1. 1
OVERVIEW OF RISK IDENTIFICATION AND HAZARD
ANALYSIS IN OIL INDUSTRY (A case study of Shell P.D.C.
Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.)
BY
ALONGE JEPHTHAH OLADELE
MNE/09/7040
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF
ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE, ONDO STATE
NIGERIA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD
OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG),
IN MINING ENGINEERING
NOVEMBER 2014
2. 2
CENTIFICATION
(a) (By the student)
This is to confirm this work was carried out and presented by me for the awards of
bachelor of engineering degree in Mining Engineering.
Candidate’s name : ALONGE :Jephthah Oladele
Signature ……………………………… Date …………………………
(b) (By supervisor and External Examiner)
We certify this work was carried out by ALONGE; Jephthah Oladele, in the department
of Mining Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
(i) Supervisor; Dr B.M Olaleye
Signature…………………………… Date………………………………
(ii) External Examiner
Signature…………………………… Date……………………………….
(c) Head of department; Dr E.O Ajaka
Signature …………………………… Date …………………………………
3. 3
DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to God Almighty who has given me strength and wisdom to be able
to conclude this writing.
4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My heart pulsates with the thrill for tendering gratitude to those persons who helped me in
completion of the project. Unfortunately, the list of expression of thanks no matter extensive
is always incomplete and inadequate. Indeed this page of acknowledgement shall never be
able to touch the horizon of generosity of those who tendered their help to me.
First and foremost, the special thanks goes to my father and my mother, Pastor T.O Alonge
and Mrs J.O Alonge , Mr O.H Tope (safety officer of Ladox Engineering Company) and my
entire family whose moral and financial support throughout my career can never adequately
be expressed in words. Without their support this work would not have been possible. Thank
you for encouraging me throughout my life to meet challenges with determination and to
strive for success.
I express my deep sense of appreciation to my supervisor, Dr B.M Olaleye for his guidance
and valuable suggestions at several stages of this work. With his knowledge and experience,
he continuously guided me towards my goal of completing this work. I express gratitude for
patience, time, help and support.
Finally, I would like to thank everyone at the Federal University of Technology Akure who
played their role to make my program pleasurable and successful.
5. 5
ABSTRACT
For any industry to be successful it has to satisfy the safety by assessing the associated risks
and to bring the risks to tolerable level. Mining activity because of the very nature of the
operation, complexity of the systems, procedures and methods always involves some amount
of hazards. Hazard identification and risk analysis of hazard mechanism by which this
undesirable event could occurs and usually the estimation of extent, magnitude and likelihood
of harmful effects. From the study carried out in Shell Petroleum Development Company,
Portharcourt in Rivers State, Nigeria. The risk rating which were made and analysed shows
that there were few events of high risk in the activities of the work process which can be
reduced by proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) compliance and supervision.
6. 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 2
1.2 Aim of Study 3
1.3 Objectives of Study 3
1.4 Problem Statement 3
1.5 Justification of the Study 4
1.6 Scope of Project 6
1.7 Location of Study Area 6
7. 7
CHATPER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 INTRODUCTION 7
2.2 Term and Definitions 7
2.3 Basic Concepts 8
2.3.1 What is risk? 8
2.4.0 Planning And Conducting Of HIRARC 9
2.4.1 Purpose of HIRARC 9
2.4.2 Planning of HIRARC Activities 9
2.4.3 Process of HIRARC 10
2.4.3.1 Classify work activities 10
2.5 Hazard identification 10
2.5.1 Health hazards 11
2.5.2 Safety hazards 11
2.5.3 Environmental hazards 12
2.6 Hazard identification technique 12
2.6.1 The hazard identification and assessment methodology 13
2.6.2 Analyse and estimate risk 14
8. 8
2.6.3 Likelihood of an occurrence 15
2.6.4 Risk assessment 15
2.7 Types of Control 21
2.7.1 At the source of the hazard 21
2.7.2 Engineering control 21
2.7.3 Administrative controls 22
2.7.4 Personal protective equipment 23
2.7.4 Monitoring controls 23
2.7.5 Personal protective equipment (PPE) 25
2.8 Documenting HIRARC 26
2.8.1 Responsibility and accountability 26
2.8.2 Types Of Hazards 26
2.8.2.1 Biological Hazards 27
2.8.2.2 Physical Hazards 27
2.8.2.3 Ergonomic Hazards 28
2.8.2.4 Chemical Hazards 28
2.8.3 Work Organization Hazards 29
2.8.4 Hazard Identification Procedures 29
2.9 Qualitative risk assessment method 32
9. 9
2.9.1 Rating Significance 35
2.9.2 Importance 36
2.9.3 Urgency 36
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 38
3.1 Sample Techniques and Sample Size 38
3.2 Method of Data Collection 38
3.3 Method of Data Analysis 38
3.3.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment 39
3.3.2 Qualitative Risk Assessment 39
3.4 Rating Method 39
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RUSULTS AND DISCUSSION 40
4.1 Introduction 40
4.1.1 Risk Rating 40
4.2 Results 41
4.2.1 Ladox Risk Assesment 41
4.2.2 Activities Assesment At Various Levels 43
4.3 Discussions 45
4.4 Risk Treament 48
10. 10
4.4.1 Level 1 Control Measures – Eliminate the Hazard 49
4.4.2 Level 2 Control Measures 49
4.4.3 Level 3 Control Measures 49
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECONMENDATION 51
5.1 Conclusions 51
5.2 Recommendations 51
References 53
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LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page
Table 2.1 shows how to assess risk (McNeill et al. 2005) 18
Table 2.2: Qualitative Risk Likelihood Table for Guidance (Risk Management 1997) 33
Table 2.2: Quantitative Risk Rating Matrix 34
Table 2.4 Categories of Importance 36
Table 2.5 Categories of Urgency 37
Table 4.1 Ladox Risk Assesment Table (From January 2013 To June 2013) 41
Table 4.2 Rating of Risks associated with Manual Handling, Lifting and Moving AC. Unit.43
Table 4.3 Rating of Risks associated with Brazing 43
Table 4.4 Rating of Risks associated with Charging of AC. Unit 44
Table 4.5 Rating of Risks associated with Servicing of AC. Unit 44
Table 4.6 Rating of Risks associated with Repairs of AC. Unit 44
Table 4.7 Rating of Risks associated with the Handling of Electrical Equipment 45
LIST OF FIGURES
12. 12
Figures Page
Fig. 2.1 A sample of a fault three analysis 31
Fig. 4.3.1 Hierarchy of Controls 48
13. 13
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
For any company to be successful it should not only meet the production requirement, but
also maintain the highest safety standard for all concerned. The industry has to identify the
hazards, assess the associated risks and bring the risk to tolerable level on a continuous basis.
Mining being a hazardous operation has considerable safety risk to miners. Unsafe condition
and practices in mine lead to a number of accident and causes loss and injuries to human
lives, damages to properties, interrupts production etc. Risk assessment is a systematic
method of identifying and analyzing the hazards associated with an activity and establishing a
level of risk for each hazard. The hazards cannot be completely eliminated, and thus there is a
need to define and estimate a risk level possible to be presented either quantitative or
qualitative way.
Due to the existing hazards of mining as an activity and the complexity of mining machinery
and equipment and the associate system, procedures and methods, it is not possible to be
naturally safe. Regardless of how well the machine the machinery and methods are designed
there will always be a potential for serious accidents. It is not possible for external agencies
to ensure the safety of an organization such as Shell Petroleum Development Company nor of
the machinery or methods it uses. The principal responsibility for safety of any particular
company and the manner in which it is operated rest with the management of that company.
