2. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
Objectives:
Upon completion of this module, the participant will be able to:
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Confined Space Entry
Identify the important safety considerations for working in
confined spaces.
Recognize the hazards associated with confined spaces.
Identify the potential consequences if these hazards are not
properly addressed.
Describe precautions to be taken before entering a confined
space.
Describe required actions to prevent incidents.
3. Hazard Recognition
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Is not designed to be normally occupied;
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Confined Space Entry
What is a confined space?
A Confined Space is any enclosed or substantially enclosed space
which has one or more of the following characteristics:
Has limited ventilation or could potentially contain
hazardous levels of gasses/vapors;
Has restricted access and/or egress.
4. Hazard Recognition
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Confined Space Entry
Examples:
Process vessels (e.g., towers, drums, reactors)
Storage tanks (including floating roof pontoons)
Spheres
Silos/hoppers
Exchanger shells
Vessel skirts and stack liners
Boilers, Heaters, and Furnaces
Tank car (rail) and Tank trucks
Sewers, Tunnels, and Pipelines
Air Blower Ducts (e.g., APH)
Excavated trenches or pits greater than 1.25m in
depth where there is a risk of exposure to harmful/toxic
vapors, or engulfment
Enclosed basement at sub-station
Equipment sheeted-in for weather protection, asbestos
stripping, or spark containment, and without sufficient free
area to maintain adequate natural ventilation
5. Hazard Recognition
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Should I have a
standby attendant?
Are there any
precautionary
measures I should
take before entry?
Is this tank safe
to enter?
I can just peek in the
manhole, right?
Confined Space Entry
6. Hazard Recognition
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Confined Space Entry
What is a confined space entry?
Confined Space Entry includes putting one's head or
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torso into an open man way.
Some tasks, such as atmosphere gas testing, may
require workers to reach into vessels or equipment
without actually entering the space.
Local site procedures and the site Permit to Work
system should ensure that the hazards are
assessed and that control measures are in place
to protect individuals from any oxygen deficient
atmosphere, harmful materials, powered
equipment, and energy sources which may be
present inside the equipment.
7. Hazard Recognition
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This is a confined
space entry.
Confined Space Entry
Do you SEE what I see?
What is missing in this
picture ?
Has this person taken
responsibility for his
actions ?
Has he thought
through this activity to
determine what can
hurt me?
8. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
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What are the Hazards?
Every year people die in nitrogen rich/oxygen deficient
atmospheres because of complacent work attitudes and
failure to adhere to safe work practices.
See also the Nitrogen Tool Box
Module
Confined Space Entry
10. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
When a person enters an oxygen deprived
atmosphere the oxygen level in the arterial
blood drops to a low level within 5 - 7 seconds.
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Loss of consciousness follows in 10 - 12
seconds.
Heart failure and death ensue if person does
not receive any oxygen within 2 - 4 minutes.
Nitrogen
How long does it take to have an effect?
11. Hazard Recognition
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What happens when you breathe in
nitrogen?
• Brain becomes starved
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of oxygen – you pass
out
• Your brain shuts down
the body
• It only takes one breath
Confined Space Entry
12. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
Confined Space Entry
Oxygen Displacement Agents
In addition to N2, other gasses can replace oxygen by
their presence in or around a confined space.
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H2S, CO, CO2, Hydro Carbons which may be slowly
released from tower/reactor/drums’ internals Will Displace
Oxygen and/or lead to intoxication!
The result is the same!
13. Hazard Recognition
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Confined Space Entry
Industry Incident
Result:
• Oxygen concentration dropped to below 10%.
• Workers were in the confined space, which
was not correctly ventilated causing
displacement of air by solvent and vapor.
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• The workers were using fresh air respirators
for protection against toxic solvent vapor not
against low O2 atmosphere.
Learning / Recommendations:
• Crucial in Risk Assessment is participation of all parties understanding
the work method in developing RAs.
