1. Bilingual Equivalence Mapping in AAT: Methods and Issues (Sophy) Shu-Jiun Chen, Diane Wu and (Sandra) Yung-Ting Chang Program Office, Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program September 21, 2009 @ Getty Research Institute

2. The Task Forces of Chinese-language Art & Architecture Thesaurus Cross-Division Coordination 跨分項協調小組 (C) Equivalence Mapping (M) Methodology R&D Translation & Contribution (T) Localization & Creation of New Concepts Expert Group (E) Scope Note of New Concept (N) System Development (S)

6. Mapping (M2) Example: Metadata Specification of NPM - version 1.2 (p23) inscriptions > forms > calligraphy > clerical script 中英對照 (M2) Mapping 確認詞彙來源 Identify Source 確認詞彙英譯 Identify the English term 參考資料 References 在 AAT 對照到的架構 Locate the term in AAT

7. Identify Types of Equivalence Mapping (M3_EE) 確認詞彙類型 (M3) Identify Types of Equivalence Mapping 完全等同 (M3_EE) Exact Equivalence 不完全等同 (M3_IE) Inexact Equivalence 部分等同 (M3_PE) Partial Equivalence 不等同 (M3_NE) Non-Equivalence 一對多 (M3_SM) Single to Multiple Translation 翻譯 (T) 英翻中 (T2_EC) English to Chinese Translation Example: Metadata Specification version 1.2 (p18) Objects > archaeological culture > Longshan

19. Mapping Issues Preferred term vs. non-preferred term1 ：藍地琺瑯彩 cloisonné enamel over blue ground (1/2) cloisonné enamel over red ground cloisonné enamel over purple ground cloisonné enamel over yellow ground cloisonné enamel over pink ground cloisonné enamel over white ground cloisonné enamel over bright red ground

23. Structure Issues- Case 2 Specific Terms Source ： NPM Metadata Requirement Specifications (p. 19) 「故宮器物數位典藏子計畫 後設資料需求規格書 version 1.2 」 (p. 19) ...................................add olive pit ......................................add peach pit ..........................add walnut kernel

26. Structure Issues- Case 3 Compound Term Issue agate Hence, “jade” in Chinese can be called 玉 (jade) or 玉石 (jade stone) In Chinese, 石 (shi) is a general term that usually refers to both stone and rock. Based on the structure above, rock should be referred to as “ 岩石” , while stone would be “ 石 or 石頭” . mineral Yu Shi zhu bao

27. New Concept: Cultural Difference Case1 Chinese Ceramics Styles The terms with green underlines represent different Chinese ceramics styles that are missing from AAT, which are from various places in China. The mapping team finds the concepts under <Chinese ceramics styles> are not complete Q ： Should we create a record for each of the styles, despite its popularity? Or should we just create records of the most popular styles (determined by the experts) ?

28. New Concept: Case 2 Motif vs. Pattern motifs (<design elements>, Design Elements) 母題 Note: Distinct or separable design elements, usually decorative, whether occurring singly as individual shapes. patterns (design elements) 紋樣圖騰 (<design elements>, Design Elements) Note: Ornamental designs, usually on a flat surface or in relief and composed of repeated or combined motifs. Q4-1. Is “repetitiveness” the only and most crucial difference between motif and pattern ? Q4-2. Is it possible for AAT to elaborate on the scope note of motif, now that TELDAP is bringing the eastern perspective into the picture?

29. New Concept: Case 2-1 Motif vs. Pattern Terms under blue dotted lines can be categorized under motifs Flames 清 乾隆 白地綠龍大蓋罐 flames (<natural element motifs>, motifs, ... Design Elements) Note: Motifs of a conventionalized depiction of flames, usually wavy, peaked forms. Q ： Even though we find a match in AAT, but the note does not fully apply to the Chinese concept. Should we create a new term or edit the scope note (next page)?

30. New Concept: Case 2-1 Motif vs. Pattern Terms under yellow lines can be categorized under <patterns by specific type.> cloud scrolls (scrollwork, <patterns by specific type>, ... Design Elements) 捲雲紋 Note: Characteristic Chinese motifs of the Han Dynasty consisting of long, convoluted, ribbonlike forms with deep curls and curves constantly changing direction, and at such points widening into grotesque shapes. 捲雲紋 cloud scrolls

31. New Concept: Case 2-2 Motif vs. Pattern (Geometric) Terms under blue lines can be categorized under <geometric motifs> Cinquefoils 清 雍正 白青弦紋瓶 cinquefoils (<geometric motifs>, motifs, ... Design Elements) Note: Figures of five equal arcs or lobes, separated by cusps.