It is widely accepted within industries in general that the various technique of risk assessment
and contribute greatly toward improvement in the safety of complex operations and
equipment. In many industries there are legislative requirement for risk assessment to be
14. 14
undertaken of all hazardous equipment, machinery and operations taking account of the
procedures used for operation, maintenance, supervision and management. Hazard
identification and risk analysis involves identification of undesirable events that leads to a
hazard, the analysis of hazard mechanism by which this undesirable event could occur and
usually the estimation of extent, magnitude and likelihood of harmful effects. The objective
of hazard and risk analysis is to identify and analyze hazards, the event sequence leading to
hazards and the risk of hazardous events. Many techniques ranging from simple quantitative
methods to advanced quantitative methods are available to help identify and analyze hazards.
1.1 BACKGROUND
Hazard analysis involves the identification of hazards at a facility and evaluating possible
scenarios leading to unwanted consequences. The hazard analysis stage is a very important
part of the risk management process, as no action can be made to avoid, or reduce, the effects
of unidentified hazards. The hazard analysis stage also has the largest potential for error with
little or no feedback of those errors.
Hazard analysis relies on a structured and systematic approach to identify potential hazards.
There are a large number of techniques that can be used to perform this task at various stages
during the life cycle of the process. These vary from a concept safety review, which is
performed as early as possible in the concept stage of the process, to a Hazard Operability
(HAZOP) study which can be performed on a fully operational plant. As well as being
performed at different stages during the life cycle of the process, the level of detail for the
different techniques is significant. Concept safety review can only be used to provide insight
in to the potential major hazards of the process, and hence steer the design of the plant to be
more inherently safe. In contrast a HAZOP study is a systematic review of the process and
should be able to identify the causes and consequences of deviations from the design intent.
15. 15
It is important to choose the most appropriate identification technique, as this not only
provides the appropriate level of detail, but can also be aimed at identifying hazards relating
to specific areas. There are many factors to consider when choosing a technique. Many
techniques have similar objectives and applied correctly should give comparable results. The
hazard identification techniques are structured processes to identifying fault conditions that
lead to hazards, and reduce the chance of missing hazardous events. They all require
considerable experience and expertise.
1.2 AIM OF STUDY
The aim of this project is to review the level of hazard associated with the operations of Shell
Petroleum Development Company (SPDC).
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The objectives of the project are to:
a. identify the various hazard associated with SPDC operations;
b. obtain data on the various hazards that occurred in from the month January 2013 to
July 2013.
c. analyse the data obtained from (b).
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Hazard is defined as anything that has the potential to cause harm. The Hazard Identification
and Risk Analysis (HIRA.) employed in this study involves a systematic way to identify and
analyze hazards to determine their scope, impact and the vulnerability of the built
environment to such hazards and its purpose is to ensure that there is a formal process for
16. 16
hazard identification, risk assessment and control to effectively manage hazards that may
occur within SPDC.
Though a health, safety and Environment management system (HSE-MS) was incorporated
into SPDC project design contract document as specified in Nigeria’s Mineral Oils (Safety)
regulations 1997, but the increasing rate of work Accidents / incidents in year 2006, raised
several thought provoking questions as to the relationship between various activities and job
hazard analysis, which is usually carried out before the commencement of any work. It is the
influence of Job Hazard Analysis on organizational performance that forms the subject of this
research. According to NISP (National Institute of Safety Professionals) (2004), a job hazard
analysis is a structured review instrument used in identifying, the hazards and effects of jobs
and determining the level of risks and controls required. A job hazard analysis is simply a
documentary analysis of the various task steps, associated hazards, typical threats; risk
assessment, control and recovery measures associated with different activities. It is the
bedrock of the Hazards and Effects management process, which is a subsystem of the
corporate HSEMS. The preparation and implementation of a broad based JHA will go a long
way in identifying various hazards, promotion of work planning, safety consciousness, and
management of risk and reduction of accidents / incidents. According to Carter and Smith
(2005), association of hazards with tasks is important to both managing work safety and
communicating safety and hazard awareness down to the people who are actually exposed to
the hazards. This is because hazard identification is fundamental to work safety from
statistical, legislative and risk management perspectives. Since most project are always faced
with time, cost and manpower constraints, tasks need to be prioritized in term of risks so that
limited site resources will be focused on those tasks that expose operatives to the greatest
danger.
1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
17. 17
Risk assessment in SPDC is a systematic method of looking at work activities, considering
what could go wrong, and deciding on suitable control measures to prevent loss, damage, or
injury in the working SPDC activities. This assessment includes the control required to
eliminate, reduce or minimize the risks.
Risk assessment will help all activities carried out in all sites of SPDC to identify high,
medium and low risk levels. Risk assessment will help to prioritize risks and provide
information on the probability of harm arising and severity of harm by understanding the
hazard, combine assessment of risk as an aid to decision making. In this way, SPDC as a
whole and the workers will be able to implement safety improvement. Different types of
approaches for the safety in various daily activities, tools and machines handling, and
appropriate steps have to be taken to make the workplace better and safer.
The project focuses on the impact of Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) on organizational
performance (improved management/employees safety practices, enhanced productivity,
increased profitability and reduced accident/ incident rate) in shell project. The better safety
performance of employees will lead to few accidents, damages, liabilities, legal costs,
medical costs etc. through reduction of safety risks and creation of better opportunities for
rehabilitation of employees after injury. The better safety performance of the company will
bring about better productivity, profitability, efficiency, quality, good corporate image and
innovative capacity due to the improvement of employees skills via training, motivation and
ergonomy hence there will be less disruption of work processes and less liabilities (Hughes
and Ferrett, 2007). It therefore concludes that incorporation of job hazard analysis at the task
level in work activities will improve management/employees safety practices at work thus
enhancing productivity, profitability and loss control.
18. 18
1.6 SCOPE OF PROJECT
This project examines various aspects of the hazard analysis. It covers the importance of
choosing an appropriate hazard identification technique , how the review of the techniques
was performed, details of the literature review, the phases of the process life cycle,
summarises the hazard identification techniques, makes a comparison of the applicability of
each techniques for various types of installation carried out in SPDC.
1.7 LOCATION OF STUDY AREA
Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) is located At NO 171 Aba Road
Rumuobiakani, Portharcourt Rivers State Nigeria.
Legend
Location of SPDC in the map of Rivers State
Fig. 1.1 MAP OF THE STUDY AREA
19. 19
CHATPER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In recent years, Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) have
become fundamental to the practice of planning, management and the operation of a business
as a basic of risk management. The organizations that have carried out risk assessment at the
work place have noted numerous changes in their working practice. Those who have already
carried out risk assessment in their work, have reported positive changes in their working
practice, they recognize substandard act and working condition as they develop and take
necessary corrective action. Legislation requires that this process should be systematic and be
recorded so that the results are reliable and the analysis complete. The risk assessment
process should be continuous and should not be regarded as a one-off exercise.
This project is supposed to provide guidance on methodology of conducting HIRARC carried
out in SPDC, it is simple enough to be used by small and medium industries and versatile
enough to be used by all in various economic sectors, either in the manufacturing sector,
construction sectors or any other economic sectors.
The methodology of HIRARC as proposed in this project is intended for the assessment of
physical hazards.
