Realism, Romanticism, Impressionism Art His Presentation Lois, Pam, Zach, SS

What is Romanticism?
• Began in Germany and England
• Entered Europe in 19th century
• Deeply connected with politics and was the
voice of changes that Europe went through

Origins of Romanticism
• Folklore and popular art
• Nationalism
• Shakespeare
• Gothic romance
• Medievalism
• Emotions
• Religion
• Individualism
• Nature
• Victorianism

Impressionism
• Originated in France in the last quarter of 18th
century as a reaction against traditional art
and its strict rules
• Concentrated on the impression produced by
a scene or object
• A lot of colours
• Little details

Impressionism
• More of a state of mind than a technique
• ‘Sunrise’ by Claude Monet

Sunrise, by Claude Monet

Subjects of impressionism
• Scenes from everyday life
• Nature
• People
• Paris
• Still life

Impressionist technique
• Colour
• Brush work
• Locale
• Composition

19th century France
• Begin with French Revolution and ended with
outbreak of WWI
• By the end of 19th century, sense of national
identity increased

Social Climate of 19th century France
• 2nd most populated country in Europe in early
19th century, but experienced a drop in
population in second half of 19th century
• Immigration

Social climate of 19th century France
• Education:
– literacy rate increased drastically.
– Education improved.
• Religion:
– less stress in the importance of religion

Political climate in 19th century
France
• Urbanization and industrialization
• In brief:
– 1804-1814: First French Empire under Napoleon
– 1814-1830: Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X
– 1830-1848: July Monarchy under Louis Philippe d’Orleans
– 1848-1852: Second Republic
– 1852-1871: Second Empire under Napoleon III
– 1871-1940: first decades of the Third Republic

1804-1814: First French Empire
under Napoleon
• Napoleon named First Consul
for life
• Empire was authoritarian and
freedom restricted
• Control over religion
• Invasion of other countries
• Napoleon abducted as emperor
and Louis XVIII installed as King
of France

1814-1830: Restoration under Louis
XVIII and Charles X
• Louis XVIII ended more
than 2 decades of war,
peace treaty imposed
• Charles X of France more
conservative.
• People unhappy and forced
Charles X of France to flee.
• Louis-Philippe took over as
King of the French, not King
of France Louis XVIII

1830-1848:
July Monarchy under Louis Philippe
d’Orleans
• Liberal monarchy
• Importance given to
middle class people
instead of the wealthy
and noble

1848-1852:
Second Republic
• New constitution adopted
• Executive power given to
President of the Republic
• Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
as president

1852-1871: Second Empire under
Napoleon III
• Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte suddenly seized
power from the government and declared
himself Napoleon III
• On the surface, France faced economical
success but Napoleon’s regime was
threatened to be brought down

1871-1940:
first decades of the Third Republic
• Accidental and unloved republic
• Politically unstable
• Period of imperial expansion and scientific and
artistic achievement.
• McMahon, a republican, assigned as
President. Monarchist unhappy.

1871-1940:
first decades of the Third Republic
• Scandals: Boulanger Affair, the Panama Scandal, the
Dreyfus Affair, struggle between church and state.
• However, also known as the Belle Epoque (Beautiful
period)
– Paris became center of Fashion and culture
– Impressionist school of painting
– Music and writing
– Scientific and technological achievements

19th Century Europe
• Feminist ideas and social
movements emerged.
• Feminist ideas fueled by social,
intellectual, political, economic
and cultural transformation in
Europe
• Romanticism also helped in the
feminist movement
• Revolution of 1840 created
opportunities

19th century Europe
• Democratic government
• More people could vote (First, working class
men, then gradually, women)
• Ideas of equality, cooperation, democracy and
shared prosperity

Eugene Delacroix
• Ferdinand-Victor-Eugene
Delacroix
• Born on April 26, 1789 in
Charenton St.Maurice,
France
• Passed away on 13 August,
1863 in Paris

Eugene Delacroix
• One of the greatest and most
influential French painters
• Romanticism art style
• Use of colours influenced
impressionist painters
• Used rough but swinging brush
strokes, experimented with light and
colours, neglected proper use of
perspective
• More than 850 paintings, and more
than 2000 drawings, murals and other
works. Illustrated books.
• Subjects: Classical battles

Eugene Delacroix

The Women of Algiers Borders Christ on Lake Genesareth

Louis d’Orleans showing
his mistress

The Battle of Taillebourg

Liberty Leading the People
• July Revolution of 1830, when Charles X of
France was toppled
• Delacroix’s best known work
• In brief: women’s image used to represent
divine purity but in social context, women
treated with little personal liberty. Delacroix
vision of ‘liberty’ connect 2 different worlds.
Shows his romantic spirit.

