EVS-naturalresources.pptx

Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course
18AECU02-Environmental Studies
(III Yr / V Sem)
Session-6: Natural Resources
Day: VI / Period: 2
Date:29.08.2020 / Time: 11.00 am - 12.00 pm
Dr K Aravinthan, Department of Physics,
PSGCAS

WHAT IS NATURAL
RESOURCE?
 Forests
 Water
 Minerals
 Food
 Cultivars
 Energy
 Land

WHAT IS NATURAL
RESOURCE?
Definition/Meaning:
The environment is everything which surrounds on
organism and influences its life in many ways. It includes
physical and biological components. The physical
components of the environment are soil, water, air, light
and temperature (Abiotic components). The plants and
animals are collectively referred to as Biotic components.
All these components work together, interact and modify
the effect of one another. The basic need of life are fulfilled
by minerals present in the nature. These are referred to as
Natural Resources.
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IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
Least wastage and maximum economicadvantage.
resources at minimum
Availability of natural
transportation cost.
Selection of industrial zone.
Integral use of Natural Resources to obtain long term
Economic advantages. (eg., proper plan to utilize timber
from forest for long period of time)
To achieve multipurpose advantages. (eg., dam
construction on a river serves for protection against the
flood, proper irrigation project, development of fishing
industry, electricitygeneration.
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CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
1. Based on Origin:
a. BIOTIC: (living organisms)
b. ABIOTIC: (non livingorganisms)
2. Based on Availability:
a. Inexhaustible: (replenishes naturally)
b. Exhaustible: (replenishing process is extremelyslow) 3.
Based on Distribution:
c. Omni present: (found everywhere)
d. Location based: (found at some specific locations only)
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4. BASED ON
SOURCE:
a. Water Resources
b. Forest Resources
c. Mineral Resources
d. Marine Resources
5. Based on Chemical Composition:
a. organic: (vegetables, animals, bacteria, mineral oil)
b. Inorganic: (Air, water, minerals)
c. mixed: (land)
Continue…
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A.
FORESTS
The earth’s land area where the vegetations are grown
naturally in groups is known as a forest. Vegetations
means trees, shrubs, creepers or any woody vegetations
having a closedcanopy.
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CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN
FORESTS
1. Evergreen forests
2. Deciduous forests
3. Dry forests
4. Mountain or Hillforests
5. Tidal forests
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REASONS FOR
DEFORESTATION
1. For obtaining raw materials forindustry.
2. Forobtaining timber for furnitureand construction work.
3. For obtaining firewood.
4. For developing the mineralindustry.
5. For constructing projects onrivers.
6. For expanding Agricultural land.
7. For the purpose of constructing theroads.
8. For establishing industries.
9. For the construction of railwaytracks.
10. Humanaccommodation.
11. Over grassing of forest by livestocks.
12. Destruction by insects andpests.
13. Forest fires.
14. Extreme weatherconditions.
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THREATS ASSOCIATED WITH
DEFORESTATION:
1. Increase in the possibilities of flashfloods.
2. Decrease in the rainfall.
3. Increase in the atmospherictemperature.
4. Increase in the amount of soilerosion.
5. Migration of tribal population leads to mentalfrustration.
6. Extinction of some useful medicinal species.
7. Shelterproblem for forestanimalswill increase.
8. Problem of urbanization willarise.
9. Atmosphere will becomeadverse.
10. Desertification of forests and agriculturalland.
11. Forestdwellerswill have a problemof survival.
12. Decrease in the population of animalspecies.
13. Increased chancesof cyclonedue toclimate change.
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NEED AND MEASURES OF FOREST
CONSERVATION:
Needs:
1. To maintain equilibrium in Ecosystem.
2. To maintain Bio-diversity.
Measures:
3. Forest fires should be prevented.
4. Use of pesticides to eliminate the risk of pests.
5. Plantation of resistant varieties.
6. Replacements of trees (aforestation)
7. Replacing the fire woods by biogas and solar cooker.
8. Implementation of social forestry programmes.
9. Aforestation programmes should be undertaken on wastelands.
10. Trees of aesthetic value should be planted.
11. Renewal of forest crops.
12. Reforestation by suitable monoculture.
13. Unwanted felling of trees should be restricted.
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WHAT IS
BIODIVERSITY?
diversity is that part of nature which
“Biological
includes the differences in genes among the
individuals of aspecies.”
It deals with the degree of nature’s variety in the
