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Chapter 2 Matter
Atoms
• Smallest particle of an element
Molecules
• Two or more atoms bonded together
  COVALENTLY
Ion
• Positively charged or negatively charged
Elements
• Consists of only one atoms
Sulphur is an element !
• Consists of ALL the same ATOMS
• All S atoms
How do we know ?
• Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Diamond
• Consists of ALL the same ATOMS
• All C atoms
Compounds
• Consists of only two or more different atoms
  BONDED CHEMICALLY TOGETHER
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
How do we know ?
• Surface Electron Tunneling Microscope
• NaCl a compound !
Sulphur hexafluoride
• Contains S and F
NanoKids
Kinetic Theory of Matter




       FAME !!
State                   Solid              Liquid                   Gas

Arrangement




Movement               Vibrate and Rotate   Packed closely but no   Very far from one
                       and FIXED position   in order                another in random
                                                                    arrangement

Forces of Attraction   Strong               Medium                  Weak



Energy Content         Low                  Medium                  High
Rates of Diffusion
Napthalene
• Has Van Der Waals attraction
A to B
• Solid temperature increase
B to C
• Energy absorbed used to break bonds
• Breaking bonds needs ENERGY !
C to D
• Liquid temperature increase
D to E
• Boiling !!!
E to F
• Gas temperature increase
Bond formation
• Bond formation needs energy !




Bond breaking: Absorb Energy
Bond formation: Release Energy
Bond formation
   Releases
Heat into water
BUT….
        Water
       Releases
Heat into surroundings

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Form 4 chapter 2