2. What is Water Conservation
• Water conservation is any
in water loss, use or waste as well as
the and a
reduction in water use accomplished by
implementation of water conservation or
water efficiency measures or
improved water management practices that
reduce or enhance the beneficial use of water.
3. Water management
• Water management is the activity of
planning, developing, distributing and
managing the optimum use of water
resources. In an ideal world, water
management planning has regard to all the
competing demands for water and seeks to
allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy
all uses and demands.
4. How to manage water
• Water is an essential resource for all life on the
planet. Of the water resources on Earth only
three per cent of it is not salty and two-thirds of
the freshwater is locked up in ice caps and
glaciers. Of the remaining one per cent, a fifth is
in remote, inaccessible areas and much seasonal
rainfall in monsoonal deluges and floods cannot
easily be used. At present only about 0.08 per
cent of all the world’s fresh water . is exploited by
mankind in ever increasing demand
for sanitation, drinking, manufacturing, leisure
and agriculture
5. Water management in Singapore
• Singapore has increasingly been looked upon
by the international community as a role
model for water management
• The Four National Taps refer to water from
four different sources of water: water from
local catchment areas, imported water,
recycled water (branded as NEWater) and
desalinated water.
6. NEWater
• Introduced in 2003, NEWater marked a new
era in Singapore’s water history. Produced
using state-of-the-art membrane technologies
involving microfiltration, reverse osmosis and
ultraviolet disinfection, the result is an ultra-
clean product that has been vetted by more
than 30,000 scientific tests, surpassing even
the World Health Organisation standards for
drinking water
12. Use of the NEWater
• NEWater is primarily supplied to wafer
fabrication, electronics and power generation
industries for process use as well as commercial
and institutional complexes for air-con cooling
purposes.
A small amount of NEWater is also put through a
"naturalization" process in the
raw water reservoirs before processing it in
waterworks for potable use.
13. Imported water in Singapore
• Singapore has relied on importation from
Johor state in Malaysia to supply half of its
water consumption.
15. Local catchment water
• As a small island that doesn't have natural aquifers and
lakes and with little land to collect rainwater, Singapore
needs to maximise whatever it can harvest.
• Currently, Singapore uses two separate systems to
collect rainwater and used water. Rainwater is collected
through a comprehensive network of drains, canals,
rivers and stormwater collection ponds before it is
channelled to Singapore's 17 reservoirs for storage.
This makes Singapore one of the few countries in the
world to harvest urban stormwater on a large scale for
its water supply.
17. Desalinated water
• Desalination, desalinization, or desalinisation refers
to any of several processes that remove some
amount of salt and other minerals from saline
water. More generally, desalination may also refer to
the removal of salts and minerals .
Salt water is desalinated in order to produce fresh
water that is suitable for human consumption
or irrigation