biosphere. Thisvarietycan be observed at three levels:
1. thegeneticvariabilitywith in the species
2. varietyof species with in thecommunity
3.organization of species in an area into distinctive
plant and animalcommunities.
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FORESTS AS A
RESERVOIR OF
BIODIVERSITY.
E.P. Odum: “the vegetations created without ploughing
and animals which are not considered as tamed
animals are the speciesof forests.”
Biodiversity in India:
1. 350 mammals
2. 1200 birds
3. 20000 insects and bacteria
note: 55 mammals, 38 birds and 18 reptiles are on the
verge of extinction.
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CONTINUE
…Forests are the source of timber, bamboo, sandal wood,
vegetations, fodder for animals, medicinal plants, and
crippers.
Forests provides ecosystems for wild animals like, Lions,
Tigers, Leopards, wild Donkeys and various types of birds
and reptiles. Thus, forests can be considered as a reservoir
of biodiversity.
Services provided byforests:
1. Watershed protection
2. Atmosphericregulation
3. Erosion control
4. Food , fuel wood, charcoal, poles, timber, medicines
5. Livelihood for dwelling peoples. (marketuse)
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B.
WATER Uses of Water:
1. Use of water in Agriculturaland
Industrial activities.
2. Drinking and Washing
purposes.
3. Vital for Fishing Industry.
4. Marine transportation.
5. Electricitygeneration.
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WATER
CYCLE
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SOURCES OF WATER: (WATER
SHEDS) Rain
Underground water Surfacewater Evaporation water
Wells
Stream
1. Artesian
Stream
2. GravityStream
3. SurfaceStream
DugWells Shallow
Wells
Deep
Wells
Tube
Wells
Artesian
Wells
Tanks Sea Rivers Lakes Lakes
or and and formed
Ocean Streams Ponds bycollected
Water
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TYPES OF
WELLS:
1. Shallowwells:
- 2 to 6 mts. Diameter
- Half or Full Built up (brickwalls)
- 7 to 15 mts. Depth
- used for householdpurposes
2. DeepWells:
- made of cement pipes(format)
- 20 to 40 mtsdepth
- 0.6 to0.9 mtsdiameter
- purewaterready tosupplydirectly
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3. TUBE
WELLS:
- 60 to 300 mtsdepth
- 0.5 to 1.3 mtsdiameter
- 40 to 50 liters persecond water flow
- Waterused forgardening orwatersupply todistantplace
- Purification is necessary
4. Artesian Wells:
- Constructed invalleyor hillyareas
- Water pump is notrequired
- Purification of water isnecessary
5. Dug Wells:
- Similar to Shallowwells
- Digging toolsand spades are used todug thesewells
- Parapet wall of 1 mt. height isconstructed
- Well is surrounded by insideslope
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DAMS AND ITS SOCIAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS:
Advantages of Dams:
1. Helps in water supply inSummer.
2. Blocking the water flow towardsSea.
3. For forming artificial lakes to maintaindailywater
supply.
4. Helps in irrigation and electricitygeneration.
5. Useful in creating Ecosystems for Birds andAquatic
Animals.
6. Useful to farmers toyield multiplecrops in ayear.
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PROBLEMS CAUSED BY
DAMS:
1. Fragmentation and Physical Transformation ofrivers.
2. Serious impact on river-lineEcosystem.
3. Social consequencesof largedamsdue todisplacementof
peoples.
4. Water logging and selinization of the surroundingland.
5. Dislodging animal population, damaging their habitat and
cutting of their migratoryroutes.
6. Disruption of fishing and water- waytraffic.
7. emissionof green housegasesdue to rotting of vegetation.
8. Serious impact on tribalpeople.
9. failure in achieving the targeted objectives and high cost.
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IMPACT OF OVER UTILIZATION OF
WATER:
1. Water scarcity specially insummer.
2. Wastage of Water may lead to blockage ofdrainage
line, water pollution, Air pollution and Virulent
disease orepidemics.
3. Economic lossdue tooverusageof Water.
4.It may be considered as Crimeor Offence in thecourt
of Almighty.
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RECHARGING AND CONSERVATION OF
WATER:
1. Construction of small Dams and artificial lakes for the water storage
purpose.
2. Constructionof ponds forthe purposeof storing rain water.
3. Grow more trees to increase thechances of Rain.
4. Economical use of water. (avoid waterwastage)
5. Try to reuse the water.E.g:
1. Waterused for bathing can be reused forvegetation
in theveranda.
2. Reuseof water by spraying iton dustyroads toprevent
small particles to mix withair.
6. Use based watercharges forcontrolling waterusage.
7. After purification of Dirty water it should be used in farms or grass
lands.
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MINERALS:
A mineral is a naturallyoccurring substanceof definite
composition and identifiable physicalproperties.
Coal, natural gas and mineraloil
