Running, as decades of studies have shown, is one of the best ways for your patients to put distance between themselves and the aging process. The medical quandary, though, has been determining for mature patients when the physical demands of running – the wear and tear on bone and joints — outweigh the enormous anti-aging benefits. Many physicians err on the side of caution, supportive footwear, orthotics and even prematurely advising patients to stop running. It’s been a pleasure to be here in Australia. Many of you know the “Blue Wiggle” Anthony Field, and it’s interesting that you’re coming to a medical conference and you’re hearing a doctor talk about anti-aging medicine and the application of bare-foot running and that was certainly the exact same thing that the client said, when I recommended barefoot running and barefoot training to him back in 2004. What happened was this individual had chronic pain, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, which obviously was misdiagnosed, and he had clinical depression. To learn more about Dr. Stoxen’s other Lecture he gave entitled, ‘The Inflammation-Depression Connection at The 6th Annual A5M Conference In Anti-Aging & Aesthetic Medicine, click here I’m talking about the ‘Wiggles’ by the way and they were only in Chicago for approximately 48 hours, and we had a limited amount of time to try to fix this chronic condition that Anthony had for 25 years. What I did was what he called “the pain exorcism” which was a 15-hour-straight treatment broken up between, shows. Basically this was a grueling release of the human spring mechanism, and the flushing of the inflammatory chemicals with various therapies that was, extremely aggressive. - See more at: http://teamdoctorsblog.com/2013/03/lecture-video-and-power-point-notes-for-walk-and-run-for-life-through-lever-mechanisms-or-spring-mechanisms-melbourne-australia-august-19-2012/#sthash.oT1pIjK6.dpuf

1. Walk and Run For Life! Through Lever
Mechanisms or Spring Mechanisms?
The Human Spring Model is Plyometric Training and Barefoot Running vs The Human Lever
Model, Resistance Training and Shod Running
Why the Human Spring Model and Approach is best for an Anti-aging Doctor
by Dr. James Stoxen DC

2. Bedridden to Barefoot
Reclaim Your Youth
• Bedridden - Bed
• Wheel Chair - 4 Wheels
• 4-Prong Walker - 10 Supports
• Cane - 7 Supports
• Orthopedic Shoes and Orthotics - 6 Supports
• Orthotics - 6 Supports
• Motion Control - 4 Supports
• Footwear - 4 Supports
• Barefoot - No Supports

3. Injuries Can Happen When Running

5. Zola Budd
Barefoot Runner

6. Kinesthetic learning via Kinesthetic Senses
• Strength, efficiency and safety of all movement is determined by
neuromuscular factors, in particular the sense of kinaesthesis and the
underlying proprioceptive mechanisms which inform us about where all
the components of our musculoskeletal system are and what they are
doing relative to one another in space and time
• The integration of information enables us to execute a given movement
in the most appropriate way in terms of pattern, velocity, acceleration
and timing.
• One way of improving proprioceptive efficiency is to diminish or block
input from other sensory systems.
Roman R. (1986) Trenirovka Tyazheloatleta (Training of the Weightlifter) Fizkura I Sport Moscow

7. Creep
• Collagenous tissue increases significantly in strength and
stiffness with increased rate of loading
• There by emphasizing the intelligent use of training with high
acceleration methods.
• One study found an increase of almost 50% in load of knee
ligaments to failure when the voting rate was increased for four
fold (Kennedy et al 1976)
Tension studies of human knee ligaments. Yield point, ultimate failure, and disruption of
the cruciate and tibial collateral ligaments. Kennedy et al 1976 J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976
Apr;58(3):350-5.

8. Biomechanical And Physiological Comparison Of
Barefoot And Two Shod Conditions In Experienced
Barefoot Runners.
• 8 subjects analyzed using instrumented treadmill analysis
• Compared to the standard shod condition when running
barefoot the athletes landed in more plantar flexion at the ankle.
• Bare foot running caused reduced impact forces and changes in
stride kinematics.
Squadrone R, Gallozzi C., J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009 Mar;49(1):6-13.

