course materials

1. Reflection Paper: Addiction and Theories
Reflection Paper: Addiction and TheoriesReflection Paper: Addiction and Theories Ksir, C.,
Hart, C., Ray,O. Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, Twelfth Edition. McGraw Hill
Publisher Read Chapter 2 of the text, note the definitions and the major theories
about how drug use leads to drug abuse/addiction.What is your favorite theory(s) of
Addiction?Why do people become addicted to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs
(ATOD)?Write a definition of addiction/dependency:Nature of addiction/dependency –
etiology: what happens to a person who is addicted/dependent on ATOD (See also chapter
1 “Drug Dependence” and “Stages of Drug Dependence”; Chapter 2 “The vicious Cycle of
Drug Addiction)Bio-Psycho-Social Model: write your favorite explanations of why someone
might become addicted to AOD, based on specific theories in each of the following
categoriesBiological causes/factors of addiction/dependency Psychological causes/factors
of addiction/dependency Social causes/factors of addiction/dependency The
Biopsychosocial ApproachThe biopsychosocial approach was developed at Rochester
decades ago by Drs. George Engel and John Romano. While traditional biomedical models of
clinical medicine focus on pathophysiology and other biological approaches to disease, the
biopsychosocial approach in our training programs emphasize the importance of
understanding human health and illness in their fullest contexts. The biopsychosocial
approach systematically considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their
complex interactions in understanding health, illness, and health care delivery.Biological,
psychological, and social factors exist along a continuum of natural systems, as depicted in
the list here.Systematic consideration of psychological and social factors requires
application of relevant social sciences, just as consideration of biological factors requires
application of relevant natural sciences. Therefore, both the natural and social sciences are
‘basic’ to medical practice. In other words, psychological and social factors are not merely
epiphenomena: they can be understood in scientific ways at their own levels as well as in
regard to their biological correlates.Humanistic qualities are highly valued complements to
the biopsychosocial approach, which involves the application of the scientific method to
diverse biological, psychological, and social phenomena as related to human health.While
the biomedical approach takes the reductionistic view that all phenomena are best
understood at the lowest level of natural systems (e.g., cellular or molecular), the
biopsychosocial approach recognizes that different clinical scenarios may be most usefully
understood scientifically at several levels of the natural systems continuum.To apply the
biopsychosocial approach to clinical practice, the clinician should: Reflection Paper:

2. Addiction and TheoriesRecognize that relationships are central to providing health careUse
self-awareness as a diagnostic and therapeutic toolElicit the patient’s history in the context
of life circumstancesDecide which aspects of biological, psychological, and social domains
are most important to understanding and promoting the patient’s healthProvide
multidimensional treatmentThe Biopsychosocial ApproachREFERENCESEngel GL: The need
for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 1977;196:129-136.Engel GL:
The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:535-
544.Frankel RM, Quill TE, McDaniel SH (Eds.): The Biopsychosocial Approach: Past, Present,
Future.University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY, 2003.Borrell-Carrió F, Suchman AL,
Epstein RM: The biopsychosocial model 25 years later: principles, practice, and scientific
inquiry. Ann Fam Med 2004;2:576-582.Cohen J, Brown Clark S: John Romano and George
Engel: Their Lives and WoORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPERS