2. Objectives
Man is one of the species who inhabit the
earth.he is the only one who has interfered with various
natural processes for use of both biological & physical
resources to meet his multiple demands,man has polluted all
the three realms of the earth-lithosphere,hydrosphere &
atmosphere.it is essential for us to know about environment
& its pollution.
In this presentation we will be able to know about-
•Environment •Primary & secondary pollutants
•Biosphere •Acid rain
•Ecosystem model •Ozone depletion
•Atmosphere •Green house effect
•Atmospheric pollution •Noise pollution

3. That which surrounds, the total sum of the
condition of the surroundings within which an
organism, or group, or an object,exists(including
the natural as modified by human activity & the
artificial).

4. Abiotic Environment
Atmosphere
Sea
Biotic Environment

5. Atmosphere
The entire part of
earth's land, soil,
water & atmosphere in
Biosphere which living organism
are found is called
biosphere
Or
The combined area
lithosphere,
hydrosphere of &
atmosphere is known
as biosphere.
Hydrosphere Lithosphere
Biosphere Model

6. Abiotic Solar Radiation Biotic Sun provides energy for plant photosynthesis
Component Component
Climate Amount of solar radiation varies with
latitude & hence effects climate. solar
radiation also power weather systems
Vegetation
Volcanic activity ,mountain, ranges etc.
Animals
can also affect climate
Climate interacts with geology in soil
formation provides water for solar climate.
Soil provides water & nutrients for plants
Geology
together with a physical base in which plants
can root themselves.
Soil
Plants provides food for animals
Animals alter vegetation by browsing & grazing. Human have significantly
altered vegetation patterns through modification for agriculture.
Vegetation gives off water vapour who helps to stabilize the climate of the earth.
Climate restricts the type of plants & animals that can survive in a
particular ecosystem. Water & temperature are two main climate controls.
Dead plants & animals decomposes & return nutrients to the soil.
Nutrients are also returned to the soil through animal excrement.
Soil [provides habitat including water & air for many invertebrates addition many animals
have evolved specialist cope with different soils for example the feet of camel.

7. • Our current atmosphere is a
mixture of many different
gases & suspended particles. It
is almost same every where up
to an altitude of 80 Kms.The
atmosphere is divided in to 4
layers-
Name of Height Temperatu Important
sphere or in re Chemical
layer Kms. Species (Gas)
Troposphere 0-8 15 to 45 N2,O2,CO2,
H2
Stratosphere 8-50 -55 to 05 O3,O2
Mesosphere 50-80 -2 to -90 N2+O2
Ionosphere 80- O2,O+,NO+
400
Exosphere 400- H2,He
1600

8. Constituent Symbol Average concentration Source Volume
Nitrogen N2 780900 Biotic 7.809× 101
Oxygen O2 209400 Biotic 2-094× 101
Argon Ar 9300 Radioactive 9.3× 10-1
Carbon dioxide CO2 318318 Biotic & industrial 3.18× 10-2
Neon Ne 18 Internal
helium He 5.2 Radioactive 5.2× 10-4
Methane CH4 1.3 Biotic 1.3× 10-4
Krypton Kr 1.0 Internal 1.0× 10-5
Hydrogen H2 0.5 Biotic & photochemical 5.0× 10-5
Water H2O 0.25 Physical 2.5× 10-5
Carbon monoxide CO 0.1 Photochemical & industrial 1.0× 10-5
Ozone O3 0.02 Photochemical 2.0× 10-6
Ammonia NH3 0-01 Photochemical 1.0× 10-6
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 0.001 Biotic & industrial 1.0× 10-7
Sulpher dioxide SO2 0.002 Photochemical 2.0× 10-8

9. Is an unwanted change in the
quality of earth's earths
atmosphere caused by 42%
emission of gases caused by
emission of gases due to
burning of fossil
fuel,transportation,industrial
institution etc. 21%
21%
18%
14%
Source Pollution
Transportation 42%
Fuel 21%
05%
Industries 14%
Solid waste 05%
disposal
Other 18%
Transportation Fuel Industries waste Other

10. Different Pollutants
1. Gaseous waste: Oxides of
nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br,I,O3 & smog.
2. Complex organic chemicals: Benzene, ether.
3. Acid prop lets: H2SO4, HNO3
4. Agrochemicals: fertilizers,
pesticides,herbicixles,fungicides,
rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides etc.
5. Fluorides
6. Metals: Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc.
7. Solid wasre:Garbage,plastic etc.
8. Radioactive waste: Nuclear
reacters,uranium,nuclear explosion.
9. Noise waste

11. Natural Pollutants: The pollution which comes out from natural
sources such as forest fires volcanic eruption decomposition of
organic matter & natural radioactivity.
Primary Pollutants: Harmful chemical that directly enters the
air as a result of human activity. These are deforestisation
burning of fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc.
Secondary pollutants :These result from chemical reactions
between two or more air components.
Formation of secondary pollutants
2SO2+O2 2SO3
2SO3+H2O H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)