• Good understanding of ventilation principles for confined spaces,
particularly those with more than one compartment.
14. Hazard Recognition
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Confined Space Entry
Industry Incident
People were killed inside a tower
where H2S was slowly released from
ceramic rings in a tower packing.
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People became drunk when they
were working inside a tower in which
some benzene/toluene was residing
in rusty particles of a tray drip pan.
15. Hazard Recognition
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Confined Space Entry
Using tools and specific work methods inside confined spaces
can end up in disasters as well.
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1. Contractor was killed inside a confined space
during a coating job. The solvent vapors
ignited and he was caught in the fire.
2. An explosive atmosphere was discovered
while coaters were using a new technique of
coating with a pistol inside a tent which was
mounted around a storage tank (Near Miss).
Industry Incident
16. Hazard Recognition
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Electrical / Mechanical Hazards
We talked about gasses displacing
oxygen, but what about other types
of hazards while working in restricted
or confined spaces?
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Confined Space Entry
17. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
Using tools and specific work methods inside confined spaces.
Contractor was killed inside a
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confined space when a 220
Volt powered machine was
used and the cable was
damaged on a sharp edge
inside the confined space.
Confined Space Entry
Industry Incident
18. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
Working above each other.
Climbing, hoisting,
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opening/closing tray hatches.
Contractor was killed while his
safety harness was not
connected and he was climbing
out of the confined space on a
rope ladder.
Confined Space Entry
Industry Incident
19. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
Confined Space Entry
Most common causes of fatalities inside confined spaces:
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Inadequate atmosphere.
Insufficient oxygen (should be the same as at grade on earth - 21%).
Minimum 19.5% and maximum 23%;
Explosive atmosphere (should be <10% LEL);
Poisoning gasses slowly releasing from materials like tower packing,
catalyst beds and filters like H2S and CO or entering the space
because it’s not completely blanked off;
Fumes due to hot work (e.g., welding, burning);
Application of solvent-based coatings/paints which can give rise to a
flammable atmosphere;
Disturbing sludge during manual cleaning which can give rise to
higher gas readings;
Ingress of contaminants from outside the confined space (e.g.,
exhaust from a mobile generator located close to the man way, from
contaminated compressed air, hose mistakes N2 instead of Air).
20. Hazard Recognition
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Confined Space Entry
Most common causes of fatalities inside confined spaces:
Slips, Trips, Falls, Hit by, Electrocution.
Slippery surfaces, strange tower / vessel shapes, open trays, baffle
plates, strips instead of full trays;
No means for securing safety harnesses, use of robe ladders instead
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of proper climbing means such as tray hatches, secured ladders or
scaffolds;
Open hatches in trays, manholes on top of vessels, people entering
and working in the confined space at different levels (e.g. distillation
tower);
Hoisting, (de) bolting, removing trays, strips, packing or catalyst beds;
Ventilators in the way;
Higher voltage powered lighting and tools instead of lower voltage
powered equipment.
21. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
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Trench = Confined Space
(person can potentially kneel
and have his head below
grade)
Confined Space Entry
Do you SEE what I see?
Imagine potential gasses
nearby: CO2, N2, CO
24. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
Confined Space Entry
Responsibilities for Confined Spaces
YOU !
Don’t become the Operator who
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was standing aside the hospital
bed of a Maintenance Technician.
Crying because he did not take
the time to properly blank and
clean a confined space. The
Maintenance Technician almost
died due to exposure to CO!
25. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
D
Confined Space Entry
Key considerations :
For entry into an inert or oxygen deficient (<19.5% O2) environment, refer
to the Guidelines for Inert Entry.
These guidelines are to be used in conjunction with other existing site safe
work procedures, for example, Permit to Work Procedures, Tank
Cleaning Procedures, and the Guidelines for Inert Entry.
Local legal requirements must be met. Where the criteria in these
guidelines differ from applicable legal requirements, the more stringent
should be adopted, unless there is a conflict. If there is a conflict, the
local legal requirements control.
26. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
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Basic Principles:
Atmosphere Inside a
confined space is as good
as Outside at grade in
clean and normal air!
If not possible then
management must
approve special
procedures after a
thorough risk assessment
according to:
Never work in an
explosive atmosphere.
Not with or
without breathing
apparatus!!!
Confined Space Entry
27. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
Confined Space Entry
Basic Principle:
Never try to ‘sweeten’ the air in a confined space with
oxygen as this can greatly increase the risk of fire or
explosion.
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Equipment should be made sweet by:
• Emptying, e.g. displacing products/hydro carbons with nitrogen (not with air)
• Washing, potentially with a special soap if needed or……
• Steaming out such no hydro carbons and other toxics are left behind
• Opening equipment to air, first to ventilate with air through natural draft if possible
• Preventing ready access to open manholes
• Using Mechanical Ventilation if needed
28. Hazard Recognition
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Confined Space Entry
There is always a man
way / man hole guard
outside the confined
space when people are
inside or the man way /
man hole is blocked with
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physical barrier/
STOP sign
Basic Principles:
“TO PREVENT
PEOPLE FROM
ENTERING”
• Guard is able to get help when needed (e.g. has radio)
• Knows that he should never go inside when he observes
mishaps! He should get appropriate assistance with
breathing apparatus and means to rescue when needed.
No one enters without
additional protection /
help from others
29. Hazard Recognition
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Exercise Hypothetical Situation Actions
A tank is open but not yet free of
hydro carbon sludge. There is
hot work planned close to the
confined space entry. You are
the Operator responsible for the
area. What do you do?
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Report to supervisor and make sure
that everybody knows that hot work
is out of the question.
Confined Space Entry
A required blank list is not
maintained by the Process
department. You are planning to
work inside. What do you do?
You are not going inside the
confined space before the blank list
and all other documents are
completed, ensuring that nothing is
overlooked!!!
30. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
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Exercise
Hypothetical Situation Actions
You are not trained and qualified
to take test/sample of the air
inside a confined space. You are
assigned the task. What do you
do?
An Equipment Inspector asks you
if it’s OK to look inside without
going in. What do you do?
You get a competent resource to do
the testing. Meanwhile manholes
are kept barricaded !
You only give permission if the
entire process is completed:
Condition tested OK, report
completed
Work permit issued, manhole
guard/ you are present
Confined Space Entry
31. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
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Exercise
Hypothetical Situation Actions
You see people working with
220V tools, cables laying over
sharp edges of the manhole and
trays inside the vessel. What do
you do?
Stop the work and let people get
extra low voltage equipment (42v
OR LOWER) and, where
necessary, residual current
devices).
People placed a combustion air
driven generator close to a
confined space. What do you
do?
You see a manhole guard
working a few meters away from
a manhole. What do you do?
You ensure that it’s going to be
relocated to a safer position.
Meanwhile no entry !
You check if there are people inside
(W/O ...) and if not, the man way is
barricaded , (rules clear?
Supervisor? Near Miss?)
Confined Space Entry
32. Hazard Recognition
www.discountppe.com
Confined Space Entry
Objectives Review:
Upon completion of this module, the participant will be able to:
Identify the important safety considerations for working in
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confined spaces.
Recognize the hazards associated with confined spaces.
Identify the potential consequences if these hazards are not
properly addressed.
Describe precautions to be taken before entering a confined
Let’s make sure that confined spaces are
helping rather then killing us!
space.
Describe required actions to prevent incidents.
Notes de l'éditeur
Welcome participants to the Hazard Recognition Module on Confined Space Entry.
Cover, with the participants, the facility and amenities. (i.e. facilities layout, evacuation routes, accommodations such as restrooms, and participant materials).