Metals like iron, copper, silver, aluminum,manganese
and other valuablestones.
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CLASSIFICATION OF
MINERALS:
1. Energy Providing Minerals: Coal, Natural Gasand
Mineral oil etc.
2. Valuable Minerals: Gold, Silver andDiamond.
3. Minerals Useful in Construction Work:Stones,
Marbles, Limeetc.
4. Industrial Minerals: Iron, Copper, Manganese,
aluminumetc.
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MINERAL RESOURCES OF
INDIA:
Mineral Name Quantity (‘000 tons) Mineral Name Quantity (‘000 tons)
Copper 5393 Fire Clay 445
Lime stone 66900 Celica 1139
Manganese 1363 Canite 38
Lead- Zink 43- 138 Steatite 390
Bauxite 4773 Dolomite 2505
Chromite 939 Mica 4
Asbestos 26 Gypsum 1657
Pyrite 94 Iron 53700
Gold 1983 kg Lignite 13900
Diamond 18000 carets Magnetite 544
Silver 33 Silmenite 17
Falspar 46837 Barytes 707
Salt 3 Tugsten 22
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EXPLOITATION OF
MINERALS:
Minerals are recovered by the process of mining. It is
the physical removal of minerals from thecrustof the
earth.
Methods of mining:
A. Surface Mining:
1. Open pit mining: For obtaining Lime-stone, sandstone,
marble, granite, micaetc.
2. Dredging: ToObtain the underwater Mineral deposits.
3. Strip mining: Useof big digging tools toobtain the minerals
from theore.
B.Underground Mining: By making big Holes into the
earth’s surface to bring out the minerals lying in thedeep
earth ore.
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IMPACT OF MINES AND MINERALS ON
ENVIRONMENT:
1. Air pollution by the emission of Sulphur Dioxide and
Nitrogen Monoxide (SO2 and NO) during the mining
process.
2. Various typesof diseases arisesdue toairpollution.
3. Possibility of Acid Rain due toToxicsubstances in theair.
4. Increase in Noise pollution due to the useof Heavy
machineries in mining process.
5. Emission of Radon and Thorone in the UraniumMines.
6. When water flows from mines, therewill be Water
Pollution.
7. Polluted water obtained from the Natural oilwells may
create Land pollution.
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CONSERVATIONOF
MINERALS:
Recycling: Reusing of useless articles byadopting
proper processes forthem.
Reusing: Reusing the Articlesagain and again.( glass
bottles)
Decrease consumption: Minimizing therequirements
of certain mineralsand reducing thewastage.
Substitution: Try to find the Substitute ofthe
Minerals.
Useof Waste: the Wastageof some industriescan be
used as Raw materials in otherIndustries.
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FOOD
Anysubstanceor thing which is able tosatisfyappetite
to meet the physiological needs forgrowth to maintain
all body processes and to supply essential energy
required for maintaining body temperature and
activity.
Chapatti, rice, bread, butter, fruits, vegetables, milk,
edibleoil, etcare the routineexamplesof food.
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FUNCTIONS OF
FOOD:
Itprovides energy tododay todaywork and maintains
body temperature.
Itprovides nutrients for thedevelopmentand the
growth of thebody.
Itprovides substances toreplace thecataboliccells by
newcellsor toappropriately repair thedamaged cells.
Itprovides substances for the proper functioning of
the reproductivesystem.
It regulates bodyactivities toensure longitivityof life
and body.
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COMPONENTS OF FOOD AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS:
Element/
component
Daily
requirement
Function Sources
1. Carbohydrates 500 gms. Energy and Temperatureof
the body ismaintained
Grains, potatoes,
sugar, banana,
carrot, honey, etc
2. Fats 50 gms. Important for the
development of cellsand
building tissues.
Clarified butter,
edible oil, milk,
butter, eggs,etc
3. Proteins 100 gms. Necessary for the growth
and development of body
tissues.
Cereals, milk,
curd, cheese,
meat, fishes,and
eggs.
4. Water 2.5 liters Essential for the bio-
chemical process inthe
body.
Water
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5. Salt (minerals) 0.7 gm. Security against damageand
strengthens bones.
Grains, cereals,
salt
6. Vitamins 0.6 gm Useful for bio chemical
processes, health,growth
Milk, butter,
vegetables,eggs
and meat
7. Roughage Rarely
taken
It is useful for proper
digestion and bowel’s
movement.
Chaff of grains.
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IMPORTANCE OF
VITAMINS:
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FOOD
PRESERVATION:
Meaning: Food preservation is the process of
treating and handling food to stop or slow
down food spoilage, loss of quality, edibility, or
nutritional value and thus allow for
longer food storage.
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IMPORTANCE OF FOOD
PRESERVATION:
1. Increasing the self-life of foods thus increasing the supply. So
many perishable foods can be preserved for a long time.
2. Making the seasonal food available throughout the year.
