National Research Results: How Colleges Nationwide Are Handling Captioning

1
National Research Results: How
Colleges Nationwide Are Handling
Captioning
Dr. Katie Linder
Research Director
Oregon State University Ecampus
Kathryn.Linder@oregonstate.edu
www.3playmedia.com
twitter: @3playmedia
live tweet: #a11y
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Lily Bond (Moderator)
3Play Media
Director of Marketing
lily@3playmedia.com

National Research Results: How Colleges
Nationwide are Handling Captioning
Presented by:
Dr. Katie Linder, Research Director
kathryn.linder@oregonstate.edu
Tweet using:
@ecresearchunit
@Katie__Linder
@3playmedia

Presentation Objectives
• An outline of the study recruitment and procedures
• Data & results from the study including:
• Whether institutions are prioritizing captioning
• How institutions are budgeting for closed captioning
• Whether captioning efforts are being centralized
• The people and departments involved in captioning decisions
• Whether colleges & universities are meeting legal requirements for
captioning
• How much captioning is currently being done
• A comparison of captioning practices for face-to-face, online, and
institutional purposes
• Awareness of captioning across campus
• Takeaways from the study
3

Study Origins
4
• Linder, K.E., Fontaine-Rainen, D., & Behling, K. (2015). “Whose
Job Is It?: Key Challenges and Future Directions for Online
Accessibility in U.S. Institutions of Higher Education,” Open
Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance, and e-Learning 30(1):
21-34.
• Behling, K. & Linder, K.E. (2017). “Collaborations Between
Centers for Teaching and Learning and Offices of Disability
Services: Current Partnerships and Perceived Challenges,”
Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability (in press).

Study Research Questions
• What are the solutions (internal and external) being used to
implement captioning across an institution?
• To what extent are institutions implementing captioning as a
campus-wide initiative for courses and programs?
• Are institutional captioning solutions centralized or
decentralized?
• To what extent are institutions implementing captioning
proactively? Reactively?
5

• What are the institutional motivations for implementing
captioning?
• Who are the institutional stakeholders involved in the
implementation of captioning initiatives?
• What are current institutional budgets for captioning?
• Who is the person/unit held responsible for the
implementation of effective captioning (this may not be the
same person/unit that provides the finances for captioning
initiatives)?
6

• What institutional barriers prevent effective implementation of
captioning?
• What other barriers (aside from institutional) prevent effective
implementation of captioning?
• Are there institutions that are implementing captioning
particularly well?
• What does an effective and efficient implementation of
captioning across courses and programs look like?
7

And last but not least…
• Do institutions rely on data or research documenting the
benefits of captioning and transcription to secure funding?
8

Recruitment
• 3,742 institutional representatives received an email
announcing the study (this does not include social media,
listserv, and word-of-mouth recruitment strategies)
• A series of webinars describing the study were held
• For institutions that chose to participate in the study, a link to
the survey instrument was provided
9

Instrument and Procedures
• Institutions outside of the United States were excluded from
the study
• Institutional representatives were asked to complete a 61-item
online survey
• Survey respondents had the option at the end of the survey to
provide their email to be entered into a raffle for one of five
10-hour captioning credits valued by 3Play Media at $1,500
10

Participants
• A total of 54 institutional representatives responded to the
study
• 47 institutions were included in the analysis of the outcomes
after data cleaning procedures were completed
11

Participating Schools Demographics
• Regional accreditor
• Institution type
• Public vs. private
• Part of a larger campus system
• Student enrollment
• Online courses offered
• MOOCs offered
• Student enrollment online
• Full-time and part-time faculty
12

Participating Schools - Regions
13
HLC, 17
MSCHE, 3
NEASC, 3
NWCCU, 6
SACSCOC, 9
WASC, 3
Other, 1
HLC
MSCHE
NEASC
NWCCU
SACSCOC
WASC
Other

Participating Schools – Institution Type
14
Frequency
University, PhD/MD/JD/EdD 21
University, Bachelors and Masters 11
Community College 8
Bachelors but not graduate degrees 2
Two year college 1
Professional school 1
Technical/trade/vocational 0
Other (please describe) 0