2.2 Term And Definitions
Hazard means a source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill
health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these. Hazard
20. 20
control means the process of implementing measures to reduce the risk associated with a
hazard.
Hierarchy of control means the established priority order for the types of measures to be
used to control risks.
Hazard identification means the identification of undesired events that lead to the
materialisation of the hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired events could
occur.
Risk means a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with
specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the
health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event.
Risk assessment means the process of evaluating the risks to safety and health arising from
hazards at work.
Risk management means the total procedure associated with identifying a hazard, assessing
the risk, putting in place control measures, and reviewing the outcomes.
2.3 Basic Concepts
2.3.1 What is risk?
Risk is something that we as individuals live with on a day-to-day basis. People are
constantly making decisions based on risk. Simple decision in daily life such as driving,
crossing the road and money investment all imply an acceptance risk. Risk is the combination
of the likelihood and severity of a specified hazardous event occurring (Scottish Executive,
2006). In mathematical term, risk can be calculated by the equation -
Risk = Likelihood x Severity
21. 21
Where,
Likelihood is an event likely to occur within the specific period or in specified circumstances
and,
Severity is outcome from an event such as severity of injury or health of people, or damage to
property, or insult to environment, or any combination of those caused by the event.
2.4.0 Planning And Conducting Of HIRARC
2.4.1 Purpose of HIRARC
The purposes of HIRARC are as follows:-
a. to identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and others (the hazards);
b. to consider what the chances are of that harm actually be falling anyone in the
circumstances of a particular case and the possible severity that could come from it (the
risks); and
c. to enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive measures to ensure that the
risks are adequately controlled at all times.
2.4.2 Planning of HIRARC Activities
HIRARC activities shall be plan and conducted –
1. for situation –
a) where hazard appear to pose significant threat;
b) uncertain whether existing controls are adequate; or/and
c) before implementing corrective or preventive measures.
22. 22
2. by organization intending to continuously improve OSH Management System. It
should be the duty of the employer to assign a trained personnel to lead a team of
employees associated with one particular process or activity to conduct HIRARC.
2.4.3 Process of HIRARC
Process of HIRARC requires 4 simple steps –
I. classify work activities;
II. identify hazard;
III. conduct risk assessment (analyse and estimate risk from each hazard), by calculating
or estimating -
a) likelihood of occurrence, and
b) severity of hazard;
IV. Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures (if necessary).
2.4.3.1 Classify work activities
Classify work activities in accordance with their similarity, such as -
a. geographical or physical areas within/outside premises;
b. stages in production/service process;
c. not too big e.g. building a car;
d. not too small e.g. fixing a nut; or
e. Defined task e.g. loading, packing, mixing, fixing the door.
2.5 Hazard identification
The purpose of hazard identification is to highlight the critical operations of tasks, that is,
those tasks posing significant risks to the health and safety of employees as well as
highlighting those hazards pertaining to certain equipment due to energy sources, working
23. 23
conditions or activities performed. Hazards can be divided into three main groups, health
hazards, safety hazards, and environmental hazards. (Health and Safety Executive 1994),
2.5.1 Health hazards
An occupational health hazard is any agent that can cause illness to an individual. A health
hazard may produce serious and immediate (acute) affects, or may cause long-term (chronic)
problems. All or part of the body may be affected. Someone with an occupational illness may
not recognize the symptoms immediately. For example, noise-induced hearing loss is often
difficult for the affected individual to detect until it is well advanced. Health hazards include
chemicals (such as battery acid and solvents), biological hazards (such as bacteria, viruses,
dusts and molds), physical agents (energy sources strong enough to harm the body, such as
electric currents, heat, light, vibration, noise and radiation) and work design (ergonomic)
hazards.
2.5.2 Safety hazards
A safety hazard is any force strong enough to cause injury, or damage to property. An injury
caused by a safety hazard is usually obvious. For example, a worker may be badly cut. Safety
hazards cause harm when workplace controls are not adequate.
Some examples of safety hazards include, but are not limited to -
1) slipping/tripping hazards (such as wires run across floors);
2) fire hazards (from flammable materials);
3) moving parts of machinery, tools and equipment (such as pinch and nip points);
4) work at height (such as work done on scaffolds);
5) ejection of material (such as from molding);
6) pressure systems (such as steam boilers and pipes);
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7) vehicles (such as forklifts and trucks);
8) lifting and other manual handling operations; and
9) working alone.
2.5.3 Environmental hazards
An environmental hazard is a release to the environment that may cause harm or deleterious
effects. An environmental release may not be obvious. For example, a worker who drains a
glycol system and releases the liquid to a storm sewer may not be aware, of the effect on the
environment. Environmental hazards cause harm when controls and work procedures are not
followed.
2.6 Hazard identification technique
The employer shall develop a hazard identification and assessment methodology taking
into account the following documents and information -
i. any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;
ii. first aid records and minor injury records;
iii. work place health protection programs;
iv. any results of work place inspections;
v. any employee complaints and comments;
vi. any government or employer reports, studies and tests concerning the health and
safety of employees;
vii. any reports made under the regulation of Occupational Safety and Health
Act,1994
viii. the record of hazardous substances; and
ix. any other relevant information.
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2.6.1 The hazard identification and assessment methodology
The hazard identification and assessment methodology shall include -
a. Steps and time frame for identifying and assessing the hazards.
One must define the steps for the identification of hazards and a time frame for this
identification. The following information should be included -
i. who will be responsible for the identification: for example, it may be the work
place health and safety committee, or an individual or individuals appointed by
the committee;
ii. ii. the way in which the identification reports are processed: for example, they
may be compiled and processed by the committee, or by individuals appointed by
the committee; and
iii. iii. the identification time frame: for example, the identification of hazards for
workshop A must be completed in December, for workshop B in April and for
workshop C in November.
b. The keeping of a record of the hazards.
After having identified the hazards, one must establish and maintain an identification record,
either in print or electronic format.
c. A time frame for reviewing and, if necessary, revising the methodology.
The date for the review of the identification: for example, the review of the identification
method will be carried out every three years.
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To complete hazard identification, one can use techniques to identify hazards. Some
examples of techniques include, but are not limited to -
i. work place inspections;
ii. task safety analysis or job hazard analysis;
iii. preliminary investigations;
iv. potential accident factors;
v. failure analysis;
vi. Accident and incident investigations.
It is in your interest to adopt your own process and your own identification techniques so that
they match oner management procedures and the size of business. In fact, the identification
method may vary depending on the size of the work place.
2.6.2 Analyse and estimate risk
Risk is the determination of likelihood and severity of the credible accident/event sequences
in order to determine magnitude and to priorities identified hazards. It can be done by
qualitative, quantitative or semi quantitative method.
A qualitative analysis uses words to describe the magnitude of potential severity and the
likelihood that those severities will occur. These scales can be adapted or adjusted to suit the
circumstances and different descriptions may be used for different risks. This method uses
expert knowledge and experience to determine likelihood and severity category.
In semi-quantitative analysis, qualitative scales such as those described above are given
values. The objective is to produce a more expanded ranking scale than is usually achieved in
qualitative analysis, not to suggest realistic values for risk such as is attempted in quantitative
analysis.
27. 27
Quantitative analysis uses numerical values (rather than the descriptive scales used in
qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis) for both severity and likelihood using data from a
variety of sources such as past accident experience and from scientific research.
