1. GGEENNDDEERR BBAASSEEDD VVIIOOLLEENNCCEE
B. R. SIWAL
Deputy Director
Women Development Division
NIPCCD, New Delhi
email: brsiwal@gmail.com
br_siwal@yahoo.com

2. br_siwal@yahoo.com
SEX:
Is identity, the biological difference
between men and women
Is genetically determined
Is fact of human biology, we are born
male or female

3. Gender
Gender” refers to the socially constructed
roles and responsibilities of women and
men, in a given culture or location.
Gender refers to widely-shared
expectations and norms within a society
about male and female behaviour,
characteristics and roles.
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4. br_siwal@yahoo.com
GENDER
 Is how we are shaped after born in
society
 Identity of men and women is socially
psychologically and culturally determined
e.g. role, attitude, behaviour, relationship
and values

5.  Is a relational term that include both men
and women and their social relationships
 Is stereotyped image of men and women
 Gender may determine self concept and
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self esteem

6.  Describe the different power
structure inherent in relationship
 Identity is constantly reinforced by
society
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7.  Is constructed by society and therefore
can be changed
 Is learnt through the process of
socialization through the culture of the
society
 Is a variable it changes from time to time,
culture to culture even family to family
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8.  Is learned from birth and reinforced
by parent, teachers and peers
 Is but one of a number of other
differential e.g. caste, class,
relationship, religion, race etc.
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9. Gender-based violence
 Gender-based violence refers to all forms of
violence that happen to women, girls and
men because of the unequal power relations
between them and the perpetrators of such
violence. Violence against women is
supported and/or legitimised by gender
norms, values and beliefs in the superiority
of males and subordination of women

10. Violence Against Women
“Any act of gender-based violence that results
in, or is likely to results in , physical, sexual
or psychological harm or suffering to women,
including threats of such acts, coercion or
arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether
occurring in public or private life.”

11. Factors Contributing to Violence
against Women and Girls
 The unequal power relations between females and
males in society is the root cause of gender-based
violence.
 attitudes in society that define women as inferior,
the property of men
 a preference for sons over daughters for cultural or
economic reasons;
 Females are perceived and even socialised to
believe that they are weak, inferior and needing
direction, guidance and disciplining.

12.  Traditions, customs, beliefs and attitudes
are used to justify the subordination and
violation of women’s rights.
 Women are the gatekeepers of the traditions,
customs, practices and attitudes, passed on
through generations.

13.  the perception that violence against women is
a private matter and should not be talked
about outside the family;
 the failure of police and other authorities to
act when violence is reported;
 high rates of acquittal by courts by those
accused of such violence;
 an acceptance as a reasonable defence of
violence that the victim has ruined her own or
her family’s honour;

14. Types of Violence Against Women
1. Domestic violence
2. Sexual slavery, prostitution and international trafficking
of women
3. Incest
4. Reproductive rights violation
5. Rape
6. Sexual harassment
7. Sex discrimination
8. Medical abuse
9. Abuse of women with physical and mental disabilities
10. Culture bound practices harmful to women

15. 11. Ritual abuse within religious cults
12. Marital rape
13. Pornography and abuse of women in media
14. Abuse of women in internal refugee or relocation camps
15. Custodial abuse
16. Female feticide
17. Dowry related violence and murder
18. Women under armed conflict situation
19. Women of the ‘dalit’ group, unsociability problem
20. Victimization of women due to discriminatory laws

16. Fatal Outcomes
Homicide
 Suicide
 Maternal mortality
 Infant mortality
 AIDS-related mortality

17. Acute Physical
 Injury
 Shock
 Disease
 Infection

18. Chronic Physical
 Disability
 Somatic complaints
 Chronic infections
 Chronic pain
 Gastrointestinal problems
 Eating disorders
 Sleep disorders
 Alcohol/drug abuse

19. Psychological/Emotional
Consequences
 Post traumatic stress
 Depression
 Anxiety, fear
 Anger
 Shame
 Insecurity,
 Self-hate, self-blame


20. Reproductive
 Miscarriage
 Unwanted pregnancy
 Unsafe abortion
 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs),
including HIV/AIDS
 Menstrual disorders
 Pregnancy complications; infertility
 Gynecological disorders
 Sexual disorders

21. Why is it difficult for women to escape a
violent relationship:
Financial dependence on the man.
Fear of being battered or killed by the
partner.
Love for the partner. The desire to be
together.
Fear of losing her child.

22. • Hope that things would get better with
time, and that she would be able to
control the situation.
• Fear that divorce would cause
psychological trauma to the children.
• Fear of being treated as a failure by
family, friends and society.

23. • Religious convictions.
• Feelings of despair and helplessness
(“Nothing will help”).
• Unfavorable reaction of society towards
the problem in general (existing
stereotypes)
• The inappropriate attitude of relative .

24. • Self-blame for the violence towards her.
• Fear that the partner might do some
harm, which would damage her
professional or social image, or her
close relatives and friends.
• Sufficient time is needed to plan and
arrange her departure.

25. What Needs To Be Done To Challenge Gender-based
Violence?
 Analyze the various forms of masculinity;
reveal the violent forms, and work towards
changing them.
 Reveal and question the values promoting or
glamorising violence
 Analyze and question male roles and ideals,
the concept of “male honour” prevailing in
male cultures.
 Develop and value fatherhood; develop the
skills and qualities of fatherhood among men
and boys.

26.  Integrate a gender perspective into school
education to create awareness, relationship of
equality and mutual respect.
 Shelters for providing emergency support
 Counselling for victims of violence;
 Community action groups dealing with
prevention, protection and advocacy;

27.  Help men to abandon their violent behaviour
by establishing support and therapy services
and providing appropriate therapies.
 Encourage men to establish their own groups
and voluntary activities to combat men’s
violence against women, and support such
movements.
 Increase the proportion of women in politics,
foreign policy and international decision-making.
 Promote and secure equality between women
and men

28.  Personal Change
 The elimination of gender-based violence starts
with the individual decision not to tolerate any
form of violence by self and others.
 Participants to the training are role models who
must make personal commitments to live
violence-free lives and to fight violence in their
families, communities, institutions and
countries.

29. Advocacy for Change
Advocacy for change includes interventions
to change or improve:
Legislation to criminalize gender-based
violence, protect victims, prevent violence
and adequately deal with perpetrators;

30.  Services for prevention of violence, protection of
potential victims, support to victims, punishment
of offenders;
 Shelters for providing emergency support to
victims;
 Counselling for victims of violence;
 Community action groups dealing with
prevention, protection and advocacy;
 Litigation to ensure justice for victims of
violence;

31. THANK YOU