Participating Schools – Public vs. Private
15
Public,
81.82%
Private,
18.18%

Participating Schools - Enrollment
16
Frequency Percentage
1,000 or less 1 2.3%
1,001 – 5,000 8 18.2%
5,001 – 10,000 4 9.1%
10,001 –
20,000
12 27.3%
20,001 –
30,000
7 15.9%
30,001 –
40,000
7 15.9%
40,001 –
50,000
4 9.1%
50,000+ 1 2.3%
total 44 100%

Participating Schools - Online Courses
17
None 1 2.3%
1-50 3 6.8%
51-100 8 18.2%
101 or more 17 38.6%
I don't know 14 31.8%
Other 1 2.3%

Participating Schools - Offer MOOCs?
18
No 28 63.6%
Yes 11 25.0%

Participating Schools - Online Enrollment
19
1,000 or less 7 15.9%
1,001 – 5,000 6 13.6%
5,001 – 10,000 5 11.4%
10,001 – 20,000 2 4.5%
20,001 – 30,000 1 2.3%
30,001 – 40,000 0 0%
40,001 – 50,000 0 0%
50,000+ 0 0%

Participating Schools - Faculty
20
3 3
2
1 1 1 1
0
1
3
15
4
2 2
1
5
1 1 1
0 0
8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
50 or
below
51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-300 301-350 351-400 401-450 450-501 501 or
more
Full-time Part-time

Video Creation Guidelines
21
Do any institutional guidelines exist to inform the creation of
videos that will be used at your institution?
13
17
12
18
14
11
8
15
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
Yes No Unsure
Face-to-Face Online Institutional

Video Inventory
22
Does your institution track or inventory in some way the videos
that are created at your institution?
11
19
11
13
16
13
7
16
19
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Yes No Unsure

Who can post videos?
23
Frequency
Designated offices only 18
Any faculty members 13
Designated individuals only 12
Any staff members 12
Any administration members 11
Other 9
Any students 0

Is the approach (including
process, staff, criteria) that is
used to create closed
captioning for a video the
same regardless of whether
the video is produced for
face-to-face traditional
classroom course purposes,
online course purposes, or
institutional purposes?
24
Percentage
Yes 37.5%
No 40%
Unsure 17.5%
Not applicable 5%

At your institution, is closed
captioning ever created for any
videos?
Yes
87%
No
2%
I don't
know
11%
How much captioning is being done?
25

How much captioning is being done?
26
2
0
21
2
13
4
8
15
0
11
3
4
13
2
16
0
5
10
15
20
25
All Most Some None I don't know
For how many videos is closed captioning created?

How many transcripts are created?
27
3
1
15
7
4
3
20
6
2
3
9
8
0
5
10
15
20
25
For all videos For most videos For some videos For no videos

Are colleges and universities meeting
legal requirements for captioning?
28
Federal disability law Section 508 requires that online videos
comply with a set of accessibility standards that requires closed
captions for all pre-recorded videos.
Closed captions are blocks of text usually shown at the bottom
of a video that mirror the spoken audio. They capture not just
speech but also essential sounds, like, for example, [doorbell],
[laughter], or [applause]. They allow the viewer to read the text
and absorb visuals at the same time. Closed captions can be
turned on or off.

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How confident are you that you understand what it means for your
institution to be in compliance with federal and state accessibility laws
regarding closed captioning?
Very unconfident 1 2.1%
Unconfident 3 6.4%
Neither unconfident
not confident
5 10.6%
Confident 18 38.3%
Very confident 20 42.6%

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Which best describes your understanding of what it means for your
institution to be in compliance with federal and state accessibility laws
regarding closed captioning?
We are required to proactively caption all of our videos 24 51.1%
We are required to proactively caption most of our videos 9 19.1%
We are required to provide closed captions only in the
case of a deaf student or if a student makes an
accommodation request
9 19.1%
We are required to proactively caption some of our
videos
4 8.5%
I don't know 1 2.1%
We are not legally required to provide any closed
captions
0 0%

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To what extent do you
believe your institution is
meeting closed captioning
requirements?
not at all,
2.10%
partially
meeting
requiremen…
meeting
requirements,
14.90%
exceeding
requirements,
2.10%
unsure,
2.10%

Why are institutions captioning?
32
Is the creation of closed captions for videos at your institution part of a
campus-wide initiative?
No, 60.50%
Yes, 23.70%
Unsure, 15.80%

Why are institutions captioning?
33
To be in compliance with the law 37 78.72%
To avoid potential litigation 35 74.47%
In response to accommodation requests 33 70.21%
To support the needs of all learners 29 61.70%
To create a learning environment that is aligned
with the mission of the institution
20 42.55%
To be in compliance with institutional policies 14 29.79%
Because research supports a connection
between caption use and positive learning
outcomes
13 27.66%
To address a significant need at our institution 11 23.40%
In response to faculty demand 11 23.40%
In response to student demand that is not
accommodation-related
4 8.51%
Other 0 0.00%

Are institutions monitoring
closed caption compliance?
34
No, 52.60%
Yes, 26.30%
Unsure,
21.10%

Why are institutions NOT captioning?
35
Lack of general awareness 26 55.32%
A budget doesn't exist 23 48.94%
Staffing is inadequate 22 46.81%
Unclear whose responsibility it is 22 46.81%
Don’t have buy-in of administration to caption videos 20 42.55%
It’s too time consuming 19 40.43%
It’s too expensive 18 38.30%
Faculty won’t do it 18 38.30%
Currently not an institutional priority 15 31.91%
We weren’t aware it was something that should be
done
8 17.02%
We don’t know how to do it 7 14.89%
Lack technical capability 6 12.77%
Concerned about copyright infringement 6 12.77%
Other 3 6.38%
This is not a genuine need at our institution 0 0.00%

How are videos prioritized for captions?
36
By request 25 53.19%
Based on whether there exists a need to create
equivalent access
22 46.81%
Based on the purpose for which the video will be used
(i.e., traditional classroom course vs. online course vs.
institutional purposes)
15 31.91%
Based on whether videos are public or only visible to
certain students
15 31.91%
Based on as much as the budget will permit 7 14.89%
Based on course enrollment 6 12.77%
Other 6 12.77%
Based on video popularity 5 10.64%
All videos are captioned 5 10.64%
By course content/subject matter (i.e. certain courses get
priority)
3 6.38%

Have criteria been articulated for what
constitutes effective closed captioning?
37
Yes, 48.90%
No, 36.20%
I don't know,
14.90%

How are the criteria communicated to
potential video creators?
38
Via a Disability Services Office 15 31.91%
Website 13 27.66%
Written Policy 8 17.02%
Via a Technology Support Office 8 17.02%
Via a Pedagogical Support Office
(e.g. a Center for Teaching and
Learning)
6 12.77%
Via Faculty Leadership 5 10.64%
Other 5 10.64%

Do formal guidelines exist to inform the
closed captioning of videos?
39
15
14
10
14
15
9
14
8
16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Yes No Unsure

Are closed caption guidelines systematically
communicated to potential video creators?
40
6
7
0
3
10
2
3
4
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Yes No Unsure

Who decides whether to create captions?
41
28
6
2
3
2
1
8
17
9
4
6
20
10
5
1 1
0
9
19
5
4
15
7
9
3
6
7
1
5
3
0
12
18
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
ODS OIT Provost VP of SA CIO CDO Deans or
Chairs
Faculty Students I don't
know
Other

Who decides which caption solution to use?
42
18
9
2
1 1
0
4
10
3
0
4
17
12
4
1 1
0
5
14
3
1
16
4
9
1
4
3
0
4
3
1
3
9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
ODS OIT Provost VP of SA CIO CDO Deans or
Chairs
Faculty Students I don't
know
Other

Who creates the captions?
43
14
8
3
13
17
3
0
3
18
8
3
11
19
5
1
6
13
7
3
4
14
2 2
6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
The creator
of the video
Staff who are
dedicated to
captioning
Office of
Information
Technology
Office of
Disability
Services
A third party,
external to
the institution
Automated
software
I don't know Other

Who ensures the quality of captions?
44
Office of Disability Services 22 46.81%
The creator of the video 21 44.68%
Staff who are dedicated to closed
captioning
18 38.30%
A third party outside of this
institution
18 38.30%
Office of Information Technology 8 17.02%
No one is designated to do this 7 14.89%
Other 5 10.64%
Automated software 3 6.38%

How are institutions budgeting for captions?
45
$0 4 10.5%
$1-$10,000 7 18.4%
$10,001 - $50,000 6 15.8%
$50,001 - $100,000 2 5.3%
>$100,000 1 2.6%
What is your institution's budget for closed captioning?