3. Adding variety to the diet.
4. Saving time by reducing preparation time and energy, as the
food has already been partially processed.
5. Stabilizing prices of food, as there is less scope of shortage of
supply to demand.
6. Decreasing wastage of food by preventing decay or spoilage of
food.
7. Improving the nutrition of the population. Preserved foods help
people to bring a variety in the diet, thereby decreasing
nutritional inadequacies.
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METHODS OF FOOD
PRESERVATION/ FOOD
PROCESSING:
Drying:
The mostancient food of preservation methods, drying isa
great way of preserving herbs, fruits, vegetables and meats.
Since the beginning of timepeople have let sun and nature
take care of drawing moisture out of foods. This practice is
used throughout the world. For example, Southern Italy is
known fordrying tomatoes while India is known fordrying
chilies, mangos and a host ofspices.
Todry herbs, simply tie them togetherand hang in a sunny
spot away from any humidity. Todry fruits or vegetables,
set them out on a clean surface and keep them in the sun
for a few weeks (this only works well in dry, warm
climates). A more modern method of drying is to use an
electric dehydrating machine.
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Canning:
In order to can foods, you need heat. The canning
techniquewas developed bya French chemistduring 1795
and was used to preserve food for Napoleon's army.
Canning is a popularwayof preserving fruits, vegetables
and meats.
Both cans and glass jars are suitable for canning. The
important thing will be to sterilize your recipients in
simmering water for a few minutes (this includes lids).
Then they will be ready to be filled with things like jam.
After filling, place the lid on firmly but not too tight. To
finalize the process lower the jars into a pot full of water,
coverand bring toa boil. Process forabout 10 minutes. Pull
the jars out of the hotwaterand letcool. Theywill vacuum
seal as theycool. Cooking times vary perrecipe.
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Freezing:
In theolden days, peoplewould carry ice down from a
neighboring mountain. Of course, now we useelectric
freezers to preserve our foods. Freezing changes the
texture of most fruits and some vegetables but meats
and fish fair well. In the summer time, you may want
to freeze your berries so that you have them available
forsmoothiesor baking later in theyear.
The best way to do this is freeze fruit in batches (the
same method would apply tovegetables). For instance,
scatter fresh berries on a baking tray and put it in the
freezer. After they have frozen solid, put them in a bag.
This will avoid clumpsof berries thatare impossible to
separate withoutthawing.
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Pickling:
The main difference between this category and
canning is that you need two things for pickling: salt
and acid. Pickling requires you soak your produce,
most famously cucumbers, in a brine with salt. When
they have pickled for the desired amount of time you
transfer them to a jar full of vinegar. At this point you
can use thecanning method toproduceavacuumseal,
if youwish.
A bonus of pickling is that it does not change the
texture too much. The vegetables undergo a
fermentation process, which also results in avitamin
boost. Pickled vegetables are known for having an
increased level of vitamin B6.
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Salting:
Salting is a sub category of the drying method. The
main difference here is that salt is added to products,
mainly meat and fish, to draw out moisture. This
lowers the bacteria content and makes food adaptable
for lateruse. Adding salt toanimal protein turns it into
a bit leathery. Popular foods made in this tradition are
beef jerky and dry saltedcod.
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ADVANTAGES OF FOOD
PROCESSING:
 The food minerals can be preserved with in the food,
it will not getspoiled.
 Helps in maintaining the food supply forwhole year.
 It is easy to transport the processed food to the
distant places of the country.
 It helps in maintaining the basicnutritional
components.
 It is easy to store and distribute the packed
processed food.
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DISADVANTAGES OF FOOD
PROCESSING:
Due to processing the Quantityof the food gets
reduced.
Slight reduction in the nutritional level in the stored
or processed food.
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CULTIVARS
57% of Indian population is engaged with the
Agricultural activities.
India possesses the diversity in the field of cultivars.
Different states of India are having specialization in
specific crop.
From the last 2 decades theagricultural facilitiesare
expanding. (irrigation, farming tools, equipments,
scientific farming)
Thecropyield obtained from theagricultural land are
