The document discusses how design patterns can improve cognitive learning efficiency for novices by helping them build schemas in their long-term memory more effectively. It suggests that design patterns provide structure that allows novices to construct higher quality schemas than unguided learning. However, experts may not benefit from design patterns because they already possess automated schemas in the domain. The document presents preliminary conclusions that design patterns are efficient for novices just starting to learn design, but experts need to build new schemas first before design patterns can help them learn effectively.

1. Cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design patterns in teaching Gwendolyn Kolfschoten Stephan Lukosch Alexander Verbraeck Edwin Valentin Gert-Jan de Vreede

2. The effect of design patterns