The document outlines content to be covered for an upcoming exam, including short answer questions on Chapter 1, a reading quiz on Hammurabi, and a Middle East map quiz. It also provides an overview of the key sections and topics to be covered in Chapter 2, including the early civilizations that developed in China, Nubia, and the Americas between 2200-250 BCE. The chapter sections will cover the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China, the Kush and Meroe Kingdoms in Nubia, and the Olmec and Chavin civilizations in Mesoamerica. Philosophies like Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, and theories of yin and yang

1. Due Friday!
 Chap 1 Short Answer
 Reading #2: Hammurabi
 Middle East Map Quiz
 Chap 2 Vocab. Quiz

2. Unit 1: Chapter 2
Chapter 2
New Civilizations in the
Eastern and Western
Hemispheres
2200-250 B.C.E.

3. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 1
Section 1:
Early China
A. Geography & Resources
B. Shang Dynasty
C. Zhou Dynasty
D. Philosophies

4. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 1
A. Geography and Resources
1. China is divided into 2 geographical regions:
a. North, Yellow River Valley, dry and cold
b. South, Yangzi Valley, warm with lots of rain
2. Natural Resources
a. Timber, stone, Metals
3. Agriculture
a. Millet (north) & Rice (south)
b. Agriculture required lots of people to be successful

5. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 1
B. Shang Period
 From 1750 – 1027 B.C.E.
 Origins in the Yellow River Valley

6. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 1
1. Dynasty
a. Direct rule & indirect rule over peripheral areas.
b. Extended control by military conquest
c. Engaged in trade possibly with Mesopotamia.
2. Religion
a.Kings worship spirits of male ancestors.
b.Presented themselves as intermediaries between gods
and human world.
3. Techonology
1. Bronze: weapons & ceremonials vessels
2. Horse-drawn chariot & water buffalo
3. Civil engineering projects

7. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 1
4. Chinese Writing System
a. Chinese characters developed during Shang period.
b. Chinese writing system today is directly related to
the Shang system. (oldest language still alive)
c. Chief written remains of Shang Dynasty are oracle
bones used in divination.

8. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 1
C. Zhou Period
Background
 From 1027 – 221 B.C.E.
 A dependent state of the Shang that rebelled
 Defeated Shang in the eleventh century B.C.E.
 Invented concept of “Mandate of Heaven”
 Longest lasting Chinese Dynasty

9. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 1
1. Religion and Government
a. Priest’s power faded
b. This resulted in the separation of religion and
government
c. Zhou period saw development of many different
and important secular philosophies.
2. Western Zhou (11t h – 9th Century B.C.E.)
a. Direct control over core territory
b. Indirect control over peripheral areas

10. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 1
3. Eastern Zhou Period
a. Decline of the central government
b. Regional governors ruled semi-independent states
c. Eastern Zhou period divided further
1. Spring and Autumn Period (771-481 B.C.E.)
2. Warring States Period (480-221 B.C.E.)
d. Technology
1. Walls for defense, Iron & Steel, Horse riding
e. Culture
1.Developed 3 generation family (grandparent, parent, child)
2.Men - Private property, ancestral offerings, controlled family,
1 wife but many concubines
3.Women -subordinate to men

11. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 1
D. Philosophies
1. Legalism
A. Assumes that human nature is essentially wicked
and selfish.
B. People will only behave if they are ruled by strict
laws and harsh punishments.
C. Functioned as the ideological basis of various
independent states as they expanded.

12. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 1
2. Confucianism
a. Founded by Confucius
b. Assumes that human nature is essentially good
c. Respect of family extends to respect of the state
d. Concerned with establishing moral foundations of
government
3. Daoism
a. Founded by Laozi.
b. Follow the Dao - the path
c. There are no absolute moral standards
d. People should take the world as they find it

13. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 1
4. Yin & Yang
a. A natural balance
b. Male – sun, active, bright, shining
c. Female – moon, passive, shaded, reflective
d. Confucius - male superior to the female

14. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 2
Section 2:
Nubia
3100 BCE– 350 CE
A. Geography & Resources
B. Nubian Civilization
C. Kingdom of Kush
D. Kingdom of Meroe

15. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 2
A. Geography and Resources
1. Located along the Upper or Southern Nile
2. Natural Resources
a. Gold, semi-precious stones, copper
3. Trade Link
a. Between Sub-Saharan Africa & North Africa

16. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 2
B. Nubian Civilization
1. Egyptian influence in Old Kingdom
a. Mutual need for resources by peaceful trading
b. Language, religion, writing, culture
2. Overthrown by Egyptians in Middle Kingdom
a. Egypt no longer wanted to trade, invaded Kush
b. Children taken to Egypt to become cultured
3. Overthrown by Assyrians
1. Nubia allied with Palestinians to defeat Assyrians
2. Assyrians attack Egypt and push into Nubia
3. Govt forced to move south to Meroe

17. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 2
C. Kingdom of Kush
1. Southern Nubia 1750 BCE
2. Strength was in metal working
3. Egypt invaded and took POW and children

18. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 2
D. Kingdom of Meroë
1. Ruled Egypt 800 BCE – 350 CE
2. First capital at Napata then moved to Meroe
3. Matrilineal family system
4. Queens were very influential (Cleopatra)
5. Dominated trade routes and iron
6. Decline due to shifting trade routes

19. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 3
Section 3:
The Americas
1200 - 250 BCE
A. Olmecs
B. Nubian Civilization
C. Kingdom of Kush
D. Kingdom of Meroe

20. Map of Olmec Territory

21. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 3
A. Olmecs: 1200 - 400 BCE
1. Located along coast of present day Mexico
2. Most influential Mesoamerican preclassical
civilization
3. Government
a. Independent City/States ruled by a king
b. Similarities: political and social/cultural
c. ^ in Agriculture led to an ^ in population
d. Gave rise to a strong king/priest
e. Result – large scale labor to build rel/pol buildings

22. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 3
4. Capital
a. San Lorenzo > La Venta > Tres Zapotes
5. Technology
a. Raised fields, only simple tools, writing, astronomy,
calendar, ball games, Stone Heads

23. Unit 1: Chapter 2: Section 3
B. Chavin: 900-250 BCE
1. Located along west coast South America
2. Sat on crossroads of trade b/t coast and Andes
Mountains
3. Strong military and religion
4. Rotating labor system to build roads & bridges
5. 1 domesticated animal – llama
6. Regional wars disrupted trade, economic
collapse, results in govt. dissolving

24. Chavín Art