With facilities and amenities sufficiently covered start the module by stating:
Narrative:
As discussed in the “Hazard Recognition Basics” module, operational hazards are inherent to everything we do. The key to managing these hazards is to first recognize them and ensure the proper barriers are in place to minimize the likelihood of an incident.
In this module we will discuss the hazards and potential consequences associated with Confined Space Entry and the actions we can take to minimize the likelihood of occurrence.
◄CUE► Next Slide
◄CUE► Read each objective statement as it is revealed.
Repeat until all objectives have been read and revealed automatically. (5)
After the objectives have been read aloud, make reference to the Global Manufacturing Guideline and state the following:
Narrative:
The expected outcomes for this topic are:
All workers are proficient in hazard recognition associated with Confined Space Entry and develop a risk assessment habit, utilizing the proper available tools to assess risks.
Risk assessment tools like Procedures, Task Risk Assessment Forms, Checklists, and Memory Joggers (Job Aids) are readily available.
All workers demonstrate zero tolerance to unmanaged hazards and apply appropriate preventive measures for safe work execution.
◄CUE► Next Slide
◄CUE► Cue the slide while stating, “ First, let’s look at what constitutes a Confined Space.”
Read the definition that reveals automatically after a half second delay.
◄CUE► Cue the slide three (3) additional times reading each confined space characteristic as it is revealed. Once all three characteristics have been discussed, state, ”Let’s take a look at a list of recognized Confined Space examples.”
◄CUE► Next Slide
Each of the thirteen (13) listed examples will reveal automatically once this slide is cued. Read and discuss each of the examples as they are revealed.
Ask, “Are there others we need to add to this list?”
State, “As we see from this list, our work environment offers an endless potential for working in confined spaces. We must remain diligent in our efforts to identify these potentially “oxygen deficient work spaces.” Only through this level of awareness are we able to properly plan our work and mitigate potential life threatening consequences.
◄CUE► Next Slide
Narrative:
So how do you know if it is safe to enter a confined space? What precautions should you take before entering? Do you need a standby attendant? If I’m only going to look inside I’m OK right?
Lets see if we can answer some of these questions by first defining what constitutes entry of a confined space.
◄CUE► Next Slide
◄CUE► Cue the slide while stating, “ Let’s look at what constitutes “entry” into a Confined Space.”
Read each of the items as it is automatically revealed.
Narrative:
Emphasize the importance in following local procedures and Work Permits which should have addressed potential hazards. If you have identified additional hazards created from temporary boundaries not covered by the permit, stop work and address the hazard (s) with your supervisor.
We must all stay alert to potential hazards in the work place, follow procedures and identify areas where procedures might be improved.
◄CUE► Next Slide
Narrative: Our approach to working safely should be the same as when we are stopped at a red light on our way home from work. Once the light changes green, we have the perfect right to just start out into the intersection. But what do we do.....we think “outside the box”...we wait to see if someone runs the red light, avoiding a potential accident. We call that “Defensive Driving”.....
Narrative Continued: Well, for the sake of Hazard Recognition, let’s employ that same thought logic and develop what we’ll call “Defensive Safety”........Let’s look closer at this slide to explain the concept of Defensive Safety.
◄CUE► Cue the slide while stating, “This is an entry into a confined space.”
◄CUE► Cue the slide while asking, “ What is missing in this picture.”
◄CUE► Cue the slide while asking, “ Did this person take responsibility for their actions.”
◄CUE► Cue the slide while asking, “ Has he thought through this activity to determine what could hurt him?”
Remember to think “outside the box”..how could I get hurt while performing a normal task....what if something is not readily seen?
Question to ask BEFORE performing any task......
◄CUE► Cue the slide while asking, “ What could go wrong when I actually carry out this task ?”
If we practice this over time, it becomes an intrinsic behavior just as with driving an auto.
◄CUE► Next Slide
◄CUE► slide and continue
Narrative: Every year, people die because of complacent work attitudes and failure to follow safe work practices.
