contains topics about data constraints group by aggregate function subqueries

5. DBMS Owned By
MySQL, Open Source RDMS
MS Access Microsoft
Oracle Oracle Corporation(ORDMS)
Sybase SAP Company
SQL Server Microsoft (RDMS)
Postgresql Open Source RDMS
Informix IBM(RDMS)

6. Primary Key
Foreign Key
Unique
Check
NOT NULL/NULL

9. Defined at Column Level
Defined at Table Level

10. UNIQUE
NOT NULL
NOT COMPULSORY
CANNOT LONG/LONG RAW DATA TYPE
ONLY ONE PER TABLE
COMBINE UPTO 16 COLOUMNS
IN A COMPOSITE PRIMARY KEY

12. <Column Name> <Data type> (<Size>) PRIMARY KEY
EX:
CREATE TABLE LBS_CS2(
NAME VARCHAR2(25) PRIMARY KEY
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
);

13. PRIMARY KEY (<Column Name> , <Column Name> )
EX:
CREATE TABLE LBS_CS2(
NO INT,
NAME VARCHAR2(25),
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PRIMARY KEY(NO,NAME)
);

14. Parent must be UNIQUE OR PRIMARY KEY
Child may have DUPLICATE/NULL
 Constraint specify on child not in parent
Parent can delete only if child not exist
Parent cannot modify if child exist

16. <Column Name> <Data type> (<Size>)
REFERENCES <TABLE NAME>[(<Column Name>)]
[ON DELETE CASCADE]

17. EX:
CREATE TABLE LBS_CS2(
ROLL_NO INT,
NAME VARCHAR2(25),
BRANCH_CODE VARCHAR2(25) REFERENCES BRANCH,
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PRIMARY KEY(NO,NAME)
);

18. EX:
CREATE TABLE LBS_CS2(
ROLL_NO INT,
NAME VARCHAR2(25),
BRANCH_CODE VARCHAR2(25)
REFERENCES BRANCH (BRANCH_ID),
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PRIMARY KEY(NO,NAME)
);

19. FOREIGN KEY(<Column Name>[ <Column Name>] )
REFERENCES
<TABLE NAME> [(<Column Name> <Column Name>] )]
[ON DELETE SET NULL]

20. EX:
CREATE TABLE LBS_CS2(
ROLL_NO INT,
NAME VARCHAR2(25),
FOREIGN KEY (BRANCH_CODE) REFERENCES BRANCH(BRANCH_ID),
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PRIMARY KEY(NO,NAME)
);

22. <Column Name> <Data type> (<Size>) UNIQUE
EX:
CREATE TABLE LBS_CS2(
ROLL_NUM INT UNIQUE,
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
);

23. UNIQUE (<Column Name> , <Column Name> )
EX:
CREATE TABLE LBS_CS2(
NO INT,
NAME VARCHAR2(25),
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
UNIQUE(NO,NAME)
);

26. <Column Name> <Data type> (<Size>) NOT NULL
EX:
CREATE TABLE LBS_CS2(
ROLL_NUM INT NOT NULL,
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
);

28. <Column Name> <Data type> (<Size>) CHECK (<Logical Expression>)
EX:
CREATE TABLE LBS_CS2(
ROLL_NUM INT CHECK (ROLL_NUM > 0)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
);

29. CHECK(<Logical Expression>)
EX:
CREATE TABLE LBS_CS2(
ROLL_NO INT,
NAME VARCHAR2(25),
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CHECK(ROLL_NUM > 0),
CHECK (NAME LIKE ‘C%’)
);

32. EX:
• ALTER TABLE CS2 ADD PRIMARY KEY(ROLL_NUM)
•ALTER TABLE CS2 ADD FOREIGN KEY (BRANCH_CODE)
REFERENCES BRANCH(BRANCH_ID).
•ALTER TABLE CS2 DROP PRIMARY KEY

