Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.

1. Made by: Deepanshu Kapoor
Project Guide: Dr. Tanuja Nautiyal

2. Man is one of the species who inhabit the earth .
he is the only one who has interfered with various natural
processes for use of both biological & physical resources
to meet his multiple demands, man has polluted all the –
lithosphere , hydrosphere & atmosphere. it is essential
for us e realms of to know about environment & its
pollution.
•Primary & secondary pollutants
•Acid rain
•Ozone depletion
•Green house effect
•Noise pollution

3. That which surrounds, the total sum of the
condition of the surroundings within which an
organism, or group, or an object,exists(including
the natural as modified by human activity & the
artificial).

4. Our current atmosphere is a
mixture of many different gases
& suspended particles. It is
almost same every where up to
an altitude of 80 Kms.The
atmosphere is divided in to 4
layers-
Name of
sphere or
layer
Height
in
Kms.
Temperatu
re
Important
Chemical
Species (Gas)
Troposphere 0-8 15 to 45 N2,O2,CO2,
H2
Stratosphere 8-50 -55 to 05 O3,O2
Mesosphere 50-80 -2 to -90 N2+O2
Ionosphere 80-
400
O2,O+,NO+
Exosphere 400-
1600
H2,He

5. Source Pollution
Transportation 42%
Fuel 21%
Industries 14%
Solid waste
disposal
05%
Other 18%
42%
21%
Transportation Fuel
Is an unwanted change in the
quality of earth's earths
atmosphere caused by
emission of gases caused by
emission of gases due to
burning of fossil
fuel,transportation,industrial
institution etc.
Industries waste Other
21%
14%
05%
18%

6. Different Pollutants
1. Gaseous waste: Oxides of
nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br,I,O3 & smog.
2. Complex organic chemicals: Benzene, ether.
3. Acid prop lets: H2SO4, HNO3
4. Agrochemicals: fertilizers,
pesticides,herbicixles,fungicides,
rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides etc.
5. Fluorides
6. Metals: Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc.
7. Solid wasre:Garbage,plastic etc.
8. Radioactive waste: Nuclear
reacters,uranium,nuclear explosion.
9. Noise waste

7. Secondary pollutants :These result from chemical reactions
between two or more air components.
Formation of secondary pollutants
2SO2+O2 2SO3
2SO3+H2O H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)
Primary Pollutants: Harmful chemical that directly enters the
air as a result of human activity. These are deforestisation
burning of fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc.

8. Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants
Factory
Volcano
NO2,SO3,HNO3,
H2SO4,H2O2,O3,
PANs,MostNO3
--
& SO4
-2
CO,CO2,NO,Most
Hydrocarbons,
Most SPM
Solar radiation

9. CAUSES

10. Environmental challenges
Green house effect: Increasing global
temperature. Scientists predicting that
earth's temperature will increase by 3-40
C by
year 2030 if the pollution continues to
increase at the same pace.
Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the upper
atmosphere absorbs incoming harmful
ultraviolet radiation but it is now getting
thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth
creating different disease like cancer& eye
problems.

11. Environmental challenges
Photochemical smog: In 1952 London was
covered by smog for 10 days .This smog was
caused by fog, smoke, ash,& SO2 plus
NO2.Sunlight played a great role in the
formation of this smog .Though deaths
occurring at that time were not directly
attributed to the smog later statistics
confirmed that 6,000 more people.
Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen &
sulphur.It increases acidity of soil & effects
the growth of trees & plants. The majestic
monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting
by this.

12. Acid Rain
SO2 &
NOX
+water
SEASea
Lake
Factories,
Transportation
Solar
Radiation
H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)
HNO3 (Nitric Acid)

13. A
Methane
Carbon
Dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Ozone
EarthEarth
Carbon
Dioxide
50%
Methane 18%
Chlorofluoroc
arbons
14%
Ozone 12%
Nitrous oxide 06%
Green house gases in natural
condition insulates the earth against
extreme of temperature by limiting
both incoming solar radiation &
escape of reradiated heat in to
space.
This natural balance may be
distorted by Green House
Effect as gases such as
carbon dioxide have built up
in the atmosphere trapping
more heat
Contribution of different gases
to cause green house effect

14. The real greenhouse

15. Ultraviolet rays
from Sun
The Ozone layer in
stratosphere
blocks these
harmful UV rays
Chlorofluorocarbons
are entering in to
atmosphere releasing
chlorine. The chlorine
than break down the
ozone
The chlorine released from CFCs break
down the ozone molecule.
chlorine
ozone
More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths
surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.
Oxygen
Whole in
Ozone layer

16. Noise pollution
This era has rightly been called as the era of noise.because heavy
industrialization we are exposed to a high level of noise all around
us. Noise has become a very important stress factor in modern
life.it leads many health hazards.Some of the sources of noise
pollution are aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers& pop&
Rock-n-Roll music in clubs
. Noise produces following health problems-
1)Auditory fatigue
2)Deafness or impaired vision
3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse
rate
4)Headache
5)Nausea
6)Disturbed sleep
7)Emotional disturbances

17. Space vehicle
launch
Loudspeaker
Jet take off
Very High above than
100db
Loud Conversation
Heavy Traffic
High Approximate 80db
Quit Conversation
Ticking Clock
Pleasant below than
80dB
Quit RainingSports car

18. 18
Water Pollution
Based on current water quality standards,
over 70 percent of our rivers, 68 percent
of our estuaries and 60 percent of our
lakes now meet legislatively mandated goals.
Some of the risks include
pollutant runoff from agricultural lands
stormwater flows from cities
About 40,000 times each year, sanitary
sewers overflow and release raw sewage to
streets and waterbodies.

19. 19
Water Pollutionseepage into ground water from nonpoint sources
the loss of habitats such as wetlands.
 we cannot always eat what we catch because fish
flesh is contaminated by the remaining discharges
and sources of toxic substances.
Microbial contamination of drinking water still
presents problems in many communities.

20. 16%
36%
21%
27%
Good Quality
Moderate Quality
Serious Problems
Insufficent Data
The Environmental Protection Agency found that 40% of theThe Environmental Protection Agency found that 40% of the
nation’s assessed waterways remain too polluted for fishing andnation’s assessed waterways remain too polluted for fishing and
swimming. Over 290,000 miles of 840,000 miles of assessedswimming. Over 290,000 miles of 840,000 miles of assessed
rivers and streams do not meet water quality standards. Nearlyrivers and streams do not meet water quality standards. Nearly
half of all lakes, reservoirs, and ponds assessed half of them arehalf of all lakes, reservoirs, and ponds assessed half of them are
polluted.polluted.

21. 202
1,127
13,739
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Each
Bomber
Batteries
Exide
Batteries
Tires
Solid Waste
Bomber Batteries
Exide Batteries
Tires
If your habits are like other Americans,If your habits are like other Americans,
you generate about 4 pounds of solid trash per day.you generate about 4 pounds of solid trash per day.
Americans are generating waste products faster than natureAmericans are generating waste products faster than nature
can break them down and using up resources faster than theycan break them down and using up resources faster than they
can be replaced.can be replaced.

22. SOLID WASTE
265,526
191,930
60,963
7,770
117,870
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
Pounds
Newspaper
Magazines
TelephonebooksCo-Mixed
Officepaper
Solid Waste
Newspaper
Magazines
Telephone books
Co-Mixed
Office paper

23. WHAT ARE WE GOING TO DO?
WhatWhat
can wecan we
do?do?

24. Water SolutionsWater Solutions
•Keep lakes cleanKeep lakes clean
•Take your used motor oil to a drop off placeTake your used motor oil to a drop off place
•Use latex paint instead of oil and rinse yourUse latex paint instead of oil and rinse your
brushesbrushes
in the sink rather than the yardin the sink rather than the yard
•Fill a spray bottle with soapy water insteadFill a spray bottle with soapy water instead
of bug sprayof bug spray
•Plant trees to prevent soil erosionPlant trees to prevent soil erosion
•Keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grassKeep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass
clippings outclippings out
of gutters and storm drains.of gutters and storm drains.

25. Air PollutionAir Pollution
SolutionsSolutions
Air PollutionAir Pollution
SolutionsSolutions
Encourage your family
to walk more
Take the school bus
Reduce the amount of
spray bottles
Do not burn leaves in
your yard- put them in
a compost
Keep your family cars
in tune
Put catalytic
converters on cars
Share your room with
others when the air
conditioner is on
Take care of your trees

26. Solid WasteSolid Waste
SolutionsSolutions
Carry your own bag with you when you go
shopping
Say no to all plastic bags as often as
possible
Reduce the use of paper bags also
Dig a compost pit in your garden and put all
the biodegradables in it
When you go out do not throw paper and
other wrappings or even leftover food here
and there-put it in the garbage.

27. ReduceReduce
ReuseReuseRecycleRecycle
3 R’s

28. We know that certain environmental conditions like air,water,& food
are essential for man,s survival.apart from their availability their
quality & quantity must be assured according to man,s natural &
acquired capacity for sustenance progress in industrialization has
brought environmental hazards such as air water & noise
pollution.These have caused many health problems & diseases.
As it has been said-
we do not inherit the environment from our
forefathers,we borrow it from future generation.
Stockholm conference of 1972 proclaims that:
The protection & improvement of human environment is a major
issue which affects the well being of people & economic development
throughout the world&it is duty of all governments & people to
common efforts for the preservation & improvement of environment
for the benefit of all people & their prosperity

29. MADE BY:
DEEPANSHU KAPOOR