◄CUE► slide and continue: Superficially, it may seem OK to just quickly look inside an open manhole. After all, I can just hold my breath, right?
However, if we apply the concept of Defensive Safety and ask what could go wrong?, we will begin to understand that the air in the immediate vicinity of the manhole is most likely oxygen deficient and that breath we are holding while in the manhole is already full of deadly gas.
◄CUE► slide and continue: Narrative: Remember, Confined space entry includes putting ones head or torso into an open man-way. As a general rule, you should never put your head inside an open manhole for a “quick look” unless you have followed the procedures for entry into a confined space.
◄CUE► Next Slide
Narrative:
So how much oxygen does the body need? Lets look at the effects on the human as oxygen concentration decreases.
Review and discuss chart with participants.
◄CUE► Next Slide
Narrative:
How long could a person last in an oxygen deficient atmosphere?
◄CUE► slide to read and discuss the time line for asphyxiation.
◄CUE► Next Slide
Narrative:
So with oxygen level dropping in the blood stream, what happens to the body?
◄CUE► slide and read bullets from slide.
Narrative:
Don’t be fooled into thinking you can just hold your breath and survive.
◄CUE► Next Slide
◄CUE► Slide and state, “In addition to N2, we need to be aware of additional Oxygen displacement agents.”
◄CUE► Slide and state, “H2S, CO, CO2, and hydro carbons will also displace oxygen resulting in the same consequences.”
◄CUE► Slide and state, “The result will be the same.”
◄CUE► Next Slide
Narrative:
As a result:
Read and discuss results from slide as they are revealed.
◄CUE► slide
Read and discuss the learning/recommendations from slide.
◄CUE► Next Slide
Narrative:
Let’s look at some interesting industry facts from the US.
◄CUE► Read and discuss first bullet item.
◄CUE► Read and discuss second bullet item.
◄CUE► Next Slide
◄CUE► Read and discuss the two case examples from industry events.
◄CUE► Next Slide
◄CUE► Slide and ask, “What about other non-gaseous hazards?”
◄CUE► Slide and ask, “What about welding operations?” Possible answers should include: gas emissions, electrical shock hazards, sparks or combustible ignition, and damage to eyes. State, “This is especially important if a separate group is welding in the same space where you are performing your assigned tasks.”
◄CUE► Slide and ask, “How about concerns associated with the use of electrical hand tools?” Possible answers include following proper hand tool procedures and always protect against electrical shock caused from damaged cables against sharp metal edges.
◄CUE► Slide and state, “Also be mindful of any work activity either above or below you during performance of tasks. Be sure to secure tools from falling and protect yourself from objects or tools possibly falling from above. Also note that confined space operations sometimes present opportunity to disregard “slip, trip, and fall” precautions because of its sometimes restricted work space. “Always follow applicable safety rules for all aspects of task performance.”
“Now that we have discussed several hazards associated with working in confined spaces, let’s take a look at several incidents from the industry where the consequences were not properly mitigated.”
◄CUE► Next Slide
Continue to discuss work inside a confined space.
◄CUE► Read and discuss the incident from slide.
◄CUE► Next Slide
Read and discuss the bullet item.
◄CUE► Read and discuss items.
Preface the next slide by stating, “We could go on for a while with specific “confined Space” incidents over the years, so let’s just look at the most common causes of fatalities while working in a confined space.”
◄CUE► Next Slide
◄CUE► slide to reveal first bullet.
◄CUE► slide to reveal and discuss each bullet item for inadequate atmosphere.
Repeat until all bullets are discussed. (7)
◄CUE► Next Slide
Continue to read and discuss common causes for fatalities while working in confined space.
◄CUE► slide to reveal second bullet.
◄CUE► slide to reveal and discuss each bullet item for slips, trips, falls hit by, and electrocution.
Repeat until all bullets are discussed. (6)
◄CUE► Next Slide
Narrative:
Even an open work space such as a trench, can lull us into believing it is safe. “Do you see what I see?”