Severity may be determined by modelling the outcomes of an event or set of events, or by
extrapolation from experimental studies or past data. Severity may be expressed in terms of
monetary, technical or human impact criteria, or any of the other criteria. The way in which
severity and likelihood are expressed and the ways in which they are combined to provide a
level of risk will vary according to the type of risk and the purpose for which the risk
assessment output is to be used.
2.6.3 Likelihood of an occurrence
This value is based on the likelihood of an event occurring. You may ask the question “How
many times has this event happened in the past?” Assessing likelihood is based worker
experience, analysis or measurement. Likelihood levels range from “most likely” to
“inconceivable.” For example, a small spill of bleach from a container when filling a spray
bottle is most likely to occur during every shift. Alternatively, a leak of diesel fuel from a
secure holding tank may be less probable. (Brearley, 1982)
2.6.4 Risk assessment
Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate the results of analysis to make
decision on risk control. For risk analysis that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative
method, presenting result in a risk matrix is a very effective way of communicating the
distribution of the risk throughout a plant and area in a workplace.
Risk can be calculated using the following formula:
L x S = Relative Risk
28. 28
L = Likelihood
S = Severity
Assess the Risk
Assessment of the risks occurs after the hazards for the activity, process, equipment etc have
all been identified.
It is then necessary to evaluate the likelihood of an injury occurring along with its probable
consequences.
Risk assessments are therefore based on 2 key factors:
1. the likely severity or impact of any injury/illness resulting from the hazard
2. the probability or likelihood that the injury/illness will actually occur.
29. 29
Table 2.1 shows how to assess risk (McNeill et al. 2005)
Step 1 – Consider the
Consequences
What are the
consequences of this
incident occurring?
Consider what could
reasonably have happened
as well as what actually
happened. Look at the
descriptions and choose
the most suitable
Consequence.
CONSEQUENCES
Step 2 – Consider
the Likelihood
What is the likelihood
of the consequence
identified in step 1
happening? Consider
this without new or
interim controls in
place. Look at the
descriptions and
choose the most
suitable Likelihood.
LIKELIHOOD
Step 3 – Calculate the Risk
1.Take step 1 rating and select the
correct column
2.Take Step 2 rating and select the
correct line
3. Circle the risk score where the
two ratings cross on the
matrix below.
E = Extreme,
H = High,
M = Medium,
L = Low
N = Negligible
Risk Rating=
……………….
Consequence/Descriptio
n
Likelihood/Descripti
on
CONSEQUENCES
30. 30
Catastrophic
Death or multiple life
threatening injuries
A
The event is expected
to occur in most
circumstances
Cas Maj Mod Min Ins
Major
Life threatening or
multiple serious injuries
causing hospitalisation
B
The event will
probably occur
LIKELIHOOD
A E E H H M
Moderate
Serious injury causing
hospitalisation or multiple
medical treatment cases
C
Might occur at some
time in the future
B E H H M M
Minor
Minor injury or First aid
treatment case
D
Could occur but
doubtful
C E H M M L
Insignificant
Injuries or ailments not
requiring medical
treatment
E
May occur but only in
exceptional
circumstances
D H H M M L
E H M M L L
Risk Rating
Risks can be placed in one of four risk rating categories: extreme, high, medium, low, or
negligible.
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Extreme
risks
Dangerous level of risk which is required to be controlled immediately. Access
and exposure to the hazard should be restricted until the risk can be lowered to an
acceptable level.
High
risks
Unacceptable level of risk which must be controlled immediately. Control
measures would involve designing out the source of the risk from the task or
activity.
Medium
risks
An acceptable level of risk. Low cost control measures (such as provision of
information and training) should be undertaken to control these types of risks. If
these controls already exist and are deemed to be effective, no further investment
is necessary.
Low
risks
These risks are considered acceptable. Accordingly, no further action is necessary.
However, if there are controls which can be initiated that are easy and inexpensive
they can still be administered.
Fix the Problem
Once the hazards have been identified and their risks assessed, ways to fix them need to be
developed. This is known as risk control.
The primary aim of risk control is to eliminate the risk by removing the hazard. When this is
not possible the risk must be minimised using one or more of the options from the hierarchy
of controls. The risk control measure selected must be the highest possible option in the
hierarchy to minimise the risk to the lowest level that is reasonably practicable.
Hierarchy of Control Model
1 Eliminate the hazard: Complete elimination is the most desirable outcome in the
32. 32
Hierarchy of Control Model.
2
Substitute the hazard: Substituting the hazard with a safer alternate is then the next
best option to eliminating the hazard altogether.
3
Isolate the hazard: the hazard should be isolated to minimise risk to the smallest
number of people as possible.
4
Use Engineering Controls: this involves the use of equipment and tools to control
the hazard or the modification of equipment and environment in which a process is
undertaken.
5
Use Administrative controls: typically include the provision of instructions, training
and information to control the hazard and provide safety to workers.
6
Use PPE: the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be the last option
employed when all other options have been exhausted.
Control
Definition: Control is the elimination or inactivation of a hazard in a manner such that the
hazard does not pose a risk to workers who have to enter into an area or work on equipment
in the course of scheduled work.
Hazards should be controlled at their source (where the problem is created). The closer a
control to the source of the hazard is the better. This method is often referred to as applying
engineering controls. If this does not work, hazards can often be controlled along the path to
the worker, between the source and the worker. This method can be referred to as applying
administrative controls. If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled at the level of the
33. 33
worker through the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), although this is the least
desirable control.
5.1 Selecting a suitable control
Selecting a control often involves –
a. evaluating and selecting short and long term controls;
b. implementing short-term measures to protect workers until permanent controls can be
put in place; and
c. Implementing long term controls when reasonably practicable.
For example, suppose a noise hazard is identified. Short-term controls might require workers
to use hearing protection. Long term, permanent controls might remove or isolate the noise
source.
2.7 Types of Control
2.7.1 At the source of the hazard
a. Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process, machine or substance is
perhaps the best way of protecting workers. For example, a salvage firm might decide to stop
buying and cutting up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to explosion hazards.
b. Substitution - Sometimes doing the same work in a less hazardous way is possible.
For example, a hazardous chemical can be replaced with a less hazardous one.
Controls must protect workers from any new hazards that are created.
2.7.2 Engineering control
34. 34
a. Redesign - Jobs and processes can be reworked to make them safer. For example,
containers can be made easier to hold and lift.
b. Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or replaced, it can sometimes be isolated,
contained or otherwise kept away from workers. For example, an insulated and air-
conditioned control room can protect operators from a toxic chemical.
c. Automation - Dangerous processes can be automated or mechanized. For example,
computer-controlled robots can handle spot welding operations in car plants. Care must be
taken to protect workers from robotic hazards.
d. Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches workers. For example, special
curtains can prevent eye injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper equipment guarding will
protect workers from contacting moving parts.
e. Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout systems can isolate energy
sources during repair and maintenance. Usually, the further a control keeps a hazard away
from workers, the more effective it is.
f. Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated. For example, ventilation systems can
dilute toxic gasses before they reach operators.
2.7.3 Administrative controls
a. Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use standardized safety practices. The
employer is expected to ensure that workers follow these practices.
Work procedures must be periodically reviewed with workers and updated.
35. 35
b. Supervision and training – Initial training on safe work procedures and refresher training
should be offered. Appropriate supervision to assist workers in identifying possible hazards
and evaluating work procedures.
c. Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that workers are exposed
to a hazard. For example, workers can be rotated through jobs requiring repetitive
tendon and muscle movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy
processes can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace.
d. Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs - Housekeeping includes cleaning,
waste disposal and spill cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to cause
injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
e. Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic materials being absorbed by
workers or carried home to their families. Street clothing should be kept in separate lockers to
avoid being contaminated by work clothing. Eating areas must be segregated from toxic
hazards. Eating should be forbidden in toxic work areas.
