materials of construction: The methods involved in a construction like scaffolding, shoring, formwork, etc. pre-casted fabrication techniques, types of construction civil engineering

1. Finishing and other methods of
construction

2. contents
• Plastering ,pointing, and painting
• Damp proofing
• Formwork
• Scaffolding
• Shoring
• Underpinning
• Pre casted construction techniques and elements
• Types of construction
• Safety measures of construction

3. Plastering
• The method of covering the rough surface of
walls, columns,ceilings,and other building
components with thin coat of plastic mortars
to make it durable, attractive, and long lasting.
• Plaster on external surface is known as
rendering.
• Plastering makes the structure protective
against the vermit and moisture.

4. Objectives of plastering
• To conceal defective workmanship
• To give aesthetic look.
• To protect walls from moisture and vermits.
• To make the surface smooth.
• To protect wall from rainwater and dust .

5. Requirements of good plaster
• Cheap and economical
• Hard and durable.
• Should give smooth and even surface.
• Can be applied in any weather condition.
• Adhere firmly on the surface to be the
required safeguard.
• Should posses good workability.

6. Materials of plastering
1).Acoustic plaster
gypsum is used as final coat.
honey combed structure is formed.
sound absorption technique.
2).Asbestos marble plaster
cement + asbestos + marble(finely crushed)
3).Barium plaster
cement + sand + BaSO4
For X-Ray rooms
4).Granite-Silicon plaster
for superior type of construction, where quick setting is needed. It
is used for crack elimination.
5).Gypsum plaster
plaster of Paris is used with lime for ornamental works and
repairing holes and cracks

7. 6).knees cement plaster
calcination of pop with alum
very hard and sets in few days
for ornamental works
7).Martin’s cement plaster
calcination of pop with pearl ash
8). Thistle hard wall
made by high grade gypsum.
ornamental work

8. Methods of plastering
• At first raking is done up to the depth of 10mm in
the brick.
• Three coat plaster
1)Application of rendering coat :mortar is
applied with trowel and left for curing for 6-7 days.
2)Application of floating coat: dirt is cleaned off
from rendering coat and lightly wetted and mortar
is applied again.
3)Application of finishing coat: lime cream and
sand is applied for final smoothening of the floating
coat and is allowed to cure for 10 days.

9. Defects in plastering
• Blistering of plastered surface i.e. swelling
• Cracking: due to imperfection in rendering coat,
structural defects, discontinuity in surface, faulty
workmanship, movement of plaster itself .
• Crazing: hair cracks on plaster
• Efflorescence: whitish substance due to excessive salts
• Flaking: formation of loose mass of plastered surface,
due to poor bonding.
• Patch
• Peeling
• Rust stain

10. Pointing
• Special finishing work is done in exposed
joints is done instead of plastering is called
pointing.
• It is done by filling the
joints with mortar as to make
the joints harder.

11. Diff b/w pointing and plastering
plastering pointing
1. It is applied to entire surface. It is provided only at exposed joints.
2. It provides smooth surface. It does not provide smooth surface.
3.
It conceals defective workmanship in
the masonry construction
It is used to expose beauty of well built
masonry work.
4.
It provides a base for applying white/
colour washing
White washing or colour washing are
ruled out.

12. Damp proofing
• It is a method of prevention of damp through
the walls, floors, or roofing.
• It is done by constructing damp proof
concrete walls with addition to certain
chemicals in it which can resist the moisture
to enter the floor.

13. Painting
• It is done to protect , cover , decorate the
functionality of the object with the help of
pigmented coating.
• Painting is done for illuminating a surface ,
smoothening a surface, decorating a surface,
protecting it from rough weather condition,
and to protect it from decaying.

14. Process of painting
• New surfaces
a) proper seasoning
b)knotting to remove buds and knots
c)applying first coat or priming
d)applying second coat by rubbing down
the dried primed surface
e)applying final coat

15. • Old surface
clean up all the cracks and holes and fill it
with putty (mixture of chalk with linseed oil).
the old paint is then blistered and the old paint
is rubbed off and scrapped.
oil is applied several times and 2-3 coats of
paint is applied so that no brush marks is left.
At last final coat is applied . And varnishing is
done it for final finish.

16. Formwork
• It is the temporary mould to support the
concrete structures like foundation, slab,
columns, beams ,etc., during its construction.