After some group discussion about what is “Right” and what is “Wrong” in this picture,
◄CUE► Cue the slide while stating, “Imagine that there are identifiable gasses nearby this trenching operation.”
◄CUE► Cue the slide while stating, “ Anytime personnel are working in a trench with their head(s) below grade, a potential for asphyxiation will exist.”
Ask, “ What precautions could be taken in this case to mitigate the potential for hazard/consequences?”
Possible answers could include: Application of portable gas monitors/alarms, portable blowers for ensured positive ventilation, or use of respirators if work requires intrusion into “dead-pocket” pipe-ways.
After sufficient discussion:
◄CUE► Next Slide
Narrative: Let’s do a quick review of “Defensive Safety.” Let’s say you are walking through the unit and see a vapor cloud that seems to be coming out of the vessel skirt.”
◄CUE► slide and ask, “Is it steam or gas.”
◄CUE► slide and ask, “Can we stick our head in for a quick look?”
◄CUE► slide and ask, “What could Happen?”
After sufficient discussion
◄CUE► next slide
Narrative: What potential hazard(s) can you indentify here?”
After sufficient discussion,
◄CUE► next slide
Narrative:
Ask, “Whose responsibility is it to ensure all procedures have been followed while working in confined spaces?
◄CUE► State that, “the answer is YOU.
◄CUE► slide to reveal and discuss first bullet item
Preface the next slide by stating, “Always be mindful of and adhere to all Confined Space, Guidelines, Principles, and Procedures”
◄CUE► Next Slide
Let’s review some key points from the Global Manufacturing Guidelines regarding Confined Space Entry.
◄CUE► slide and discuss each of the four points individually. Each point will reveal only after a cue from the facilitator.
◄CUE► Next Slide
◄CUE► slide and discuss the basic principle for air quality in a confined space.
◄CUE► slide and state, “Never work in an explosive environment…with or without a breathing apparatus.”
◄CUE► Next Slide
◄CUE► slide and discuss the basic principle for air quality in a confined space.
◄CUE► slide and discuss the proper way to “sweeten” equipment.
◄CUE► Next Slide
◄CUE► slide and discuss the basic principle for physical entry.
◄CUE► slide and state, “there must be an assigned access guard.”
◄CUE► slide and discuss the responsibilities of the assigned access guard.
◄CUE► Next Slide
Narrative:
Let’s review some hypothetical situations and what you can do to help prevent an incident while working in a confined space.
◄CUE► slide to reveal first situation.
After discussing possible actions to mitigate possible consequences,
◄CUE► slide to reveal correct response.
◄CUE► slide to reveal second situation.
After discussing possible actions to mitigate possible consequences,
◄CUE► slide to reveal correct response.
◄CUE► Next Slide.
Reveal first situation.
After discussing possible actions to mitigate possible consequences,
◄CUE► slide to reveal correct response.
◄CUE► slide to reveal second situation.
After discussing possible actions to mitigate possible consequences,
◄CUE► slide to reveal correct response.
◄CUE► Next Slide.
Reveal first situation.
After discussing possible actions to mitigate possible consequences,
◄CUE► slide to reveal correct response.
◄CUE► slide to reveal second situation.
After discussing possible actions to mitigate possible consequences,
◄CUE► slide to reveal correct response.
◄CUE► slide to reveal third situation.
After discussing possible actions to mitigate possible consequences,
◄CUE► slide to reveal correct response.
◄CUE► Next Slide.
Narrative:
In summary, we have discussed:
The hazards and common causes that could cause incidents in a confined space.
We have identified the potential consequences of improper confined space work practices.
We have discussed actions to take to
And finally, the actions we should take to prevent accidents and/or mitigate consequences.
Ask if there are any questions.
End the session with a reminder of the anticipated date and time of your next scheduled Hazard Recognition Toolbox Safety meeting.