Where applicable, workers should be required to shower and change clothes at the end of the
shift.
2.7.4 Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used when other controls measures are
not feasible and where additional protection is needed. Workers must be trained to use and
maintain equipment properly. The employer and workers must understand the limitations of
the personal protective equipment. The employer is expected to require workers to use their
36. 36
equipment whenever it is needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment is working
properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger a workers health by providing an illusion of
protection.
2.7.4 Monitoring controls
The effectiveness of controls must be checked regularly. Evaluate and monitor hazard
controls during inspections, routine maintenance, and other activities. Ask the following
questions –
a. Have the controls solved the problem?
b. Is any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?
c. Care all new hazards being identified?
d. Are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?
e. Are accident reports being analyzed?
f. Are any other measures required?
Document control activities to track their effectiveness, if necessary re-evaluate hazards and
implement new control measures.
2. Safe work procedures
Through the completion of a Job Hazard Analysis, sometimes hazards are identified and
cannot be eliminated or engineered out of a particular task. Safe Work Procedures are step by
step instructions that allow workers to conduct their work safety when hazards are present. A
Safe Work Procedure identifies the materials and equipment needed, and how and when to
use them safety.
Safe Work Procedures are generally prepared for -
a. critical high risk jobs where accidents have or could result in severe injuries;
37. 37
b. hazardous work where accidents occur frequently;
c. new or altered tasks have been introduced;
d. new equipment has been added to a process;
e. a job that requires many detailed tasks;
f. where two or more workers required for a job, and each must perform specific tasks
simultaneously; and
g. Specific tasks are done infrequently.
Safe Work Procedures must include:
a. regulatory requirements;
b. necessary personal protective equipment;
c. required training;
d. worker responsibilities;
e. specific sequence of steps to follow to complete the work safely;
f. required permits; and
g. Emergency procedures.
An example of a task that requires the development of a safe work procedure is confined
space entry. Individuals who must work within confined spaces must ensure that safe work
procedures are developed and followed to maximize life safety.
2.7.5 Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Personal protective equipment means any equipment which is intended to be worn or held by
a person at work and which protects him against one or more risks to his health or safety and
any additional accessory designed to meet that objective (Nigerian Institute of Safety
Professionals 2004);
PPE is usually chosen to provide protection appropriate to each of type of hazard present.
38. 38
There are specifications for the types of PPE used for protecting an individual’s head, eyes,
footwear, limb and body, fire retardant clothing, respiratory, hearing, and personal flotation
devices.
It may also include required apparel for example when traffic hazards are present high visible
and distinguishable “vests must be worn”
2.8 Documenting HIRARC
2.8.1 Responsibility and accountability
Proper management of hazards sporadically identified in the workplace can be done through
effective process. Ultimately, the individual or team who identified the hazard must ensure
proper communication of the hazard to the appropriate workplace authority (manager,
department head, or designated person). (Stalker, 2003) Each HIRARC must be fully
documented. The HIRARC form must be completed by the HIRARC team and signed or
employer must endorse and approve the HIRARC results. Employer must communicate all
HIRARC to employees, monitor the follow up action and keep the records.
2.8.2 TYPES OF HAZARDS
SAFETY HAZARDS: These are the most common and will be present in most workplaces
at one time or another. They include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness and
death.
Safety Hazards include:
a. Spills on floors or tripping hazards, such as blocked aisles or cords running across the
floor
b. Working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any raised work area
39. 39
c. Unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts; guards removed or moving parts
that a worker can accidentally touch
d. Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper wiring
e. Confined spaces
f. Machinery-related hazards (lockout/tagout, boiler safety, forklifts, etc.)
2.8.2.1 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS: Associated with working with animals, people, or
infectious plant materials. Work in schools, day care facilities, colleges and universities,
hospitals, laboratories, emergency response, nursing homes, outdoor occupations, etc. may
expose you to biological hazards.
Types of things you may be exposed to include:
a. Blood and other body fluids
b. Fungi/mold
c. Bacteria and viruses
d. Plants Insect bites
e. Animal and bird droppings
2.8.2.2 PHYSICAL HAZARDS: Are factors within the environment that can harm the body
without necessarily touching it.
Physical Hazards include:
1. Radiation: including ionizing, non-ionizing (EMF’s, microwaves, radiowaves, etc.)
40. 40
2. High exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays
3. Temperature extremes – hot and cold
4. Constant loud noise
2.8.2.3 ERGONOMIC HAZARDS: Occur when the type of work, body positions and
working conditions put strain on your body. They are the hardest to spot since you don’t
always immediately notice the strain on your body or the harm that these hazards pose. Short-
term exposure may result in “sore muscles” the next day or in the days following exposure,
but long-term exposure can result in serious long-term illnesses.
Ergonomic Hazards include:
a. Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
b. Frequent lifting
c. Poor posture
d. Awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
e. Repeating the same movements over and over
f. Having to use too much force, especially if you have to do it frequently
g. Vibration
2.8.2.4 CHEMICAL HAZARDS: Are present when a worker is exposed to any chemical
preparation in the workplace in any form (solid, liquid or gas). Some are safer than others,
but to some workers who are more sensitive to chemicals, even common solutions can cause
illness, skin irritation, or breathing problems.
Beware of:
41. 41
i. Liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents – ESPECIALLY if chemicals
are in an unlabelled container!
ii. Vapours and fumes that come from welding or exposure to solvents
iii. Gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and helium
iv. Flammable materials like gasoline, solvents, and explosive chemicals.
v. Pesticides
2.8.3 WORK ORGANIZATION HAZARDS: Hazards or stressors that cause stress (short-
term effects) and strain (long-term effects). These are the hazards associated with workplace
issues such as workload, lack of control and/or respect, etc. (Heinrich, H. W. 1941)
Examples of work organization hazards include:
a. Workload demands
b. Workplace violence
c. Intensity and/or pace
d. Respect (or lack of)
e. Flexibility
f. Control or say about things
g. Social support/relations
h. Sexual harassment
2.8.4 Hazard Identification Procedures
42. 42
Several procedures are used to identify hazards. You will be familiar with some of these by
being involved in tail gate meetings and other hazard management processes within your
workplace.
Some of the procedures used to identify hazards and the method of control are explained
below. Several procedures may be used in any one hazard identification situation. For
example when performing a Task Analysis, What If might also be used. Questions such as
‘What if the pole is not stable?’ might be asked when analysing the task of working on a
power supply structure. Each of the procedures listed below may be used one with another;
however each is a valid procedure (method) in the identification of hazards.
Documentation and Reporting – An employee has a responsibility to report unsafe acts or
conditions to their supervisor e.g. workers not following correct procedures or not using
correct tools/equipment for the task. Employees must ensure that company processes are
followed so that new hazards may be recorded and controlled and potential hazards are
managed.
Task Analysis – Also known as Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Job Hazard Analysis (JHA). This
procedure involves identifying each basic step of a job and the potential hazards involved to
recommend the safest way to do the job and control the hazards.
‘What if’ Analyses – A review of a process and analysis of what could possibly go wrong
and the consequences of the hazards.