How are institutions budgeting for captions?
46
In your institution, where is the budget for closed captioning housed?
Disability Services 12 31.6%
In more than one office or department 8 21.1%
Information Technology 5 13.2%
Other 5 13.2%
Academic Affairs 3 7.9%
Student Affairs 0 0%

What factors inform the budget?
47
The number of students who request
accommodation that requires captioning
18 38.30%
Our accessibility budget as a whole 12 25.53%
The amount of video content 8 17.02%
Other 6 12.77%
Legal considerations 5 10.64%
Enrollment 2 4.26%
Other data from within this institution 2 4.26%
Data from outside of this institution 0 0.00%

Are closed captioning efforts
centralized or decentralized?
48
No aspects of captioning are centralized 20 42.55%
A centralized policy exists for captioning 13 27.66%
A centralized operations team exists for
captioning 11 23.40%
A centralized budget exists for
captioning 9 19.15%
I don't know about centralization of
captioning at my institution 3 6.38%

Are caption efforts
49
When you think about implementation of closed captioning across your
entire institution, to what extent is it systematic?
Not at all systematic 22 55%
Somewhat systematic 12 30%
Systematic 4 10%
Very systematic 1 2.5%
I don't know 1 2.5%

Are caption efforts
50
In general, which of the following best characterizes your institution's
underlying approach to closed captioning?
More reactive than proactive 16 40%
Primarily reactive (designing for accessibility is done
only after accommodations are requested)
9 22.5%
Primarily proactive (designing for accessibility is
prioritized even if it is not requested)
5 12.5%
More proactive than reactive 5 12.5%
Approximately equally proactive and reactive 5 12.5%

Takeaways
• There is still some confusion about the legal requirements for
higher education institutions regarding the closed captioning
of videos
• Despite the fact that the top reason for captioning is
compliance with the law, many institutions do not have
processes in place to measure their compliance
• At many institutions, different processes, staffing, and criteria
are used to create closed captioning for videos being used in
face-to-face courses, online courses, and for institutional
purposes
• The majority of institutions in the study report that
implementation of closed captioning across their institution is
not at all systematic
51

Study Report
• A full study report for the institutional survey will be available
later this fall
• The report will include:
• Additional results from the study including more specific qualitative
analyses
• The survey instrument
• Data tables for all questions
Everyone who registered for this webinar will be emailed when
the report is available.
52

Upcoming Webinar: November 30
How Different Student Subgroups Use Closed Captioning
This presentation will cover:
• Data & results from the student study, broken down by student subgroups
• Student subgroup awareness of the availability of captioning
• Student subgroup use of captioning and transcription
• How the availability of closed captions and transcripts impacts students’
perceptions of whether they are helpful or a hindrance
• How students with disabilities compare to students without disabilities
regarding closed caption and transcript use
• The percent of overall students responding who report using closed
captions or transcripts as a learning aid
• Takeaways from the study
53

An Additional Resource
A weekly podcast about topics and
issues related to research in higher
education.
Full transcripts are provided with
each episode.
54

National Research Results: How Colleges
Nationwide are Handling Captioning
For additional questions contact:
Dr. Katie Linder, Research Director
kathryn.linder@oregonstate.edu
@ecresearchunit & @Katie__Linder

56
Dr. Katie Linder
Research Director
Extended Campus, Oregon State
University
Kathryn.Linder@oregonstate.
edu
Lily Bond (Moderator)
Director of Marketing
3Play Media
lily@3playmedia.com
Q&A
Upcoming Webinars:
 Oct 20: An Architect of the ADA on Its Application
to Modern Technology
 Nov 3: Copyright Made Simple for Digital
Educators
 Nov 30: National Research Results – How
Different Student Subgroups Use Captioning
 Dec 8: Quick Start to Captioning
 Jan 26: How UDL Helps All Learners
Register for upcoming webinars at:
http://www.3playmedia.com/webinars/

National Research Results: How Colleges Nationwide Are Handling Captioning

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