Official Statistics

2. Infant Mortality
Foreign Exchange

4. Anxiety
 Anxiety is a general feeling of apprehension
or worry and is a normal reaction to
stressful situation
 Anxiety disorders are among the most
common mental, emotional and behavioral
problem to occur

5. Normal Fear
Age Normal Fear
Birth-6 month Loud noises, loss of
physical support
7 – 12 month Strangers, unexpected
objects
1-5 Year Dark, Animals, The Toilet
6-12 Year Supernatural, Disease,
Punishment
12-18 year Performance in school,
Appearance

6. Guidelines to decrease Anxiety
 Children should be encouraged to talk
about their fears
 The Fears object should be
neutralized by associating it with
something positive
 Situations that could cause fear,
such as starting nursery school, could
become less fearful when the school is
visited beforehand

7.  Parents should provide a secure heaven by
dealing with their children’s fears in a patient
and comforting manner
 In the event of divorce and separation, the
reason should be explained to the child

9. Infant Mortality
 Infant mortality is the death of a child less than
one year of age. Infant mortality is the death of
a child before the child’s first birthday.
 Globally, ten million infants and children die
each year before their fifth birthday. Out of
which 99% belong to developing countries.
 This rate is often used as an indicator for the
level of health in a country.

10. Causes of infant mortality
 Ninety-nine percent of infant death occur in
developing countries, and eighty – six percent
of these death are due to infection ,
premature birth, complication during
delivery.
 Environmental and social barriers
prevent access to basic medical resources
and thus contribute to an increasing
infant mortality rate.
 Common causes are preventable with low-
cost measure.

11. Infant mortality rate in Pakistan
 Total: 57.48 deaths/1,000 live births
 Male: 60.67 deaths/1,000 live births
 Female: 54.13 deaths/1,000 live births
(2014 est.)

12. Foreign Exchange

13. What is Foreign Exchange
 Foreign Exchange is the mechanism by which the
currency of one country gets converted into the
currency of another country
 The conversion of currency is done by the banks
who deal in Foreign Exchange. These bank
maintain stocks of one currencies in the form of
balances with banks

15. Determination of foreign Exchange
Interest Rate
Inflation Rate
Government budget deficit or surplus
Political condition

16. Foreign Exchange Risk
 Exposure to exchange rate movement.
 Any sales or purchase of foreign currency
entails foreign exchange risk.
 Foreign exchange transaction affected the
net asset or net liability position of the
buyer/seller.
 Carrying net assets or net liability position
in any currency gives rise to exchange risk.