9. Can Barefoot Activity Alleviate Knee Pain and Arthritis
• They looked at the external knee adduction moment (EKAM)
when we are wearing shoes and when we are barefoot. EKAM
represents knee load distribution from the inside to the outside
of the knee joint.
• The higher the EKAM is, the greater and faster the progressions
of deterioration (osteoarthritis) of the knee joint.
• these researchers found that sneakers and running shoes
increased EKAM when compared to barefoot walking and
barefoot running
Radzimski AO, et al, Effect of footwear on the external knee adduction moment – A systemic
review, Knee (2011), doi:10, 1016/j.knee. 2011.05.013

10. Foot Strike Patterns And Collision Forces In
Habitually Barefoot Versus Shod Runners
• habitually barefoot endurance runners often land on the fore-foot
• habitually shod runners mostly rear-foot strike, facilitated by the
elevated and cushioned heel of the modern running shoe
• Kinematic and kinetic analyses show that even on hard
surfaces, barefoot runners who fore-foot strike generate
smaller collision forces than shod rear-foot strikers.
• This difference results primarily from a more plantarflexed foot
at landing and more ankle compliance during impact,
decreasing the effective mass of the body that collides with the
ground.
Nature 2010 Jan 28;463(7280):531-5. Lieberman DE, Venkadesan M, Werbel WA, Daoud Al,
D’Andre S, Davis IS, Mang’eni RO, Pitsiladis Y.

11. Effects Of Footwear And Strike Type On Running
Economy
• Runners were 2.41% more economical in the minimal-shoe condition when
forefoot striking
• 3.32% more economical in the minimal-shoe condition when rearfoot striking
• Arch strain was not measured in the shod condition but was significantly greater
during forefoot than rearfoot striking when barefoot.
• Plantar flexor force output was significantly higher in forefoot than in rearfoot
striking and in barefoot than in shod running.
• Achilles tendon-triceps surae strain and knee flexion were also lower in barefoot
than in standard-shoe running shoe
• Minimally shod runners are modestly but significantly more economical than
traditionally shod runners regardless of strike type, after controlling for shoe
mass and stride frequency. The likely cause of this difference is more elastic
energy storage and release in the lower extremity during minimal-shoe running.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Jul;44(7):1335-43. Perl DP, Daoud Al, Lieberman DE
Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

12. The Effect of Running Shoes on Lower Extremity
Joint Torques
• 68 subjects ran barefoot and in the same type of stability
running footwear
• Three-dimensional motion capture data were collected in
synchrony with ground reaction force data from an instrumented
treadmill for each of the 2 conditions.
• Increased joint torques at the hip, knee, and ankle were
observed with running shoes compared with running barefoot.
– 54% increase in the hip internal rotation torque
– 36% increase in knee flexion torque
– 38% increase in knee varus torque were measured when
running with shoes compared to barefoot.
American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol. 1, 1058-1063, December 2009

13. The Normal Orientation Of The Human Hallux And
The Effect Of Footwear
• The orientation of each hallux was determined in thirty-eight
radiographs by measuring the angle
• The wearing of anatomically designed shoes would often allow
the hallux to straighten, provided the abductor hallucis muscle
functioned adequately.
C. H. BARNETT, J. Anat., Lond. (1962), 96, 4, pp. 489-494

14. Shod Versus Unshod: The Emergence Of Forefoot
Pathology In Modern Humans?
• They investigated the frequency of metatarsal bone pathologies
in contemporary and habitually unshod vs shod
• The metatarsal elements from four human groups were
examined for pathological variation. Three were from recent
rural and urban shod populations (Sotho, Zulu and European)
and one from habitually unshod pre-pastoral Holocene people
• The pathological lesions found in the metatarsals of the three
shod human groups generally appeared to be more severe than
those found in the unshod group.
• This result may support the hypothesis that pathological
variation in the metatarsus was affected by wearing of footwear
and exposure to modern substrates
B. Zipfel, L.R. Berger, Journal of Clinical Foot Sciences, 17 (2007) 205–213

15. Shock Attenuation During Barefoot Running
• 8 subjects were instrumented with piezoelectric uniaxial
accelerometers to measure Shock Attenuation which were
attached to the distal aspect of the right tibia on the medial side
and to the front of the head.
• Differences in the kinetics and kinematics of running was
observed when comparing barefoot and shod running
• Although the impact at the leg is greater at contact BF, the body
is capable of attenuating the impact before it reaches the head.
• Future research is required
Julia A. Freedman, Janet S. Dufek, John A. Mercer

16. Mechanical Comparison of Barefoot and Shod
Running
•35 subjects ran two bouts of 4 minutes at 3.33 m x s(-1) on a
treadmill dynamometer
•Barefoot showed mainly lower contact and flight time, lower
passive peak, higher braking and pushing impulses, higher pre-activation
of triceps surae muscles than shod.
•It was concluded that when performed on a sufficient number of
steps, barefoot running leads to a reduction of impact peak in order
to reduce the high mechanical stress occurring during repetitive
steps.
Divert C, Mornieux G, Baur H, Mayer F, Belli A, International Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume
26 September 2005 - Page 513 -616

17. Plantar Pressure Measurements During Barefoot
And Shod Running – Relationships To Lower Limb
Kinematics
• 7 subjects
• The average velocity of the increase in internal rotation after
contact was related to corresponding ‘heel balance’ velocities.
• The high-speed pressure mat measures of barefoot and shod
running (shoe-ground interface) were shown to be predictive of
tibial internal rotation velocity.
Mark Robinson and Mark Lake, Liverpool John Moores University, U.K.

18. Walking Barefoot Decreases Loading on the Lower
Extremity Joints in Knee Osteoarthritis
• Gait analyses were performed on 75 subjects with knee OA
while they were wearing their everyday walking shoes and while
they were walking
• Optoelectronic detection of external markers during ambulation
over a multicomponent force plate, and were matched for
speed.
• Peak joint loads at the hips and knees significantly decreased
during barefoot walking, with an 11.9% reduction noted in the
knee adduction moment.
• Shoes may detrimentally increase loads on the lower extremity
joints.
Najia Shakoor and Joel A. Block, ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Vol. 54, No. 9, September
2006, pp 2923–2927

19. Fatigue Of The Plantar Intrinsic Foot Muscles
Increases Navicular Drop
• 21 healthy adults
• Surface electromyography of the abductor hallucis muscle was
recorded
• The intrinsic foot muscles play a role in support of the medial
longitudinal arch in static stance. Disrupting the function of
these muscles through fatigue resulted in an increase in
pronation as assessed by navicular drop.
Donella L. Headlee, Jamie L. Leonard, Joseph M. Hart, Christopher D. Ingersoll, Jay Hertel
Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Volume 18, Issue 3 , Pages 420-425, June 2008

20. A Case for Bare Feet
• A high concentration of flat foot among six-year-old children who
wore shoes as compared with those who did not, implies that
the critical age for development of the arch is before six years.
• Furthermore, optimum foot development occurs in the barefoot
environment, and, therefore, children should be encouraged to
partake in barefoot activity.
Paul J. Lucas* , Michael M. Berrow, Richard K. Frazine, and Robert A. Neinast

22. Barefoot To Bedridden
• Barefoot - No Supports
• Footwear - 4 Supports
• Motion Control - 4 Supports
• Orthotics - 6 Supports
• Orthopedic Shoes and Orthotics - 6 Supports
• Cane - 7 Supports
• 4-Prong Walker - 10 Supports
• Wheel Chair - 4 Wheels
• Bedridden

23. What is
Human
Spring

24. Bob Beamon
World Record Long Jump

25. HUMAN SPRING THEORY
1. The human spring stores mechanical potential energy
therefore it is an efficiency mechanism.
2. The human spring absorbs forces of landings therefore it
is a protective mechanism.
3. The human spring allows the foot to land on uneven
surfaces adjusting the body mechanics to the terrain.
4. The human spring is integrated into the biomechanics
therefore it is essential for stress/strain free motion
Weakness or locking of the spring can lead to
fatigue, increased risk for acute injury, inability to
heal and accelerated aging of the body’s systems.

26. Elastic or Spring Energy
• In the elastic-like bounce of the body at each running step the
muscle-tendon units are stretched after landing and recoil
before take-off.
• Evidence has been provided suggesting that muscle is kept
quasi-isometric with the consequence that the length change of
the muscle–tendon unit is mostly sustained by tendons
• It has been found that much of the muscle activity in running is
associated with tensioning of the tendons, which thereby store
energy for successful cycles of movement
• Isometric conntractions are considerably less expensive than
dynamic contractions
J Exp Biol. 2006 Oct;209(Pt 20):4051-60.Cavagna GA Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università
degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy

27. Eccentric vs Concentric Training
• An eccentric contraction refers to muscle action winch the muscle force
succumbs to the imposed load and the muscle complex lengthens. Not
only is it metabolically much more efficient than concentric contraction,
but it’s also capable of generating higher forces (Kaneko 1984) (Komi
1973) (Rodgers And Berger 1974)
• In addition this difference between concentric and eccentric
contractions has been found to depend on the velocity of contraction
(Komi 1973)
• As the velocity of contraction increases, so do those maximums
eccentric force increase whereas the maximum concentric force
decreases even though the corresponding EMG for the given muscle
group remains reasonably constant.
Kaneko 1984) (Komi 1973) (Rodgers And Berger 1974)

28. WHAT SURFACES ARE BEST FOR
BAREFOOT RUNNING
• On the stiffest surfaces, the legs compressed in early stance and then extended in late
stance in the pattern that is typical for normal bouncing gaits.
• On the softest surfaces, however, subjects reversed this pattern so that the legs extended
up to 8 cm in early stance and then compressed by a similar distance in late stance.
Consequently, the center of mass moved downward during stance by 5-7 cm less than
the surface compressed and by a similar distance as on the stiffest surfaces.
• This unique leg action probably reduced extensor muscle pre-stretch because the joints
first extended and then flexed during stance. This interpretation is supported by the
observation that hoppers increased muscle activation by 50% on the softest surface
despite similar joint moments and mechanical leg work as on the stiffest surface.
• Thus, the extreme adjustment to leg mechanics for very soft surfaces helps maintain
normal center of mass dynamics but requires high muscle activation levels due to the loss
of the normal extensor muscle stretch-shorten cycle.
Moritz CT, Farley CT, J Exp Biol. 2005 Mar;208(Pt 5):939-49. Human hopping on very soft elastic surfaces:
implications for muscle pre-stretch and elastic energy storage in locomotion.

29. HUMAN SPRING

31. Spring Mechanics - Hookes Law

32. Running Injuries
Most important is the ability of the
spring suspension system to
handle the force of the landings

33. What To Consider When Evaluating Injuries
The development of strength–endurance is a an inherent characteristic and
the fundamental principle of training for developing general endurance.
Training for strength–endurance is determined predominantly by:
•
•The magnitude of the load
•The rest interval between training sessions
•The length of the training period
•Additional levels of strength–endurance of the athlete
•The kinesiological structure of the movement
•Relative involvement of static and dynamic strength–endurance
Mel Siff, Yuri Verhkoshansky, Supertraining, Supertraining International Denver USA 1999

34. ELASTIC DEFORMITY
This type of deformation is reversible. Once the forces are no longer
applied, the object returns to its original shape.
The ability of the spring to deform, store energy, reform to its exact
original shape, releasing energy.
THE ABILITY OF THE SPRING TO DEFORM, STORE ENERGY,
REFORM TO ITS EXACT ORIGINAL SHAPE, RELEASING ENERGY
This is the key principle behind aging
Journal of Applied Physics, M. Mooney, September 1940, Volume: 11 Issue 9 Page (s) 582 - 592

35. PLASTIC DEFORMITY
In physics and materials science, plasticity describes the deformation of
a material undergoing non-reversable changes of the shape in response
to applied forces.
The human spring deforms, stores energy, does not return to its exact
original shape, releases less energy.
ENERGY, DOES NOT RETURN TO ITS EXACT ORIGINAL SHAPE,
RELEASES LESS ENERGY
J. Lubliner, 2008, Plasticity theory, Dover, ISBN 0-486-46290-0, ISBN 978-0-486-46290-5.

36. ELASTIC DEFORMITY
VS
PLASTIC DEFORMITY
YIELD STRENGTH
• Beyond the elastic limit, permanent
deformation will occur.
• The lowest stress at which permanent
deformation can be measured.
G. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, 1986
Flinn, Richard A.; Trojan, Paul K. (1975). Engineering Materials and their Applications.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 61. ISBN 0-395-18916-0.

39. Plastic Deformity

40. Compressive Forces

41. Preventive Medicine
Is not working

42. Train the Landings Vs Take Offs
Spring Suspension System
•(Frided 1983) found that a centric training to failure produces market
increases in eccentric strength–endurance, but minimal changes in
concentric strength–endurance.
•Since lengthening of muscle complex occurs with the centric contraction
the stretching SEC series elastic component is exposed to greater strain
than under concentric conditions and the potential for increase of injury.
Thus it is not surprising to learn that most muscle strains and ruptures
occur during the Eccentric phase of movement (Garrett 1986)
Friden J,,,, Seger J, Sjostrom M & Ekblom B 1983a Adaptive Response in Human Skeletal
Muscle Subjected to Prolonged Eccentric Training Int J Sports Med 4(3): 177-176
Garrett W (1986) Basic science of musculotendonous injuries In Nicholas J & Hershman E (eds)
The Lower Extremity and Spine in Sports & Exercise CV Mosby Co, St Louis : 42-58

43. GAIT ANAYSIS

44. COMPENSATING MOTION

45. UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF
HUMAN SPRING

46. BREAKDOWN OF THE
IMPACT PROTECTION AND ENERGY RECYCLING
MECHANISMS
• Pain and accelerated
ageing
• Silent inflammation
• Wear and tear
• Stress and strain
• Compensating
abnormal movement
• Drop and lock of the
spring mechanism
• Weakness in spring
suspension system

47. Reduction in Spring Elastic Capacity of Collagenous
Tissues with Age
• Aging reveals changes in collagenous tissues similar to those caused by
immobilization with reduction in strength and stiffness of ligaments occurring
with advanced age.
• These changes may need you not only to the degenerative process, but also to
reduce physical activity, superimpose disease states and other undefined
processes (Frankel V & Nordin M 1980)
• Adaptation occurs more slowly and connective tissue such as tendons and
ligaments that in muscle and any increase tension may possible in the muscle
tenderness complexes by the increased muscle mass can cause damage to
these structures (Zalessky & Burkhanov 1981) the US.
• Thus extensive hypertrophy usually leads to slower muscle recovery after
exercise, deterioration and speed, speed–strength and speed as well as an
increased incidence of injury.
Frankel V & Nordin M 1980 Basic Biomechanics of the Skeletal System Lee & Febiger
Zalesky M & Burkhanov A (19810 Muscle Condition and work capacity in track and field athletes
Legkaya Athletika 1: 1-7

48. LANDING MUSCLES
SPRING SUSPENSION SYSTEM MUSCLES

49. LANDING MUSCLES
SPRING SUSPENSION SYSTEM MUSCLES
• Temporary tendon energy storage led to a significant reduction in muscle
fascicle lengthening velocity and the rate of energy absorption. We conclude
that tendons function as power attenuators that probably protect muscles
against damage from rapid and forceful lengthening during energy dissipation.
• For tendon springs to operate effectively, their mechanical properties must be
matched to their function.
• For elastic mechanisms is tendon stiffness, and there is increasing evidence
that the stiffness of a tendon is ‘tuned’ by remodeling to allow for the effective
operation of the muscle–tendon-load system. Several studies have now
documented significant increases in tendon stiffness in response to long-term
exercise
Proc Biol Sci. 2012 Mar 22;279(1731):1108-13. Epub 2011 Sep 28.Konow N, Azizi E, Roberts TJ.
Source Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University,
J Appl Physiol. 2001 Jan;90(1):164-71.
Effects of long-term exercise on the biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon of guinea fowl