Liberty Leading the People
• 3 methods used to examine Delacroix’s work
and how it relates to the social-political
climate of the 19th century France/ Europe.
By:
– Erwin Panofsky
– Heinrich Wolffin
– Arnold Hauser

Erwin Panofsky
Pre-iconographical

• What we see in the painting
• Large canvas with group of armed individuals
• Female figure
• Young boy waving hands equipped with guns
• Armed men with rifles, pistols and sabers
• Individual trying to rise up
• Silhouettes of buildings in fuzzy landscape
• Notre Dame Church

Erwin Panofsky
Iconographical Analysis
• Pyramid composition draws attention
to the female
• Liberty- Sculpture Nike of Samothrace
• Liberty- represents women who
fought alongside men during July
Revolt

Erwin Panofsky
• Young boy- new generation who fought
against ruling authorities
• Left of painting- French society, different
social class fighting alongside one another

Erwin Panofsky
• Man with top hat- revolutionary middle class
• Crawling character- French Republic trying to rise
again
• Dead man- sacrifices have to be made

Erwin Panofsky
• Dead soldiers on the right- fall of King Charles
X

Erwin Panofsky
Iconographical Interpretation
• Emphasize of the
female character
• Reflection of troubles
of the civil disorder

Heinrich Wolffin
Use of colour
• Various dark tone, but red, white and blue
prevails.
• France lives on

Arnold Hauser’s
Interpretation
• Perception of historical truth regulated though
social conditions
• Socio-political situation in France, painting
represents social discontent
• Each character a specific social issue

Arnold Hauser’s
Interpretation
• Man in top hat- lack of unity and hesitation
• Young boy- young, bored with insufficiency of
changing governments. Poor and homeless.
• Left of painting- people ready to reconstitute
republican values

J.M.W Turner
• Famous English romantic landscape and marine
artist.
• Works gradually show less form and more effects of
light and color.
• More and more interested in natural and
atmospheric elements.
Dido building Carthage, 1815 Rain, Speed and Steam, 1844

What was the
19th century UK/Europe like?
• 1801 – 1900
• Victorian era

• Ongoing industrial revolution/2nd phase of
industrial revolution: resulted mainly in
 Population boom
 Economic boom

Water color series, 1820s

Plymouth over
Mount Batten
1819, Watercolor

Battle of Trafalgar, 1822

Battle of Trafalgar
1822, oil on canvas

Battle of Trafalgar, 1806

The Battle of
Trafalgar, as Seen
from the Mizen
Starboard Shrouds of
the Victory
1806, oil on canvas

The Fighting Temeraine, 1838

The Fighting
Temeraire tugged
to her last Berth to
be Broken up
1838, oil on
canvas

The Slave Ship, 1840

Slavers Throwing
Overboard the
Dead and Dying-
Typho[o]n Coming
on
1840, oil on canvas

Peace – Burial at sea, 1842

Peace-Burial at Sea
1841, oil on canvas

Rain, Steam and Speed, 1844

Rain, Steam,
Speed
1844, Oil on
Canvas

Realism and the Painting of Modern Life

How realism came about?
• Royal Academy supported age-old belief that art should be:
-morally uplifting
-refined
-inspired by the Classical tradition
-good reflection of culture
-beauty

• Trying to keep young 19th century artists’ eyes on the past became an
issue.

• World changing rapidly artists wanted work to be about their
environment, about themselves, their perceptions of life

• They believed modern era deserved to have modern art

• During Industrial Revolution in late 18th century, basic necessities
were modernised. Modern life was about social mixing, social
mobility, and generally faster pace.

• With such progress, paintings and sculptures about Classical gods
and biblical stories cannot relate to a population keeping up with
this progress.

• Therefore, Social Realism developed to go against idealism and the
exaggerated ego of Romanticism.

• Effects of Industrial Revolution became apparent gap widened
between rich and poor.

• With a sense of social consciousness, Social Realists pledged
to “fight the beautiful art”.

• They focused on ugly realities of life and sympathized with
working-class people (esp. poor).

• They recorded and painted what they saw (“as it existed”).


What exactly is Realism?
• Realism movement in French art is an artistic movement.

• Flourished from about 1840 until the late 19th century.

• Sought to convey truthful and objective vision of current
life.

