A brief history of rhetoric and summary of most commonly used techniques. Linked to HSC Advanced Module B Critical Study of Texts - Speeches

2. Do you need to take copious notes? No…but there will be a written response quiz at the end so….

3. Thomas Babington Macaulay, the 19th-century writer and politician, said that "the object of oratory alone is not truth but persuasion. " "Let thy speech be short, comprehending much in few words.” Ecclesiastes. The speech is by definition a public performance, an attempt to persuade the audience of the orator's point of view, after having gained their attention in the first place.

4. Students explore the ideas expressed in the text through analysing its construction, content and language . They examine how particular features of the text contribute to textual integrity . They research others’ perspectives of the text and test these against their own understanding and interpretations. Students evaluate how the text has been read, received and valued in historical and other contexts. They extrapolate questions of textual integrity and significance. Module B

5. Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4

7. Lets get down to the basics

8. Rhetorical / Literary Context

9. Ancient Greece

12. Subject Purpose Audience The Writing Triangle

13. Ethos Logos Pathos The Rhetorical Triangle The Rhetorical Triangle ties into the three kinds of persuasive appeals: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos refers to the consistency and clarity of the message and to the logic of the reasons. Ethos refers to the credibility of the writer/speaker, conveyed through tone and style. Pathos refers to the audience’s capacity to feel and see what the writer feels and sees.

15. Assumptions About Rhetoric 1. The practice of rhetoric is culturally determined. 2. When we practice rhetoric, we use language to ‘induce cooperation’ in an audience. 3. Rhetoric is discourse that affects an audience, that informs, moves, delights, and teaches, has a rhetorical aim. 4. Rhetoric implies choices, for both the writer and the audience.

17. Questions

20. Logos Cause and Effect Deductive Reasoning-Reasoning from principles Inductive Reasoning-Reasoning from experience Contradictions-Finding holes in the opposite argument

21. Ethos – Credibility Persuading by convincing the audience that the speaker is worth listening to and evaluating: Trustworthiness Similarity with audience & their values Special Knowledge Expert Knowledge

22. Appeals to Negative Emotions : Fear, Discrimination, Revenge Appeals to Positive Emotions: Love, Charity, Brotherhood, Justice Use of Figurative Speech: metaphors, rhetorical questions, parallelism Pathos = Emotions

23. Emotional Impact – Cicero suggested to use the eyes, but many great orators also make use of body language and volume and tone for emotional emphasis.

24. Confused? logos The appeal to reason. pathos The appeal to emotion. ethos The persuasive appeal of one's character.

27. For out of the war came a lesson which transcended the horror and tragedy and the inexcusable folly.

28. Fourteen of the victims of the tragedy came from Australia.

29. It’s time to move the process of reconciliation forward with a little more speed. That is the task. If not now, when? If not us, who?

30. ...as the shackles of prejudice and intolerance fall from our own limbs we can together strive to identify and remove the impediments to human development everywhere.

31. Many will reject any notion that some of the legacies of the past live in the present and need to be dealt with .

32. ... novels are ambiguous and multi-faceted, not because they’re perverse, but because they attempt to grapple with what was once referred to as the human condition, and they do so using a medium which is notoriously slippery-namely, language itself.

33. Any life lost in war is a human life, irrespective of its being that of an Israeli or an Arab.