This document provides an overview of western expansion and economic development in the United States between 1790-1860. It discusses the movement of settlers westward across the Appalachians in search of cheap land, driven by the growth of new machinery and industries. Immigrants from Europe and famine in Ireland contributed to population growth. Advances in transportation like canals, steamboats and railroads integrated the national economy and linked the eastern and western parts of the country. The market revolution transformed the US into a nation with a growing industrial and commercial sector.

1. Chapter 14 Forging the National Economy 1790-1860 Andre Marks Angela Merchan Torri Macarags

3. New Machinery: Faster crop cultivation, manufacturing, work pace, transportation (roads, steamboats, canals, railroads) and connections (coast to coast and gulf to Great Lakes).

5. Women: Cut off from human contact for days, weeks or months at a time. Very prone to depression, breakdowns and madness.

9. Transatlantic steamships: Unsanitary conditions, crossed Atlantic in 10-12 days.

10. Urban growth: New York, New Orleans and Chicago.

12. 1860’s: more Irish in the U.S. than in Ireland (Boston New York).

13. The Ancient Order of Hibernians: Founded to fight oppression in Ireland. U.S.: benevolent society, helped others.

14. Crammed into slums and were discriminated by Protestants for Catholicism. Many died from disease or accidental explosions.

15. Irish gained power: controlled police departments, politicians noticed their growth/influence in New York, many sought their vote.

18. Settled the mid-west (Wisconsin), politicians sought their vote.

20. 1849 “Nativists” created Order of the Star Spangled Banner: restrictions on immigration, naturalization and laws for deportation of alien paupers.

21. Immigrant clashes weren’t as frequent or violent because the immigrants and economy needed each other.

22. Without immigrants, U.S: agricultural instead of 19th C Industrial Revolution.

25. Industrial Revolution in England.

26. Peasants preferred to grow crops as opposed to working in factories. -Labor was scarce and hard to find until the 1840s. - There was also not a lot of money for investment in America - The large British factories also had a monopoly on the textile industry.

28. Put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

29. Eli Whitney

30. Built the first cotton gin in 1793.

31. demand for cotton revived the need for more slaves.

32. New England was favored as the industrial centerbecause it had poor soil for farming

33. it had a dense population for labor

35. The surplus in American manufacturing droppedfollowing the Treaty of Ghent in 1815.

36. The British manufacturers sold their products to Americans at very low prices.

37. Congress passed the Tariff of 1816 in order to protect the American manufacturers.

38. Eli Whitney

39. Interchangeable parts (for muskets)caught on by 1850…became the basis for mass-production.

40. Elias Howe

41. Invented the sewing machinein 1846. .

42. Laws of "free incorporation“ 1848

43. Told businessmen they could create corporations without applying for individual charters from the legislature.

44. Samuel F. B. Morse “what hath God wrought”

46. In the 1820s, many childrenwere used as laborers in factories.

47. With Jacksonian democracy came the rights of the laboring man to vote.

48. President Van Buren established the ten-hour work day in 1840.

49. Commonwealth vs. Hunt

51. Catharine Beecher

52. Urged women to enter the teaching profession.

53. The vast majority of working women were single.Families were small during Industrial Revolution

55. Liquor and hogsbecame the early western farmer's staple market items.

56. John Deere

57. Produced a steel plow in 1837 which broke through the thick soil of the West.

58. Highways and Steamboats Lancaster Turnpike- highway from Philadelphia to Lancaster. In 1811, the government began constructing the Nation Road. Robert Fulton created the first steam boat, which played a vital role in opening and binding the West and South.

59. Clinton’s “Big Ditch” in New York Governor DeWitt Clinton- governor of New York who lead the building of the Erie Canal. The Erie Canal lowered shipping prices and decreased passenger transit time, as well as connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River.

60. The Iron Horse The most significant contribution to this developing continental economy was the railroad. The first railroad appeared in 1828.

61. Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders Clipper ships- ships produced in the 1840’s and 1850’s by Yankee naval yards, that sacrificed cargo room for speed; transported small amounts of goods in short amounts of time. The Pony Express was established in 1860 to carry mail from Missouri to Sacramento.

62. The Transport Web Binds The Union Canals and railroad tracks were built from the east to the west, connecting the United States. “Transport Revolution” was caused by the desire of the East to move west. The railroad linked America.

63. The Market Revolution The “Market revolution” transformed the American economy. We went from being a nation of small subsistence farms and tiny workshops, to a national network of industry and commerce. As the population became more and more invested in this growing market economy, they began working in mills and factories instead of growing their own food, making themselves dependent on the national economy. Advances in manufacturing and transportation brought prosperity to Americans, and widened the gap between rich and poor. Millions of immigrants came to America as a result of the opportunities offered here.