• Usually depicts social and racial injustice, economic
hardship, through unvarnished pictures of life's struggles.

Neo-classicism & Romanticism VS. Realism


Gustave Courbet
• Gustave Courbet, set himself up as
the leader for a new art: Realism.

• He believed that if he could not see
something, he should not paint it.

• He decided that his art should have a
social consciousness
to awaken self-involved Parisian
to social concerns.


• To achieve honest and straightforward depiction of life, he
avoided idealized academic technique and employed a
deliberately simple style, which seemed crude to many critics.

• He created controversy by addressing social issues in his
work, and painting subjects which considered vulgar (e.g.
bourgeoisie, peasants, working conditions of poor).

• He believed that only possible source for a living art is the
artist's own experience.

Courbet returns art to those who know about life, not those who have been
trained or educated to comment upon it. He relegates it to where it
started out hundreds of years ago. Discuss this in relation to ‘Realism’.

• During French revolution, gap between rich and poor widened.

• Art at that time depicts wealth and superiority of the past,
thus seemed as though art was made for the rich.

• Romanticism, which was optimistic about mankind could not
relate to middle-class and poor.

• Art at that time only relates to the rich (upper class) and
seemed to specifically be created for them.

• Through Realism, Courbet wanted Art to portray the real
things and depicts current situation of society, NOT idealised
characters or scenes.

• He wanted to return art to people who actually experience it
and know about life.

• He wanted Art to be not just for the rich but also for the poor.

• He created art that the poor could understand and relate to
and at the same time create a social awareness in the society.


• Thus, through Realism, Courbet offered a stark vision of
poverty and despair.
His art did not focus on beauty but ugly side of the real
situation at that time.

• He made Art the way it used to be hundreds of years ago,
when everyone can appreciate and relate to it.

The Painting That Changed
Everything

18th to 19th Century France
• Industrial revolution
• Gap between classes widens
• ¾ Frenchmen lived by farming
• Art was dominated by renaissance
• Idealized Paintings
• High art executed in the grand manner
• Art serves the rich and powerful

The Upper Class
• Rich and powerful
• Art only affordable to them
• See themselves as leaders of France
• Believes it’s the golden age of Europe
• Chose to ignore the problems of lower class

The Lower Class
• Lowly skilled
• Large numbers of child labor
• Underpaid
• Unappreciated
• Generations of poverty

The Salon
• Official exhibition in Paris
• Greatest annual art event (1748~1890)
• The Nobel prize of art

The Salon
• Artist, Art Critics, Upper class

The Salon
• 1850 public shocked by a series of artworks

The Stonebreakers
• Unflattering realism
• Revolutionary in art
• Confrontational in contents
• Indictment of the prevailing economic/
political system
• Birth of Realism in art

Realism
• Defiance from the status quo of art
• Heralded a general move away from the 'ideal'
towards the ordinary
• depict real-life situations stripped of
aesthetics and universal truths

Public responses
• Courbet was called the murderer of art
• Works deemed ugly
• Rejected for exhibitions
• Denunciations from critics
• “Engine of revolution”

1856
• Courbet visited Germany
• Welcomed by the artistic community
• Undisputed leader of the new generation of
French realist movement

Realism rise in recognition
• Public starts to tolerate realism
• Inspired artist of Impressionisms, literature,
and performing arts

Realism rise in recognition
• Works of realism and Impressionism was
allowed for display once again
• Realism took over romanticism art and idealist
• Beginning of an new era in art history

Fate of The Stonebreakers
• Destroyed during world war 2 near Dresden,
bombed by Allied forces in Feb 1945
• Though the painting is destroyed, the
influence carries on till today
• Root of modernism

“True realism consists in revealing the
surprising things which habit keeps covered
and prevents us from seeing.”
Jean Cocteau

“Art is a lie that makes us realize truth.”
Pablo Picasso

Photos

Delacroix
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix

Delacroix
http://www.artunframed.com/delacroix.htm

Dido building carthage:
http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/upload/img/turner-dido-building-
carthage-NG498-fm.jpg

Flag of France
http://graafix.blogspot.com/2011/05/wallpapers-flag-of-france.html

Frightened Horse
http://www.prints.co.nz/page/fine-art/PROD/1225

Gustave Courbet
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255-
s01/boheme/courbet.htm

Impresionistic art
http://www.galleryartcenter.com/art/Impresionistic_art.html

Impressionist paintings
http://www.theartwolf.com/articles/50-impressionist-paintings.htm

