1. Biology Exam IV
Final: Monday, 12/9
75% new material
25% old

2. Self quizes
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•
•
•
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22 evolution
27 Bacteria 27
28 protist
31 fungi
viruses

3. Viruses

4. Horizontal transmission of
a plant viral disease could
be caused by
Insects as vectors carrying virus
particles between plants

5. RNA viruses require their
own supply of certain
enzymes because
Host cells do not have enzymes
available that can replicate the viral
genome

6. R plasmid
Contains genes for antibiotic
resistance and for sex pili

7. Transposition differs from
other mechanisms of genetic
recombination because it
Scatters genes to new loci in the
genome

8. An operon codes for an
amino acid. If the regulation
of this operon is like that of
the trp operon
The amino acid acts as a corepressor

9. A mutation that makes the
regulatory gene of an
inducible operon nonfunction
would result in
Continuous transcription of the
operon’s genes

10. Which information
transfer is catalyzed by
reverse transcriptase?
RNA -> DNA

11. Which characteristic is
common to BOTH bacteria
and viruses?
Nucleic acid as genetic material

12. Which of the following
processes would never
contribute to genetic
variation within a bacterial
population?
meiosis

13. During conjugation
between an Hfr cell and
an F- cell
Genes from the Hfr cell may replace
the genes of the F- cell by
recombination

14. Emerging viruses arrive by
All of the above
a)
b)
c)
Mutation of existing viruses
The spread of existing viruses to
new host species
Broader dissemination of an
existing virus within the current
host population

15. A certain mutation in E coli
makes the lac operator
unable to bind to the active
repressor. How would this
affect the cell?
The cell would wastefully produce the
enzymes for lactose metabolism
continuously, even in the absence of
lactose

16. Gram-negative
• meningococcal
menintus
• Thin cell wall
• outer wall (OM): toxic
to humans
• sensitive to osmotic
pressure
• antibiotic tolerant
• thin peptidoglycan layer

17. Gram-positive
• THICK peptidoglycan
layer
• resistant to osmotic
pressure

18. Classify bacteria by habitat
1. halophile
2. coliform: your
digestive tract
3. thermophile
4. acidophile

19. Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
1. obligate aerobe:
require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills
anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can
live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v
photoautotroph

20. Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• M. tuber
1. obligate aerobe:
require O2

21. Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• Cl. tetanic
2. anaerobe

22. Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• E. coli (facultative)
1. obligate aerobe:
require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills
anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can
live with O2 and not

23. Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• cyanobacteria
(photoautotroph)
1. obligate aerobe:
require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills
anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can
live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v
photoautotroph

24. capsule: sugar material that covers cell
wall
• Strep pyroxenes, H.
influenza
• protect against
phagocytosis
• protect against
desiccation
• allow adherence

25. fimbriae & pili: attachment purpose
structures
• pile: used for
conjugation (sexual
reproduction)

26. slime layer: sticky matrix of
polysaccharides that protects the
bacteria
• Streptococcus mutans
cause tooth decays

27. taxis: movement toward or away from
stimulus

28. internal/genome structure of bacteria
• one chromosome (DNA)
• no organelles
• plasma membrane
carries out metabolic
processes
• Some bacteria have
additional genomes,
circular DNA, plasmids

29. binary fission: similar to mitosis
• one bacteria splits to
two
• mitosis: split nucleus

30. endospore
• anthrax (Bacillus
anthracis)

31. endospore
• botulism

32. endospore
• tetanus

33. endospore
• gas gangrene
(Clostridium perfringen)

34. classify bacteria via nutritional intake
1.
2.
3.
4.
photoautotrophy
chemoautotrophy
photoheterotrophy
chemoheterotrophy

35. photoautotrophy
• energy from sunlight
• carob from CO2

36. chemoautotrophy
• energy from inorganic
molecules like sulfur
• carbon from CO2

37. photoheterotrophy
• carbon from organic
sources (other
organisms)

38. chemoheterotrophy
• energy and CO2 from
organic sources

39. eubacteria aka “bacteria”
• cell wall made of
peptidoglycan

40. Archaea
• cell wall made of
pseudomurein

41. methanogen
• anaerobic Archae
• remove excess
hydrogen, O2

42. symbiotic categories
1. mutualism
2. commensalism
3. parasitism

43. Genus of bacterial diseases!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Borelia
Treponema
Staphylococcus
Mycobacterium
Yersinia
Neisseria
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Lyme
syphilis
toxic shock (MRSA)
tuberculosis
plague
gonorrhea