Accident and Incident Investigations – These are used to review trends and to identify
possible regular occurrences or events. Near miss, incident reporting and investigation allows
identification and control of hazards before they cause a more serious incident. As a general
rule, investigations should be conducted for:
43. 43
1. All injuries (even the very minor ones)
2. All accidents with potential for injury
3. Property and/or product damage situations
4. All “Near Misses” where there was potential for serious injury
Fault Tree Analysis – The fault tree method involves creation of a fault tree diagram
comprised of basic events that represent the logical description of a system failure. They start
with one basic event and follows possible events through to an end consequence. For
example: the basic event may be that a driver lost control of a vehicle in traffic. If this was
followed through to its conclusion the consequence might be serious injury or death.
Fig. 2.1 A sample of a fault three analysis
44. 44
Behaviour Analysis - Focuses specifically on the analysis and modification of work
environments to reduce injuries and promote the safe behaviour of employees. Behaviour-
based safety focuses on changing the behaviour of employees so that injuries are reduced and
safe performance becomes more common.
Environment Analysis - Environmental Analysis includes many things e.g:
A. Regulatory compliance - is there a statute or by law that covers the work?
B. Resource management - is there a requirement for resource management consent?
C. Environmental protection - what precautions should be taken to protect water ways,
air, etc.?
D. Workplace safety - what are the specifics of the work environment? Is it a confined
space or working at heights etc.?
Physical Inspections / Audits - These are carried out on a regular basis to monitor the work
place for new hazards and to ensure that:
a. Health and safety policies are being practised
b. The policies are still relevant
2.9 Qualitative risk assessment method
Qualitative risk assessment method is quick and relatively easy to use as broad
consequences and likelihoods can be identified and they can provide a general understanding
of comparative risk between risk events, and the risk matrix can be used to separate risk
events into risk classes (ratings)
45. 45
Table 2.2: Qualitative Risk Likelihood Table for Guidance (Risk Management 1997)
Step 1 assesses the Likelihood Step 2 assesses the Consequence
L Happens
every
time
of
operat
ion
Almo Comm
o
n
o
r
r
e
p
e
a
t
i
n
g
C Fatality
C
at
a
st
r
o
p
hi
c
48. 48
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
c
a
n
t
Qualitative approaches are best used as a quick first-pass exercise where there are many
complex risk issues and low-risk issues need to be screened out for practical purposes.
Qualitative approaches have some shortcomings compared with more quantitative
approaches. Key criticisms are that qualitative methods are imprecise it is difficult to
compare events on a common basis as there is rarely clear justification of weightings placed
on severity of consequences and the use of emotive labels makes it difficult for risk
communicators to openly present risk assessment findings. (Schüller 1997)
Quantitative approaches to risk assessment are currently widely used to overcome some of
the shortcomings associated with qualitative approaches. Quantitative risk assessments
provide a more detailed prioritized ranking of risks than the outcomes of qualitative risk
assessments. Quantitative risk assessment takes the qualitative approach a step further by
attributing values or multipliers to the likelihood and consequence groupings. Quantitative
risk assessment methods may involve multiplication of frequency levels with a numerical
ranking of consequence.
49. 49
Table 2.3 Quantitative Risk Rating Matrix
Consequence Level
1 2 3 4 5
Likeliho
o
d
Level
Descrip
t
o
r
Insignific
an
t
Min Moder
a
t
e
Maj Catastrop
hi
c
5 Almost
C
e
r
t
a
i
n
5 10 15 20 25
4 Likely 4 8 12 16 20
3 Possible 3 6 9 12 15
2 Unlikel 2 4 6 8 10
50. 50
y
1 Rare 1 2 3 4 5
RISK
RATI
NG
EXTREME
HIGH
MODERATE
LOW
An advantage of this approach is that it allows risk ratings to be set based on the
derived numeric risk values. A major drawback is that the numeric risk values may not
reasonably reflect the relative risk of events due to the possible orders of magnitude
differences within the likelihoods and consequences classes.
In many cases the approach used to overcome above drawbacks has been to apply
likelihood and consequence values that more closely reflect their relative magnitude, but
which are not absolute measures. The quantitative risk matrix of table 2.3 shows the relative
risk values that would be derived by replacing the qualitative descriptions of likelihoods and
consequences with values that better reflect their relative order of the magnitude and provide
more realistic relativity within each class.
2.9.1 Rating Significance
51. 51
It is vital that the management issues are ranked in terms of significance from a risk
perspective. By identifying which issues are the most significant, it becomes possible to
prioritize action plans, minimizing the chance that new risks will be introduced by expending
time and resources on the wrong items.
Ratings of significance are assigned by assessing
(i) the Importance of each management issue, and
(ii) the Urgency with which it should be addressed. A numeric value is assigned to each.
2.9.2 Importance
A rating of “A” (very important) to “C” (of little importance) is assigned. An issue will be
very important if it significantly impacts safety performance or management. For instance, a
finding that a project safety plan was not implemented would be judged “A” - very important
- because it has the potential to negatively impact future safety management and
performance. An assignment of “A” or “B” might also be assigned if it impacted one or more
lines-of-defence.
Table 2.4 Categories Of Importance
2.9.3 Urgency
Category Descriptor Description
A High The consequences are either widespread or severe
B Moderate The consequences could soon attain significance in
C Low There is little foreseeable impact from a risk
52. 52
Urgency relates to how quickly an issue needs to be addressed in order to adequately mitigate
the associated risk. A rating of 1 to 5 is assigned to indicate increasing urgency.
Table 2.5 Categories of Urgency
Category Descriptor Description
1 Immediate Immediate attention is warranted to achieve immediate results
2 High Prompt attention is warranted to achieve long-term results
3 Moderate An action plan needs to be developed and implemented
4 Low Action should be taken when appropriate
53. 53
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Primary source of data collection was used and this data source entailed the use of
risk assessment forms used by LADOX ENGINEERING COMPANY who is in charge of
Shell Industrial Area (IA) Central and Domestic Air Conditioning Unit.
3.1 Sample Techniques And Sample Size
The data used were provided by the safety official of Ladox Engineering Company. A
collation of activities which occurred within the period of six months was carried out. These
activities include accidents, incidents, near misses, trips and falls.
3.2 Method of Data Collection
The method of data collection employed in this project was by collation of data from Key
Performance Indicator (KPI) and Risk assessment form.
3.3 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The method used in this project work includes the qualitative and quantitative
methods. The methods are used to produce outputs which are used to evaluate the nature and
distribution of risk and to develop appropriate strategies to manage the risk. Events or issues
with more significant consequences and likelihood are identified as ‘’higher risk’’ and are
54. 54
selected for higher priority mitigation actions to lower the likelihood of the event happening
and reduce the consequences of the event were to occur.
Quantitative Risk Assessment
Quantitative methods identify likelihoods as frequencies or probabilities. They
identify consequences in terms of relative scale (orders of magnitude) or in terms of specific
values (for example estimate of cost, number of fatalities or number of individuals lost from a
rare species). For both methods, time is invested in developing appropriate rating scales for
likelihood, consequence and resultant risk.
Qualitative Risk Assessment
Qualitative risk assessment method is quick and relatively easy to use as broad
consequences and likelihoods can be identified and they can provide a general understanding
of comparative risk between risk events, and the risk matrix can be used to separate risk
events into risk classes (ratings).
Table 2.3 shows a quantitative risk matrix where the likelihoods and consequences have been
assigned numbered levels that have been multiplied to generate a numeric description of risk
ratings. The values that have been assigned to the likelihoods and consequences are not
related to their actual magnitudes but the numeric values that are derived for risk can be
grouped to generate the indicated risk ratings. In this table, Extreme risk events have risk
ratings greater than 15, High risks are between 10 and 15.