33. <Column Name> <Data type> (<Size>) DEFAULT <value>
EX:
CREATE TABLE LBS_CS2(
ROLL_NO INT,
NAME VARCHAR2(25) DEFAULT ‘STUDENT’,
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CHECK(ROLL_NUM > 0),
CHECK (NAME LIKE ‘C%’)
);

36. LOGICAL OPERATORS
•AND
•OR

37. EX:
SELECT NAME,ROUND(MARK)
FROM CS2
WHERE NAME LIKE ‘C%’ AND MARK >50 OR MARK <10;

38. RANGE SEARCHING
•BETWEEN
EX:
SELECT NAME
FROM CS2
WHERE TO_CHAR(DOB,’MM’) BETWEEN 01 AND 04;
EX:
SELECT NAME
FROM CS2
WHERE TO_CHAR(DOB,’YY’) NOT BETWEEN 91 AND 94;

39. PATTERN MATCHING
•LIKE predicate
‘%’ : include zero length
‘_ ‘: match on a single character

43. IN or NOT IN predicate
EX:
SELECT FNAME,LNAME,ADDRESS
FROM CS2
WHERE FNAME IN (‘EBI’,’ANOOP’,’VIKAS’,’NAVIN’);
EX:
SELECT FNAME,LNAME,ADDRESS
FROM CS2
WHERE FNAME NOT IN (‘EBI’,’ANOOP’,’VIKAS’,’NAVIN’);

44. DATE MANIPULATION

47. AGGREGATE FUNCTION

48. FUNCTION USE
AVG() AVERAGE
MIN() MINIMUM
COUNT() COUNTING
COUNT(*) COUNTING
MAX() MAXIMUM
SUM() TOTAL
ABS() ABSOLUTE
POWER() POWER
ROUND() ROUNDED
SQRT() SQUARE ROOT
EXTRACT()
GREATEST()
LEAST()

49. EXTRACT({YEAR| MONTH|DAY|HOUR|MINUTE|SECOND|
TIMEZONE_HOUR|TIMEZONE_MINUTE|
TIMEZONE_REGION |TIMEZONE_ABBR}
FROM {DATE |INTERVAL VALUE}
)

50. EX:
SELECT EXTRACT (YEAR FROM DATE ’2013-09-10’)
YEAR,EXTRACT (MONTH FROM SYSDATE) MONTH
FROM DUAL;

51. GREATEST(expr1,expr2. . . .expr_n)
LEAST(expr1,expr2. . . .expr_n)

52. NO NAME ADDRE
SS
AGE MARK
1 RESHMA.S.R AAA 45 45
2 RESHMA.S.S BBB 35 30
3 REVATHI.B.R CCC 11 68
4 ROSYLIN DDD 75 75
5 RUBEENA EEE 70 62
6 S. APARNA FFF 56 48

55. SELECT <Column Name 1> <Column Name 2> . .<Column Name N>
AGGREGATE_FUNCTION (<EXPRESSION>)
FROM TABLE NAME
WHERE <Condition>
GROUP BY<ColumnName 1> <Column Name 2>.<ColumnNameN >

60. Subqueries can be used with the SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE, and DELETE statements along with the
operators like =, <, >, >=, <=, IN, BETWEEN etc.

61. RULES:
• must be enclosed within
parentheses.
•can have only one column in the
SELECT clause, unless multiple
columns are in the main query for
the subquery to compare its
selected columns.
•An ORDER BY cannot be used in
a subquery, although the main
query can use an ORDER BY.

62. •The GROUP BY can be used to
perform the same function as the
ORDER BY in a subquery.
•Subqueries that return more than
one row can only be used with
multiple value operators, such as the
IN operator.
•The BETWEEN operator cannot be
used with a subquery; however, the
BETWEEN operator can be used within
the subquery.

63. Subqueries with the SELECT Statement

64. SQL> SELECT *
FROM CUSTOMERSWHERE ID IN (SELECT ID
FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE SALARY > 4500) ;

65. Subqueries with the INSERT Statement:

66. Subqueries with the UPDATE Statement:

67. output

68. Subqueries with the DELETE Statement:

70. Just one more