Impressionist seascape
http://www.bridgat.com/files/18th_Century_American_Impressionist_Seasca
pe.jpg

Impression, sunrise
http://blogs.cornell.edu/stap_kj83/

Impression-sunrise
http://modernart2011.blogspot.com/2011/02/impression-sunrise.html

John Constable, View on the Stour near Dedham 1822
http://toffsworld.com/lifestyle/art-information/romanticism-constable/

Liberty leading the people
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberty_Leading_the_People.jpg

Louis XVIII and Napoleon
http://blog.catherinedelors.com/louis-xviii-and-napoleon-the-king-and-the-
emperor/

Napoleon
http://www.french-at-a-touch.com/French_History/napoleon_i_1804-
1814.htm

Peace – Burial at sea :
http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999996&workid=14
784&searchid=10534&tabview=image

Plymouth over Mount Batten:
http://media.artfinder.com/works/r/vanda/6/6/7/78766_full_570x374.jpg

Self portrait (Turner):
http://www.artble.com/imgs/e/d/0/45775/joseph_mallord_william_turner.jp
g

Sunrise
http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~MidLink/Impress.html

Snow effect by Camille Pissarro
http://site.artsheaven.com/blog/2011/08/famous-impressionist-artists-of-
the-19th-century/

The battle of Trafalgar 1806 :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1806).jpg

The battle of Trafalgar 1822:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1822).jpg

The fighting temeraine:
http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/turner/paintings/temeraire.html

The Stone Breakers
http://www.usc.edu/schools/annenberg/asc/projects/comm544/library/imag
es/162.html

The Stone Breakers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Breakers

The Stone Breakers
http://streamsandforests.wordpress.com/2010/06/15/the-stone-breakers/

The Stone Breakers – Gustave Courbet
http://kdigital.tumblr.com/post/357145975/the-stonebreakers-gustave-
courbet

The women of Algiers
http://judaica-art.com/art-masterpieces-by-artist/euga-ne-delacroix/eugene-
delacroix-the-women-of-algiers-fine-art-oil-painting-gallery/prod_1907.html

19th century france
http://www.littlesisters.org/history.html

Research - Websites

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http://www.hoocher.com/Joseph_William_Turner/Joseph_William_Turner.ht
m >, Consulted July 10, 2010

Brians, Paul, “Socialism”, <
http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/socialism.html >, Consulted March
28, 2005

Encyclopædia Britannica Online, “France”, <
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/40437/The-
Second-Republic-and-Second-Empire >, consulted October 31, 2011

Ellen, “J.M.W. Turner”, < http://www.ellensplace.net/turner4.html >,
Consulted September 8, 2005
Finocchio, Ross. "Nineteenth-Century French Realism". In Heilbrunn Timeline
of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. <
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm >, Consulted
October 2004

Fischer Katie, “Courbet, Manet and Modernity”, <
http://evergreen.loyola.edu/brnygren/www/Honors/modernity.htm >,
Consulted April 28, 2009

Geerte, “July Monarchy (1830-1848)”, <
http://19thcentury.wordpress.com/2008/07/20/july-monarchy-1830-1848/ >,
consulted July 20, 2008

Gersh-Nesic, Beth, “ Realism ”, <
http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/realism.html >

Hoving, Thomas, “J.M.W. Turner, One of A Kind, Once and Forever”, <
http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/hoving/hoving7-17-08.asp >,
Consulted July 1, 2008

Hudelson, “Movements in Late Nineteenth Century Art”, <
http://daphne.palomar.edu/mhudelson/StudyGuides/19thCent_WA.html >,
Consulted June 8, 2005

Landow, George P., “J.M.W.Turner’s Slave Ship”, <
http://www.victorianweb.org/art/crisis/crisis4e.html >, Consulted July 15,
2007

Lynn University, “Realism”, <
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/painting/modernity/realism/reali
sm/realism.htm >, Consulted April 29, 2003

National Gallery of Art, “J.M.W. Turner exhibition”, <
http://www.nga.gov/press/exh/242/index.shtm >, Consulted September 11,
2007

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Rosenthal, Donald, “Gustave Courbet”, <
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Consulted October 30, 2011

Sache, Ivan, “France: Second Republic (1848-1852)”, <
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Sklar, Kathryn, “From Wollstonecraft to Mill: What British and European Ideas
and Social Movements Influenced the Emergence of Feminism in the Atlantic
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>, consulted Spring 2002
SparkNotes Editors, “SparkNote on Europe (1848-1871).”, SparkNotes LLC.
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Consulted October 30, 2011

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