50. Connective Tissue Strength vs Muscle Strength
• More over, muscle tissue adapts to increase loading within
several days
• Connective tissue such as tendons ligaments and joints and
bones or systems which contain a high proportion of connective
tissue such as bone and cartilage only display significant
adaptation and hypertrophy after several weeks or months of
progressive loading
• It is vital that the prescription of training takes into account the
different rates of adaptation of all systems involved and avoids
overtraining systems with the lowest rates of adaptation.
• Gradual increase in training load and avoidance of impulse or
explosive methods is essential for minimizing the occurrence of
connective tissue soreness and injury,
McDonagh and Davis 1984

51. Free Stored Elastic Energy
The ability to use stored elastic energy depends on the
•The velocity of stretching
•the magnitude of the stretch
•the duration of the transition between the termination of the eccentric and
initiation of the concentric phase of the movement.
This delay between the two phases should be minimal or the stored elastic
energy will be rapidly dissipated.
Because a more prolonged delay will allow fewer cross bridges to remain
attached after the stretch (Edman Et Al 1976)
The greater the velocity of stretching it during the eccentric contraction, the
greater the storage of elastic energy (Rack & Westbury 1974)

54. LEVELS OF
SILENT VS PAINFUL
INFLAMMATION

55. Causes of Weakness
in the
Human Spring
Suspension System

56. Nature January 2010 Lieberman et al., Nature,
463: 531-565
Scientists have found that people who run barefoot, or in minimal footwear, tend to
avoid Heel-striking, and instead land on the ball of the foot or the middle of the foot.
In so doing, these runners use the architecture of the foot and leg and some
clever Newtonian physics to avoid hurtful and potentially damaging impacts,
equivalent to two to three times body weight, that shod heel-strikers repeatedly
experience.
People who don ’t wear shoes when they run have an astonishingly different strike.
By landing on the middle or front of the foot, barefoot runners have almost no impact
collision, much less than most shod runners generate when they heel-strike.
Most people today think barefoot running is dangerous and hurts, but actually you
can run barefoot on the world’s hardest surfaces without the slightest discomfort and
pain. All you need is a few calluses to avoid roughing up the skin of the foot.
Further, it might be less injurious than the way some people run in shoes.
Daniel E Lieberman, a professor in Harvard's new department of human evolutionary biology

57. Modern society has changed forcing us to
wear shoes causing weakness
Modern conveniences have taken
the hunt out of our daily routine
causing weakness

59. Static Evaluation

60. Patients Don’t Think
They Have an Abnormal Gait

61. GAIT ANAYSIS

63. Inserts can Interfere
with Spring Loading

65. Steps to Increasing
Impact Protection and Energy Recycling
•Release The Abnormal Internal Compressive Force On
The Human Spring
•Increase Depth Of Loading Of Forces Into The Human
Spring
•Strengthen The Spring Suspension System via Lever
Strengthening
•Strengthen The Spring Suspension System via Spring
Strengthening
•Maintain

66. STEP ONE
Release The Abnormal
Internal Compressive Force
On The Human Spring

67. Treatment of Muscle Spasms that Preload the Spring
Protection and Energy Recycling Mechanisms
• Muscle spindles which detect changes in muscle fiber length
and rate of change of length.
• Golgi tendon organs which monitor the tension and muscle
tendon during muscle contraction or stretching

68. Release The Abnormal Internal Compressive Force
Tonic Protective Muscle Spasm Tension Release

69. Release The Abnormal Internal Compressive Force
Tonic Protective Muscle Spasm Tension Release
Vibration Therapy

70. Release The Abnormal Internal Compressive Force
Joint Play Release

72. Increase Depth Of Loading Of Forces
Into The Human Spring
• Dynamic Plyometric-Impact Stretching
• Plyometric impulsive stretching, which involves rapid termination
of eccentric loading followed by a brief isometric phase and an
explosive rebound belying and stored elastic energy and
powerful reflex muscle contraction.
• This stretch shortening action is not intended to increase range
of motion, but to use specific stretching phenomena and to
increase speed strength of movement for a specific sporting
purpose.
Mel Siff, Yuri Verhkoshansky, Supertraining, Supertraining International Denver USA 1999