17. Types of formwork
• Footing forms :for foundation

18. • Column forms : for RCC columns
• Wall forms: for RCC walls

19. Scaffolding
• It is the temporary structure provide aside of a
building to get access to different levels for
supplying materials and masons to work.
• It can be constructed by either steel structure
or timber.
• It is used in construction as well as demolition
of a building.
• It is also used in whitewashing, plastering,
pointing,etc.

20. Components of scaffolding

23. 1. Standards : vertical member supported on
ground.
2. Ledgers : horizontal members joining the
standards.
3. Braces: diagonal members.
4. Putlogs: transverse member, which is placed at
right angles to the wall having one end on the
ledgers.
5. Transoms: putlog having both ends on ledgers.
6. Boarding :horizontal plates to keep materials
and to stand.

24. Types of scaffolding
1. Single scaffolding/putlog
scaffolding/bricklayer scaffolding: single row
of standards parallel to wall and connected
by putlogs with the wall

25. 2. Double scaffolding/ masons scaffolding:
stronger than single one.it has two rows of
standards having one at distance of 15 cm and
other at 1-2m away. Racking shores are provided
to support the scaffold.

26. 3. Cantilever scaffolding/ needle scaffolding: it is
done when providing standards is not possible
with ground, or the soil is loose

27. 4. Suspended scaffolding: suitable for
maintenance work and for plastering, pointing,
and panting.

28. Shoring
Providing support to unsafe structures which
under the repairment.
It is used to make openings, enlargement of
wall, dismantling parallel structures.

29. Types of shores
1. Raking shores: it is inclined to a structure.

30. 2. Horizontal shores/ flying shores: it is used to
support two adjacent walls in which shores
don’t reach the ground.

31. 3. Vertical shores/dead shores: to support
horizontal members.

32. Underpinning
• Underpinning is a method used to increase
foundation depth or repairing faulty foundations.
This might be the case if you plan to add stories
to an existing structure or when
the foundation has been damaged.
• The most used method of underpinning is mass
pour method. This process requires excavating
sections in sequence to a pre-established depth
below the footing and place concrete on each pit.

34. Cost effective construction
1. Foundation : piles are introduced
2. Damp proof course on plinth or tie beam
3. Walls :fly ash bricks, hollow pre-casted bricks are
introduced.
4. Door :precasted rcc frames instead of wooden frames
are used.
5. Lintels and chejja : stone and marbles slab are used.
6. Flooring : different types of flooring are used like
cement flooring, granolithic, mosaic,
industrial,marble.
7. Roofing :flat as well as pitched .

35. Pre fabrication technique
• Prefabricated structure is one, the component
member of which is precast, either in factories or
in temporary plants established on the site. These
precast members are transported to the site and
then they are hoisted, set into complete
structure.
• "Prefabrication" is an industrialized. Construction
method whereby mass-produced components
are assembled into buildings with the aid of
cranes and other lifting and handling appliances

36. Advantages of pre fabrication
• The construction time is shortened
• The quantities of materials required are
reduced, as formwork and scaffolding are
largely eliminated.
• Required amount of manual labour is
substantially reduced.
• Better quality of the products is obtained.
• Construction can proceed almost
independently of weather conditions.

37. Pre casted elements
1. Precasted beams
2. Pre casted columns
3. Pre casted floor slabs
4. Pre casted walls
5. Pre casted stairs

39. Types of construction
1.Slipform construction:
Slipform construction is a method for building
large towers or bridges from concrete. The name
refers to moving form the concrete is poured
into, which moves along the project as the
previously poured con hardens behind it. The
technique has also been applied to road
construction

41. 2.Tunnel form construction:
The use of tunnel form produces high quality
monolithic structures. It eliminates the use of
any subsequent w trades (Plastering etc). It is
basically an operation to cast walls and slabs in
one operation daily cycle.
This technique is highly systematic, earthquake
proven and provides an ideal solution to the
critical problem of sound transmission. It gives a
sound reduction of 50 decibels.

43. Introduction to safety measures
• Wear sturdy work gloves, long sleeves, and full length
trousers to protect your hand arms, and legs.
• Wear rubber boots when placing and handling
concrete for slabs and flatwork.
• To protect your eyes from cement dust and from
splattered mortar or concrete, we safety glasses or
goggles.
• To avoid back strain and injury— always bend your
knees, keep your back straight, and lift with your legs.
• Use buggies for the movement of concrete blocks and
bricks.