known as Cultivars.
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Monoculture/ single type ofcrop
yield
Diversity/ multi type of cropyield
One crop in oneyear. Morethan onecropcan be taken in a
year.
Cropyield depends on the rain water. One crop is based on rain water, while
the others are depended on irrigation
facilities.
Noexpenses towardsobtaining water by
farmers.
Higher expenditure for obtainingwater.
(irrigation)
Sufficient time is available to regain the
lost fertility of land.
When the process of landreclamation
is going on, the agricultural activity
must bestopped.
No or lessrain will lead tocrop failure. In thecaseof less rain, thealternative is
available in the form of irrigation.
The fertility of the land is notlost
rapidly.
The land fertility drains veryfrequently.
Less income to the farmersas the land
remains uncultivated for nearly 8
months.
Farmers earns more as the land
provides crops for almost 12months.
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FERTILIZERS
The substance which brings an improvement in the
productivity of the land and which is also helpful in
bringing up vegetation is calledfertilizer.
The Fertilizers can bedivided in to twoparts
A. Chemical or mineral Fertilizers
B. Biological or Natural Fertilizers
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A. CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS:
Thecontinuous cropyield will exhaust the level of minerals
(nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium). Toregain
the minerals chemical fertilizers areused.
Characteristics of Chemical Fertilizers:
1. It is soluble inwater.
2. It isdurable.
3. It should not be harmful to theplans.
Types of Chemical Fertilizers:
1. Phosphatic
2. Nitrogenous
3. Phospho-nitrous
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B. BIOLOGICAL
FERTILIZERS:
Classification of Biological Fertilizers:
1. Manures:
It is obtained by decomposition of organicsubstances
and bacteria.
2. Bio Fertilizers:
It includes the micro living organisms in the land which
is used to increase the fertility of the land. It provides
the nitrogenous elements to the plants and vegetation.
The main resource of bio fertilizersare; bacteria, algae
and fungus.
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FORMS OF
MANURES:
1. Farmyard manures: Mixture of crop residues and
excretaof animals. It has all maintenance elements of
land and makes the land fertile.
2. Compost: Decomposition of organic matter by the
micro- organisms: like fungi and bacteria. Toprepare
thecompost, layers of plant materials, cattle dung and
soil are arranged and water is sprinkled to keep it
moisted.
3. Green manures: It consists of fast growing green
plant materials. The leguminous and the non
leguminous plants are planted on the same land. The
process is called greenmanuring.
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MANURES VS. BIO
FERTILIZERS
Manures Bio Fertilizers
It is semi rotten or decayed organic
substance, which is added to thesoil.
It is a living formation which
increases the fertility of the soilby
microbial process.
This fertilizer providesnutrient
elements (such as organic and
inorganic) to thesoil.
It provides inorganic elements tothe
soil. When the living species of this
fertilizer are dead, it provides the
organic elements in someextent.
This fertilizers keep the soil in its
proper form and forms theaeration
and hydration in appropriate
proportion in soil.
It does not keep thesoil in the proper
form.
These fertilizers are not available in
the sufficient necessary quantity for
theagriculture.
These fertilizers are available in the
sufficient necessary quantity for the
agriculture.
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DRIP
IRRIGATION:
Drip irrigation or trickle irrigation is an irrigation
method which saves water and fertilizer by allowing
water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either on to
thesoil surfaceordirectlyon to the rootzone, through
a network of valves, pipes, tubes, andemitters.
There are certain advantagesand disadvantagesof this
irrigation method whichare:
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ADVANTAGES OF DRIP
IRRIGATION
1. Minimizes the use of fertilizers.
2. High water applicationefficiency.
3. Leveling of the field notnecessary.
4. Ability to irrigate irregular shapedfields.
5. Moisturewithin the root zone can be maintained at
field capacity.
6. Minimized soil erosion.
7. Highly uniform distribution ofwater.
8. Lower labourcost.
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DISADVANTAGES OF DRIP
IRRIGATION
1. High initial cost.
2. The sun can affect the longetivityof the tubes
used in the dripirrigation.
3. Clogging problem will arise.
4. Drip tape causes extra clean up costs after
harvest.
5. If not installed properly, then it may createwaste
of water, time and harvest.
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PESTICIDE
S:Pesticides are poisons used to kill pests.