44. Lyme
• Borelia

45. syphilis
• Treponema

46. MRSA
• Staphylococcus

47. tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium

48. plague
1. Bubonic
2. pneumonic
• Yersinia

49. gonorrhea
• Neisseria

50. exotoxin
• G positive

51. botulin
• exotoxin
• Gram positive

52. tetanus
• exotoxin
• Gram positive

53. endotoxin
• Gram negative
• you get more sick
• bacteria has outer
membrane

54. Gram-positive
• EXOtoxin

55. Gram-negative
• ENDOtoxin
• have outer membrane

56. Gram
• exotoxin
– made of G positive
– botulin and tetanin are
examples
– can elicit immune
response 
– can be vaccinated
against 
• endotoxin
– made of G-negative
– made of outer
membrane (OM)
– are released when
bacteria die
– does NOT elicit an
immune response 
– you get more sick 
– vaccination is difficult 

57. Chlamydomonas
• eyespot
• pyrenoid
• protist

58. Diatom
• protist

59. Algae
• photosynthetic protist

60. Protists
• Lecture: Thursday
11/21
•
•
•
•
Cercozoans
Forams
Radiolarians
Amoeba
– 4 clades
• Rhodophyta (red algae)
• Chlorophyta (green
algae)
• Lab 26: slime molds

61. Cerocozoans
• Amoeba-looking cells
• Clade foraminiferans
(“forams”)
• Feed by pseudopodia

62. Phylum: Forams
• shrimp
• Porous, multichambered calcium
carbonate shells called
tests
• Pseudopodia extend
through the pores
• ocean pH
environmental problem:
acidity dissolves tests

63. Forams (importance)
• layers of foram tests in
marine sediments from
limestone and oil deposits
– Egyptian pyramids
• act as carbon reservoir
• used by geologists to
locate oil reserves (oil
explorer)
• used to determine age of
rocks and pas climate

64. forams
• limestone cliff in Dover
England

65. Kingdom: radiolarians
• have silica tests fused
into one piece (like
diatoms)
• pseudopodia are called
axopodia, which radiate
from central body
• only ONE clade

66. Kingdom: amoeba
• have lobe-shaped
pseudopodia (false feet)
rather than threadlike
• do not have tests and
have no shape
• The Blob (film)

67. Four Clades of Amoeba
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold

68. Gymnanoebas
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold
• free living (not disease
causing)
• found in damp,
environmental
conditions (in your guts,
soil, bottom of lakes)

69. Entaamoeba
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold
• generally parasitic 
– ex. Entaamoeba histolytica:
causes dysentery and
organ damage
– Naegleria: cause fatal
encephalitis
• found in warm fresh waters
in southern states
• infections occur via nose
and in summer months
• very rare: you’re more
likely to win the lottery
– E. histolyta in stool: cyst,
trophozoite
– N. fowleri in brain

70. plasmodial slime mold
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold
• spend most life cycle as a
unicellular plasmodium
• made up of thousands of cells
that fuse to ONE giant cell
with many nuclei
• When stressed, plasmodium
develop to sporangia and
produce spores.
• Spores germinate into
biflagellated cells, which act as
gametes or as amoeboid cells.
• Syngamy of gametes produce
new plasmodium.

71. plasmodial slime mold
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold
• Life cycle
1. fruiting body
2. spores released
3. signal: cells come
together and fuse
4. form plasmodium

72. cellular slime mold
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gymnanoebas
Entaamoeba
plasmodial slime mold
cellular slime mold
• cells do NOT fuse; but
they act as one organism
• spends most life cycle as
feeding individual protist
cells
• form pseudopodia (slug)
when food is depleted
• slug develops to fruiting
body to produce spores

73. cellular slime mold
• life cycle
– fruiting bodies
– amoebas
– signal: cells aggregate
and form plasmodium
slime mold; they do NOT
fuse
– they move as one

74. kingdom: Rhodophyta (red algae)
• phycoerythrin (red
pigment) which allowed
Rhodophyta to live in
deeper waters
• Most are large and
multi-cellular
• store sugar as floridean
starch (glycogen) like
humans
• found in tropical waters

75. kingdom: Rhodophyta (red algae)
• Uses
– eaten as food
– agar: food, petri dish
– coralline algae secrete
shells of calcium
carbonate, which form
coral reefs. Algae are
NOT coral. They are part
of the ecosystem that
supports corals.

76. kingdom: chlorophyta (green algae)
1. chlorophylls
2. charophyceans
• have chloroplasts
– chlorophyll a and b
– store sugar in the form
of starch
– have accessory pigments
and stacked thylakoids
– ex. Volva
– ulva (sea lettuce)
– calberna (sea feather)

77. Slides: slime mold
1. endamoeba histolytica
2. foraminisera
3. trypanosome
gambienso nasco
4. paramecium
5. plasmodium
6. radiolarian ooze
tropical pacific