “Magic data retrieval” – no movement/motion  Example: registers, cache, RAM
  • 18. Sequential Access  also known as “serial-access”  Data is ordered in some sequential fashion  To get to your data, you need to go through other data in front of it  Example:  Fast-forwarding through a tape to get to the song you want
  • 19. Direct-Access vs. Sequential Access  Direct-Access:  Advantage: fast access  Disadvantage: data cannot be accessed in sequential or sorted order  Data is placed randomly on the disk  Accessing things in order then requires an index file  Slower when trying to access sequential data that is not already in order (back-and-forth-and-back-and-forth)  Example: hard drives (disks)  Sequential Access  Advantage: Simple to organize (already in some sequential order)  Disadvantage: Slow when accessing specific things in no order  Example: magnetic tape backups  Could we implement sequential access using a hard disk?