The document discusses malaria, caused by a Plasmodium parasite transmitted via mosquito bites. It has a complex life cycle alternating between mosquitoes and humans. Symptoms appear about 15 days after infection. While there is no vaccine, prevention and treatment involve drugs like artemisinin and mefloquine. Resistance has emerged which is a major problem, as with guinea worm the parasite has proven very difficult to eradicate over a long history despite efforts.

1. Malaria

2. What causes malaria?

3. These are the symptoms

4. Mosquitoes spread the disease

5. They transmit the disease

6. They are vectors

7. The mosquito bites humans

8. Symptoms develop in about 15 days

9. Plasmodium parasite

10. Infection with Plasmodium parasite …

11. … is called malaria

12. Complicated life cycle

13. Sporozoites are infectious cells

14. Sporozoites develop in the mosquito’s
saliva

15. The mosquito bites humans

16. Enter the human body

17. Sporozoites enter the liver

18. Hypnozoites may “sleep” in the liver
up to 30 years

19. Merosomes and merozoites infect the
red blood cells

20. Mosquito takes up gametocytes

21. Different stages, different names

22. The malaria parasite is known
generally as Plasmodium

23. Plasmodium falciparum

24. 75% of deaths in Africa …

25. … caused by plasmodium falciparum

26. Infection travels to the blood

27. Transmitted TO the mosquito when
they bite infected patients

28. Malaria parasite has TWO hosts

29. For example, a human and a mosquito

30. About 200 million cases of malaria
every year

31. About a million deaths every year

32. Most cases in Africa

33. I lived in Sudan for one year

34. You need a net

35. Smallpox vaccine

36. Very successful

37. Smallpox has been eradicated

38. There’s no malaria vaccine

39. Malaria parasites are getting stronger

40. Anti-malaria drugs

42. Artesunate – mentioned in the book

43. Treatment for severe malaria

44. Also mentioned

45. Prevention AND treatment

46. Artemisinin-based combination
treatment

47. A combination of drugs

48. Here’s mefloquine

49. Synthetic analogue of Quinine

50. Quinine has been used since (at least)
the 17th century

51. Perhaps earlier

52. Quinine discovered in South America

53. Europeans were told about it in the
16th century

54. Quinine from a tree’s bark

55. Quinchona tree

56. Long history

57. Tonic water contains Quinine

58. Gin and tonic

59. British in India

60. G & T against Malaria

62. Artemisinin-combination therapies
(ACTs)

63. Artemisinin is used in Chinese
medicine

64. Derived from a plant

65. People were optimistic

66. Parasites already resistant to
chloroquine

67. Resistant to this, too

68. Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine

69. Pailin in Cambodia

72. Pailin in Cambodia

73. Parasite is becoming resistant to ACTs

74. This is particularly worrying …

75. … because resistance to drugs …

76. … has started here before.

77. If resistance spreads to Africa …

78. … it’s really a problem

79. It’s a DISASTER

80. So what’s the solution?

81. Eradicate Malaria

82. Quickly

83. Do it now!

84. Discover a vaccine

85. Before the end of the class!

86. You’ll get a Nobel Prize

87. And an automatic A for this course

88. Maybe even A ➕

89. But don’t forget …

90. … there’s a LONG history

91. These parasites are tough

92. We’ve been thinking about this …

93. … for a LONG time

94. The parasite keeps winning

95. Still there’s hope

96. Guinea worm

97. People drink infected water

98. The worm grows in the stomach

99. Comes out of the skin!

100. Like this!

101. Really bad

102. Only dogs and humans get it

103. Gradually removed …

104. By winding it around a stick!

105. Up to one meter long

106. How can it be eradicated?
• No vaccine
• But we can kill the baby worms
• And water can be cleaned
• 3.5 million cases of Guinea worm in 1986!
• 126 cases in 2014
• That’s great!!
• Unless you are one of the 126 cases