Thomas Jefferson faced several challenges during his presidency from 1804 to 1808. These included tensions with Britain and France over neutral trade rights during the Napoleonic Wars, conflicts with the Barbary States over pirate attacks on American ships, and disputes with Native American tribes as settlers moved west. Jefferson attempted policies like embargos to address these issues, but they had unintended economic consequences and did not fully resolve the underlying problems. He chose not to seek a third term, leaving office amid continuing tensions abroad and unrest at home over trade and expansion.

1. A Time of Conflict The Challenges of Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency

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