32. New Concept: Case 2-2 Motif vs. Pattern(Geometric) Terms under orange lines can be categorized under <patterns by specific type.> Chinese frets (frets (patterns), geometric patterns, ... Design Elements) Note: Frets characterized by elongated, right-angled meanderlike elements, originating in Chinese art and adapted to Chinoiserie in Europe in the 18th century. 雷紋 Chinese frets

33. New Concept: Cultural Difference Case 3: Motif of Chinese legend motifs (<design elements>, Design Elements) 母題 Note: Distinct or separable design elements, usually decorative, whether occurring singly as individual shapes. Terms under motifs focus on the element itself, such as air traps , cabochons (design motifs) , candelabrum (motifs) and so on, air traps (motifs, <design elements>, Design Elements) Note: Decoration of glass in the form of embedded air pockets, larger than usual air bubbles or tears, arranged in a decorative pattern, often in criss-crossed diagonal rows or spirals. Often seen in the stems of 18th-century and later wine glasses, particularly English. The mapping team find it is difficult to categorize some motif terms, as each of them is cultural-dependent, and has specific meaning. Q5 ： Is it feasible to create a new concept under motif, for example: motif of Chinese figures ?

34. The painting, traditionally attributed to Yen Li-Pen, depicts the arrival in the capital of Ch'ang-an of 27 tribute bearers from various countries in 631 A.D. Their plentiful gifts for the powerful T'ang court are carefully depicted. These visitors from foreign lands are represented with high foreheads, deep-set eyes, and exotic clothing. 職貢圖 (Illustration of Tribute) 唐 閻立本職貢圖 New Concept: Cultural Difference Case 3: Motif of Chinese legend 類別 (type) 第 1 層 第 2 層 第 3 層 母題 (motif) 敘事圖 (narrative illustration) 職貢圖 (Illustration of Tribute) 課子圖 (Illustration of disciplining the child) 狩獵圖｜行孝圖｜耕織圖｜宴饗圖｜博古圖｜其他 吉祥圖 (auspicious illustration) 吉慶有餘｜太平有象｜壽山福海｜海屋添壽 南山比壽 (Nan Shan Bi Shou) ｜年年有餘 (Nian nian you yu) 群仙祝壽｜福在眼前｜其他

35. 南山比壽 (Nan Shan Bi Shou) This center of this white porcelain plate is decorated with Japan's Mt. Fuji, a pine tree, and a crane, capturing the auspicious message “May you live as long as the southern mountains.” 青花盤 New Concept: Cultural Difference Case 3: Motif of Chinese legend Q5 ： Since the narrative and auspicious illustrations are outside of the generic concepts, should we exclude these terms? 類別 (type) 第 1 層 第 2 層 第 3 層 母題 (motif) 敘事圖 (narrative illustration) 職貢圖 (Illustration of Tribute) 課子圖 (Illustration of disciplining the child) 狩獵圖｜行孝圖｜耕織圖｜宴饗圖｜博古圖｜其他 吉祥圖 (auspicious illustration) 吉慶有餘｜太平有象｜壽山福海｜海屋添壽 南山比壽 (Nan Shan Bi Shou) ｜年年有餘 (Nian nian you yu) 群仙祝壽｜福在眼前｜其他

36. New Concept: Cultural Difference Case 4: Chinese figures The mapping team finds that the figures above are bounded by the concepts motifs, and therefore can only be categorized into <figure- and animal-derived motifs> . However, sometimes a term can also be found in Agents Facet, for example “ 帝王 monarch” Q ： We have tons of igures of Chinese characters, should we contribute all of them?

37. Take the figure in the painting for example, this term can be found in Agents Facet ( 帝王 monarch), New Concept: Cultural Difference Case 4: Chinese figure 宋代帝半身像 宋徽宗 monarchs (rulers (people), <people in government and administration>, ... People) Note: Absolute rulers of sovereign states, usually by hereditary succession. The term is generally used as a substitute for the specific title of the sovereign, for example, &quot;king,&quot; &quot;queen,&quot; or &quot;emperor.&quot; Q6 . Which hierarchy position is more appropriate? Should it be categorized as a motif rather than an agent?

38. New Concept: Cultural Difference Case 4: Chinese figure monks (religious (people), <people in religion>,... people) 明文從簡禮佛圖 軸