We use pesticides to kill off pests that hurts us,
animals or plants. Farmers first used them to kill
off bugs and weeds because they have big fields.
After a while the cities and towns started using
them.
Pests don’t have to be just bugs they can be
weeds, diseases that kill plants, and other animals
such as rats or mice.
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At least three million people are poisoned by
pesticides every year.
25 million agricultural workers are poisoned every
year.
More than 200,000 people die each year from
pesticides
Half of all pesticides are used on the five main
crops- cereals, corn/maize, rice, cotton and soya.
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BENEFITS OF
PESTICIDES:
1. It helps in increasing theyield of cropplants.
2. Application of pesticides may be beneficial inPublic
Health Programmes. (e.g. for controlling the growth
of mosquitoes causing malaria, yellow fever, etc.
houseflies, lice, cockroaches, poisonous insects,etc.
3. It helps in controlling the pestscausing damage to
animals, stored food, books, wooden articles,etc.
4. Pesticides arealso used to protectstored food grains
in godowns.
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DISADVANTAGES OF
PESTICIDES;
1. Along with the harmful pests, it mayalso damage the
crops orplants.
2. It maycause thedamage to the bacteria which are useful
for the growth ofplants.
3. Itcauses thedamage to the health of the person who is
spraying it in thefield.
4. Some pesticidesareable to mixwith theairand may
pollute theatmosphere.
5. The durable poisonous pesticides may cause the water
pollutionas itcan flow with thewaterand mixes to the
waterresources.
6. Some types of pesticides mayenter into the food chain
and can harm the humanhealth.
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ENERGY
Meaning:
o Energy is the amount of force or power when
applied can moveoneobject from one position to
another.
o Energy defines the capacityof a system todowork.
o Energy exists in everybody whether they are
human beings or animals or nonliving things. eg:
Jet, Light, Machinesetc..
o Energy is intimately related topower.
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o According to the law of conservation of energy,any
form of energy can be converted into another
form, the total energywill remain the same.
o For example: when you charge your mobile phone
the electrical energy is converted into the chemical
energy which gets stored inside thebattery.
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ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
Energy and environment have a strong
relationship. The production and consumptionof
energy is one of the biggest causes of
environmental damage onearth.
It leads to large amounts of destruction ofnatural
landscapes and habitants through the process of
fuel extraction, pollution of soil, climate change,
etc.
Energy is at the heart of many of the world’s
current environmental problems, and possesmany
problems for the sustainabledevelopment.
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RENEWABLE
ENERGY
Renewable energy is energy which is generated
from natural sources i.e. sun, wind, rain, tidesand
can be generated again and again as and when
required.
They are available in plenty and by far most the
cleanestsources of energyavailable on this planet.
Renewable technologies are suitedto
large-scale production
small off grid applications
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 Main forms of renewableenergy
 Wind energy
 Hydroenergy
 Solarenergy
 Bio-fuel
 Geothermal energy
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WIND POWER
 Airflows can be used to run windturbines.
 Areas where winds are stronger and more
constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites,
are preferred locations for windfarms.
 wind energy is believed to be five times total
current global energy production, or40 times
current electricitydemand.
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 This could require large amounts of land to be
used for wind turbines, particularly in areas of
higher wind resources. Offshore resources
experience wind speeds of ~90% greater thanthat
of land.
 Wind powerproduces nogreenhouse gases during
operation, and power is growing at therate of 30%
annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of
157,900 MW.
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SOLAR ENERGY
 Solarenergy is the energyderived from the sun
through the form of solarradiation.
 Solar powered electrical generation relies on
photovoltaic and heat engines. A partial list of
othersolarapplications includeday lighting, solar
hot water, solar cooking and high temperature
process heat for industrial purposes.
 Solar technologies are broadly characterized as
either passive solar or active solar depending on
theway they capture, convertand distribute solar
energy.
PSGCAS

Active solar techniques include the use of
photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectorsto
harness theenergy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a
building to the Sun, selecting materials with
favourable thermal mass or light dispersing
properties, and designing spaces thatnaturally
circulateair.
PSGCAS

ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
 Wideavailability
 Lower running cost
 Decentralized powerproduction
 Low pollution
 Available for the foreseeablefuture
PSGCAS

DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE
RESOURCES:
 Unreliable supply
 Usually produced in small quantities
 Often very difficult tostore
 Currently perunitcostof energy is morecompared
to othertypes
PSGCAS

NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
 A nonrenewable resource is a natural
resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown
at a scale comparable to its consumption.
 NUCLEAR ENERGY
 COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS
 FOSSIL FUELS
PSGCAS

NUCLEAR ENERGY, COAL, PETROLEUM, AND
GAS
 Nuclear fission uses uranium tocreateenergy.
 Nuclearenergy is a nonrenewable resource because
once the uranium is used, it is gone!
 Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered
nonrenewable because theycan not be replenished in
a short periodof time. These are called fossilfuels.
PSGCAS

 When coal is burnt itproducescarbon dioxide that
causes globalwarming.
 Sincecoal contains impurities like S and N, it produces
toxic gases during burning which causes acid rain and
air pollution.
 Traces of mercuryand radioactivecompoundsarealso
released when coal isburned.
 Severe human health threat.(lungdisease)
DISADVANTAGES OF NON-
RENEWABLE RESOURCES:
PSGCAS

ADVANTAGES OF NON-
RENEWABLE RESOURCES:
 Available in highly concentrated form
 Easy tostore
 Reliablesupply
 Lowercostperunitof energy produced as the
technology is matured
PSGCAS

LAND
 Uses of Land:
1. For Residential and for Constructionpurpose.
2. For the construction of roads.
3. For Agricultural and for Gardeningpurpose.
4. For creating Forests.
5. For the construction of big Industrial Units.
6. For preparing canal and waterresources.
 Misuses of Land:
1. Destruction of forests.
2. Unused grass land.
3. Non planned urbanization.
4. Excess use of chemicalfertilizers.
5. Use of land for mineral industries.

SOIL PROTECTION:
1. Avoid Soil erosion.
2. Avoid Watercongestion.
3. Waterslopon the slope has to becontrolled to
minimum speed.
4. Watershould beabsorbed in the soil with a slow
speed.
5. Control thewind velocity bygrowing more trees.
6. Constructthedrain of such a breadth that the soil
particles may be kept tostick oneanother.
PSGCAS

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS:
 Igneous rocks: This kind of rocks are formed by the
frizzing of “Lava” fluid having minerals. E.g., Granite,
Benzalt, Quartz, Felsparetc.
 Sedimentary rocks: This types of rocks areformed by
chemical and physical decomposition of rocks. E.g.,
sandy stone, dolomiteetc.
 Distorted rocks: This typeof rocksare formed by the
conversion of rocks, into some distort form due to the
internal heat of the rocks or pressure: E.g., salt,
marble, gneiss, etc.
PSGCAS

IMPORTANCE OF LAND IN INDIA:
 India is an Agricultural Economyand it is inevitable to
have Agricultural activities without proper usage of
available land resource.
 60% of the land in India is either cultivable or non
cultivable in which 1/3 of which is not proper forcrop-yield
due to soil erosion and less mineral content in the land.
 1/3 land is having lessproductivity.
 So we haveonly 1/3 land available forcropyield.
 Due todeforestation the problem of soil erosion is
increasing day byday.
 Toincrease the crop production, we have to use scientific
farming techniquesand will have to look for the solutions
towards soil erosion.
PSGCAS

STEPS TO CONSERVE THE LAND:
1. Waste land reclamation. (convert the noncultivable
land into cultivableland)
2. Adopting diversity by the useof proper irrigation
technique.
3. The Agricultural lands should bekept reserved for
the Agricultural useonly.
4. Use of Hybrid seedsshould be promoted to maintain
the fertility of the land for longperiod.
5. Grow more trees to avoid soilerosion.
6. Farmers should be given advicesafterproper testing
of the land minerals.
PSGCAS

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