Rating Method
Various activities are ranked in terms of significance from a risk perspective. By identifying
which issues are the most significant, it becomes possible to prioritize action plans,
minimizing the chance that new risks will be introduced by expending time and resources on
the wrong items.
55. 55
A rating of “A” (very important) to “C” (of little importance) is assigned. An issue will be
very important if it significantly impacts safety performance or management.
Urgency relates to how quickly an issue needs to be addressed in order to adequately mitigate
the associated risk. A rating of 1 to 5 is assigned to indicate increasing urgency.
CHAPTER FOUR
RUSULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
SPDC activities because of the operation, complexity of the system, procedures and methods
always involves some amount of hazards. Hazard identification and risk analysis is carried
out for identification of undesirable events that can lead to a hazard, the analysis of hazard
mechanism by which this undesirable event could occur and usually the estimation of event
magnitude and likelihood of harmful effects.
4.1.1 RISK RATING
The different risk activities were divided into high, medium, and low depending upon their
consequences and likelihood. The high risks activities have been marked in red color are
unacceptable and must be made to reduce. The risk which has been marked yellow colors is
tolerable but efforts must be made to reduce risk without expenditure that is grossly
disproportionate to the benefit gained. The risks which are marked in green have the risk
level so low that is not required for taking actions to reduce its magnitude any further.
(BSEN1050 1997)
The summary of main risk s associated with LADOX operation inside SPDC Industrial Area
(IA) in Port Harcourt and he corresponding rating are displayed in tables below.
56. 56
4.2 RESULTS
4.2.1 LADOX RISK ASSESMENT
This table shows all data collected from Ladox Engineering Company from January 2013 to
June 2013
Table 4.1 LADOX RISK ASSESMENT TABLE (From January 2013 to June 2013)
DATE
/MONTH
ACTIVITIES TYPES OF
HAZARD
NUMBER OF
OCCURRENCE
SEVERITY
JANUARY (manual handling)
Lifting & moving AC
unit
- Heavy load
- Falling object
5 medium
Brazing - Hot surface
- Defective hose
Fire / Explosion
0 Low
Charging of AC unit - Refrigerants
- Explosion
2 Low
Electrical equipment Working at height
Rotating part(fan
motor, blade)
0 Low
Repairs of AC unit -Electrical shock
- sharp edges
8 High
FEBURARY (manual handling)
Lifting & moving AC
unit
- Heavy load
- Falling object
5 Medium
Brazing -Hot surface
-Defective hose
Fire / Explosion
1 Low
Charging of AC unit - Refrigerants
- Explosion
1 Low
Electrical equipment Working at height
Rotating part (fan
motor, blade)
1 Low
Repairs of AC unit -Electrical shock
- sharp edges
4
MARCH (manual handling)
Lifting & moving AC
unit
- Heavy load
- Falling object
5 medium
Brazing - Hot surface
- Defective hose
0 Low
57. 57
Fire / Explosion
Charging of AC unit - Refrigerants
- Explosion
2 Low
Electrical equipment Working at height
Rotating part (fan
motor, blade)
0 Low
Repairs of AC unit -Electrical shock
- sharp edges
4 Medium
APRIL (manual handling)
Lifting & moving AC
unit
- Heavy load
- Falling object
7 High
Brazing -Hot surface
-Defective hose
Fire / Explosion
1 Low
Charging of AC unit - Refrigerants
- Explosion
1 Low
Electrical equipment Working at height
Rotating part (fan
motor, blade)
0 Low
Repairs of AC unit -Electrical shock
- sharp edges
5 Medium
MAY (manual handling)
Lifting & moving AC
unit
- Heavy load
- Falling object
4 medium
Brazing -Hot surface
-Defective hose Fire /
Explosion
1 low
Charging of AC unit - Refrigerants
- Explosion
1 low
Electrical equipment Working at height
Rotating part (fan
motor, blade)
0 low
Repairs of AC unit -Electrical shock
- sharp edges
5 Medium
JUNE (manual handling)
Lifting & moving AC
unit
- Heavy load
- Falling object
5 Low
Brazing -Hot surface
-Defective hose
Fire / Explosion
1 Low
Charging of AC unit - Refrigerants
- Explosion
2 Low
Electrical equipment Working at height
Rotating part (fan
motor, blade)
1 Low
58. 58
4.2.2 ACTIVITIES ASSESMENT AT VARIOUS LEVELS
Table 4.2 Rating of Risks associated with Manual Handling, Lifting and Moving AC.
Unit.
ACTIVITIES HAZARD
TYPE
LIKELIHOOD MAXIMUM
CONCEQUENCES
RISK
RATING
MANUAL
HANDLING,
LIFTING AND
MOVING AC.
UNIT
FALLING
OBJECT
L3 C3 12
LIFTING
OF HEAVY
OBJECTS.
L2 C4
8
Table 4.3 Rating of Risks associated with Brazing
ACTIVITIES HAZARD TYPE LIKELIHOOD MAXIMUM
CONCEQUENCES
RISK
RATING
BRAZING
HOT
SURFACE
L3 C3 12
DEFECTIVE
HOSE
L3 C1 15
FIRE /
EXPLOSION
L4 C1 10
Repairs of AC unit -Electrical shock
- sharp edges
6 High
59. 59
Table 4.4 Rating of Risks associated with Charging of AC. Unit
ACTIVITIES HAZARD TYPE LIKELIHOOD MAXIMUM
CONCEQUENCES
RISK
RATING
CHARGING
OF AC. UNIT
ELECTRIC
SHOCK
L3 C4 6
ELECTRIC
SHOCK
L4
C1 10
Table 4.5 Rating of Risks associated with Servicing of AC. Unit
ACTIVITIES HAZARD TYPE LIKELIHOOD MAXIMUM
CONCEQUENCES
RISK
RATING
SERVICING
OF AC UNIT
WORKING AT
HEIGHT
L3 C3 9
LIFTING OF
HEAVY
OBJECTS.
L3 C4 6
LIFTING OF
HEAVY OBJECTS
ON WORKERS
L4 C4 4
Table 4.6 Rating of Risks associated with Repairs of AC. Unit
60. 60
ACTIVITIES HAZARD TYPE LIKELIHOOD MAXIMUM
CONCEQUENCES
RISK
RATING
REPAIRS
OF AC UNIT
ELECTRICAL
SHOCK
L4 C5 2
SHARP
EDGES
L2 C4 8
Table 4.7 Rating of Risks associated with the Handling of Electrical Equipment
ACTIVITIES HAZARD TYPE LIKELIHOOD MAXIMUM
CONCEQUENCES
RISK
RATING
ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
ELECTRICAL
SHOCK
L3 C4 4
EXPLOSION
L5 C5 1
4.3 DISCUSSIONS
Table 4.2 presents Rating of Risks associated with Manual Handling, Lifting and Moving
AC. Unit. From observation the boxes which shows hazard type of “FALLING OBJECT”
carries pink color with a risk rating of 12, this falls under category “B” in the Category of
importance in Table 2.4 which describes a moderate event. Meaning the consequences could
soon attain significance in either scope or severity. While on the table of Urgency in Table
2.5, the event falls under category “3” indicating that an action plan needs to be developed
and implemented
Under the hazard type of lifting of heavy objects, the boxes carries a yellow color with a risk
level of 12 indicating category “A” in our category of importance which indicates there is
61. 61
little foreseeable impact from a risk perspective, a low risk level and action should be taken
when appropriate. While on the table of Urgency in Table 2.5, the event falls under category
“4” which indicates action should be taken when appropriate.