12. Solar radiation
NO2,SO3,HNO3,
CO,CO2,NO,Most
H2SO4,H2O2,O3,
Hydrocarbons,
PANs,MostNO3-- & SO4-2
Most SPM
Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants
Volcano
Factory

13. Environmental challenges
• Green house effect: Increasing global temperature.
Scientists predicting that earth's temperature will increase
by 3-40C by year 2030 if the pollution continues to increase
at the same pace.
• Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the upper atmosphere
absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation but it is now
getting thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth creating
different disease like cancer& eye problems.
• Photochemical smog: In 1952 London was covered by smog
for 10 days .This smog was caused by fog, smoke, ash,& SO2
plus NO2.Sunlight played a great role in the formation of this
smog .Though deaths occurring at that time were not
directly attributed to the smog later statistics confirmed
that 6,000 more people.
Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen & sulphur.It increases
acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants. The
majestic monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by this.

14. Solar
Radiation
H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)
+
Acid Rain
water HNO3 (Nitric Acid)
SO2 &
NOX
Factories,
Lake
Transportation Sea
SEA

15. Methane Carbon 50%
Carbon Dioxide
Earth Dioxide Earth
A
Methane 18%
Nitrous oxide Chlorofluoroc 14%
Ozone arbons
This natural balance may be Ozone 12%
Green house gases in natural
condition insulates the earth against distorted by Green House Nitrous oxide 06%
extreme of temperature by limiting Effect as gases such as
carbon dioxide have built up Contribution of different gases
both incoming solar radiation &
in the atmosphere trapping to cause green house effect
escape of reradiated heat in to
space. more heat
Some reradiated Less reradiated
sun sun heat escapes in
heat escapes in
to space to space
More reradiated
Infra-red Some reradiated heat reflected
radiation heat reflected back to earth
back to earth Surface
Surface
Temperature Temperature
Atmosphere
normal Atmosphere increases

16. Ultraviolet
Radiation NO Nitric
Oxide O2
Molecular
NO2 Oxygen
H2O
Nitrogen O
Water
dioxide Atomic
Oxygen
Hydrocarbons
HNO3 O3
PANs Aldyhydes
Nitric Acid Peroxyacyl Ozone
(e.g. Formaldehyde)
nitrates
Photochemical Smog

17. Ultraviolet rays
from Sun
Chlorofluorocarbons
The Ozone layer in
are entering in to
stratosphere atmosphere releasing
blocks these chlorine. The chlorine
harmful UV rays than break down the
ozone
Oxygen
ozone
Whole in
Ozone layer
chlorine
The chlorine released from CFCs break
down the ozone molecule. More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths
surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.

18. Noise pollution
This era has rightly been called as the era of noise.because heavy
industrialization we are exposed to a high level of noise all around
us. Noise has become a very important stress factor in modern
life.it leads many health hazards.Some of the sources of noise
pollution are aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers& pop&
Rock-n-Roll music in clubs
. Noise produces following health problems-
1)Auditory fatigue
2)Deafness or impaired vision
3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse
rate
4)Headache
5)Nausea
6)Disturbed sleep
7)Emotional disturbances

19. Very High above than High Approximate 80db Pleasant below than
80dB
100db
Heavy Traffic Quit Conversation
Jet take off
Loudspeaker Loud Conversation
Ticking Clock
Sports car Quit Raining
Space vehicle
launch

20. Noise Source Noise Noise Source Noise
Scale Scale
Breathing 10db Traffic noise 60-90db
Winds in trees 20db Sports car 80-90db
Quit conversation 20-30db Heavy truck 90-100db
Ticking clock 10db Motor cycle 105db
House in quiet 35db Thunder storm 110db
street
Radio music 50-60db Beat music (Electrically 120db
amplified)
Loud conversation 60db Air craft noise 90-120db
Office noise 60db Jet take off 120db
Children play 60-80db Jet engine 140db
Lawn mower 60-80db Space vehicle launch (From 140-170db
a short distance)
Vacuum cleaner 80db

21. Conclusion
We know that certain environmental conditions like air,water,& food
are essential for man,s survival.apart from their availability their
quality & quantity must be assured according to man,s natural &
acquired capacity for sustenance progress in industrialization has
brought environmental hazards such as air water & noise
pollution.These have caused many health problems & diseases.
As it has been said-
we do not inherit the environment from our
forefathers,we borrow it from future generation.
Stockholm conference of 1972 proclaims that:
The protection & improvement of human environment is a major
issue which affects the well being of people & economic development
throughout the world&it is duty of all governments & people to
common efforts for the preservation & improvement of environment
for the benefit of all people & their prosperity