74. Current Standard of Care

75. Relax to Maximize Depth of Safe Loading
Elastic Spring Elements to do the Work
• The ability to relax muscle is very important for rapid movements
especially in cyclical actions, which involve recent assists of ATP during
the phases between muscle contractions.
• The adequate retrieval of elastic energy stored in the muscle complex,
together with the stretch–shortening potential of force output, or
valuable prerequisites for efficient high velocity cyclic and acyclic
movement.
• Verhkoshanski 1996 reports that economical sprinting activity can
result in the recovery of about 60% of total mechanical energy
expended in the movement cycle, with the remaining 40% being
• He had set a high correlation between the muscular capacity to store
potential elastic energy and the performance of distance runners, with
an increase in the contribution from non-metabolic energy sources
taking place with increased in running velocity
Verkhoshansky YV (1996) Quickness and velocity in sports movements IAAF Quarterly New
Studies in Athletics 11 (2-3); 29-37

77. STEP TWO
STRENGTHEN THE
HUMAN SPRING LEVER SYSTEM
RESISTANCE EXERCISES
SPRING SUSPENSION MUSCLES

80. LEVER EXERCISE
RESISTANCE EXERCISE

81. STEP THREE
STRENGTHEN THE
HUMAN SPRING SPRING SYSTEM
BAREFOOT RUNNING
JUMPING DRILLS
PLOMETRICS

82. Multi-Directional BAREFOOT Training
Circle Runs – Zig Zag Runs – Side Shuffle

83. Running-Related Injury Prevention through
Barefoot Adaptations
•It is hypothesized that the adaptations which produce shock absorption, an inherent
consequence of barefoot activity and a mechanism responsible for the low injury
frequency in unshod populations, are related to deflection of the medial longitudinal
arch of the foot on loading.
•It is also hypothesized that the known inability of this arch of the shod foot to deflect
without failure (foot rigidity) is responsible for the high injury frequency in shod
populations.
•To evaluate these hypotheses, 17 recreational runners were analyzed to study the
adaptive pattern of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot due to increased barefoot
weight-bearing activity.
•Changes occurred in the medial longitudinal arch which allowed deflection of this arch
on loading which substantiated the hypotheses.
•Other evidence suggests that sensory feedback largely from the glabrous epithelium
of the foot is the element of barefoot activity which induced these adaptations.
•The sensory insulation inherent in the modern running shoe appears responsible for
the high injury frequency associated with running. The injuries are considered "pseudo-neuropathic"
in nature.
Medicine in Science and Sports and Exercise 1987 April 18 (2) 148-56

84. There is a gap in the way doctors think and do and
what athletes and patients require for top
performance

85. RETRAINING
ABNORMAL MOVEMENT PATTERNS
RUNNING-WALKING FORM & TECHNIQUE
TRAINING INVOLVES REPEATED
MOVEMENTS TO STORE PATTERNS

86. BANG AND TWIST WALKING
VS
SPRING AND ROLL WALKING

87. DECELERATION LANDING

88. NEUTRAL LANDING

89. ACCELERATION LANDING

90. Old men running: mechanical work and elastic
bounce
• The results support the working hypothesis that the impaired muscle
function in the old subjects results in a smaller amplitude of the vertical
oscillation of the centre of mass, with a lower upward acceleration and
a reduced duration of the aerial phase.
• These in turn imply:
– (i) less elastic energy stored
– (ii) a higher step frequency
– (iii) a lower external work to maintain the motion of the centre of
mass of the body relative to the surroundings, and
– (iv) a greater internal work to accelerate the limbs relative to the
centre of mass.
Proc Biol Sci. 2008 February 22; 275(1633): 411–418. GA Cavagna M.A. Legramandi LA Peyre-
Tartaruga

91. Second Toe Towards The Target

92. Thank you!