Table 4.3 represents Rating of Risks associated with Brazing. From observation the boxes
which shows hazard type of “HOT SURFACE AND DEFFECIVE HOSE” carries pink
colour with a risk rating of 12 and 15 respectively, this falls under category “B” in the
Category of importance in Table 2.4 which describes a moderate event. Meaning the
consequences could soon attain significance in either scope or severity. While on the table of
Urgency in Table 2.5, the event falls under category “3” indicating that an action plan needs
to be developed and implemented
Under the hazard type of “FIRE / EXPLOSION”, the boxes carries a yellow colour with a
risk level of 10 indicating category “A” in our category of importance which indicates a low
risk level and action should be taken when appropriate. While on the table of Urgency in
Table 2.5, the event falls under category “4” which indicates action should be taken when
appropriate.
Table 4.4 represents Rating of Risks associated with Charging of AC. Unit. Under the hazard
type of “ELECTRIC SHOCK and ELECTRIC SHOCK”, the boxes carries a yellow colour
with a risk level of 6 and 10 respectively, indicating category “A” in our category of
importance which indicates there is little foreseeable impact from a risk perspective. While
on the table of Urgency in Table 2.5, the event falls under category “4” which indicates
action should be taken when appropriate.
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Table 4.5 Rating of Risks associated with Servicing of AC. Unit. Considering the hazard type
of “WORKING AT HEIGHT and LIFTING OF HEAVY OBJECTS”, the boxes carries a
yellow colour with a risk level of 9 and 6 respectively, indicating category “A” in our
category of importance which indicates There is little foreseeable impact from a risk
perspective. While on the table of Urgency in Table 2.5, the event falls under category “4”
which indicates action should be taken when appropriate.
While under the hazard type of “LIFTING OF HEAVY OBJECTS ON WORKERS” the
boxes carries a green colour with a risk level of 4, which indicates category “C” in our
category of importance which there is little foreseeable impact from a risk perspective. While
on the table of Urgency in Table 2.5, the event falls under category “4” which indicates
action should be taken when appropriate.
Table 4.6 represents Rating of Risks associated with Repairs of AC. Unit. Considering the
hazard type of “ELECTRICAL SHOCK” the boxes carries a green colour with a risk level of
2, which indicates category “C” in our category of importance which there is little
foreseeable impact from a risk perspective. While on the table of Urgency in Table 2.5, the
event falls under category “4” which indicates action should be taken when appropriate.
Considering the hazard type of “WORKING AT HEIGHT and LIFTING OF HEAVY
OBJECTS”, the boxes carries a yellow colour with a risk level of 8 indicating category “A”
in our category of importance which indicates There is little foreseeable impact from a risk
perspective. While on the table of Urgency in Table 2.5, the event falls under category “4”
which indicates action should be taken when appropriate.
Table 4.7 represents Rating of Risks associated with the Handling of Electrical Equipment.
Considering the hazard type of “ELECTRICAL SHOCK and EXPLOSION” the boxes
carries a green colour with a risk level of 4 and 1 respectively, which indicates category “C”
63. 63
in our category of importance which there is little foreseeable impact from a risk perspective.
While on the table of Urgency in Table 2.5, the event falls under category “4” which
indicates action should be taken when appropriate.
The risk level in this operation is very low. The operations are safe and risk free.
4.4 RISK TREAMENT
Having identified the hazards in the workplace, assessed their risks and reviewed the existing
controls, all hazards must be managed before people are hurt, become ill or there is damage
to plant, property or the environment.
The management of risks in the workplace requires eliminating risks so far as reasonably
practicable in the first instance. Where elimination is not possible, then risks should be
minimized, so far as reasonably practicable.
All hazards that have been assessed should be dealt with in order of priority. The most
effective control options should be selected to eliminate or minimize risks. The Hierarchy of
Controls (see diagram below in fig 4.1) ranks control options from highest level of protection
and reliability to lowest. This should be used to determine the most effective controls.
(Middleton, M. and Franks, A. 2001)
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Fig. 4.3.1 Hierarchy of Control
4.4.1 Level 1 Control Measures – Eliminate the Hazard
The most effective control measures eliminate the hazard and associated risks. This can be
achieved through removing the hazard or selecting alternate products or equipment to
eliminate the risk. If a hazard cannot be eliminated then risks can be minimised by lower
control measures
4.4.2 Level 2 Control Measures
These are used to minimise the risks and involve on or a combination of the following;
(i) Substitute the hazard: substitute a substance, method or material to reduce the risk or the
hazard
(ii) Isolate the hazard: separate the hazard from the workplace or people, for example;
a. Chemical store room, or a laboratory kept locked except to an authorised person.
65. 65
b. Lock out procedures on faulty equipment.
c. Appropriate guarding for machinery.
(iii) Use engineering controls: modify existing machinery or plant or purchase different
machinery or plant to provide a physical solution. For example;
a. Trolleys, hoists or cranes.
b. Guard rails.
4.4.3 Level 3 Control Measures
These are control options which should be considered last as they do not control the source of
the hazard but rely on human behaviour or supervision and are therefore less effective. They
include;
(iv) Administrative Procedures: develop work methods or procedures to reduce the conditions
of risk, for example:
a. Written Safe Operating Procedures
b. Job rotation to restrict hours worked on difficult jobs.
c. Staff trained in the correct operating procedures.
(v) Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and training in its use: offer the lowest level of
protection and should only be used as a last resort to deal with the hazard, where the hazard
cannot be removed or reduced by any other means, for example:
a. Handling of chemicals – gloves, safety glasses, aprons.
b. Protecting eyes from flying particles.
66. 66
c. Protecting feet – safety boots.
Consultation with workers is required in the selection and implementation of control measure
in the workplace. Controls may need to be trialled to determine effectiveness and workers
should be involved in the feedback process. (Wells 1996)
Each measure must have a designated person and date assigned for the implementation of
controls. This ensures that all required safety measures will be completed and documented.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND RECONMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
The first step for emergency preparedness and maintaining a safe work place is defining and
analyzing hazards. Although all hazards should be addressed, resource limitations usually do
not allow this to happen at one time. Hazard identification and risk assessment can be used to
establish priorities so that the most dangerous situation are addressed first and those least
likely to occur and least likely to cause major problems can be considered later.
From the study carried out at Ladox Engineering Company a section of SPDC, the risk rating
which were made and analyzed shows that there were few events of high risks in the
company’s activities. The high risk in the activities involves hazards from falling objects
67. 67
during manual handling, lifting and moving AC. Units. Other high risk activities are hazards
from brazing which include hot surface and defective hose.
Hazards from falling object cannot be totally eliminated but can be reduced by carrying out
the activity with more care and attention.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Wish to make the following recommendations to SPDC. in Portharcourt Rivers State
1. Continuous training of their safety personnel and the entire workforce on the
acquisition of modern hazard identification/Job Hazard Analysis preparation skills.
2. Continuous implementation of safety regulations and best practice
procedures/techniques on risk analysis.
3. Continuous improvement on employees’ motivation and safe work environment
through promotion Job Hazard Analysis and Risk Analysis awareness.
4. Continuous review of corporate safety policies to accommodate changes in the work
environment and modern developments in hazard management.
68. 68
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