The document summarizes 11 themes that unify biology:
1. Hierarchy - Biological systems are organized from the molecular to the biosphere level.
2. Homeostasis - Feedback loops allow living organisms to regulate internal conditions.
3. Metabolism - All living things process energy and molecules to grow and reproduce.
4. Evolution - Life shares common descent and natural selection shapes diversity.
5. Genetics - DNA provides genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring.
6. Emergence - Complex systems exhibit properties not present in individual parts.
7. Regulation - Interconnected regulatory pathways allow organisms to respond to changes.
8. Compartmentalization - Membranes and organ
1. Sample Free Response Question: The rate of photosynthesis may vary with changes that occur in environment temperature, wavelength of light, and light intensity. Using a photosynthetic organism of your choice, choose only ONE of the three variables (temperature, wavelength of light, or light intensity) and for this variable Design a scientific experiment to determine the effect of the variable on the rate of photosynthesis for the organism; Explain how you would measure the rate of photosynthesis in your experiment; Describe the results you would expect. Explain why you would expect these results.
2. Figure 1.1 What is Life? The phenomenon we call life Defies a simple, one-sentence definition We recognize life By what living things do
3. (b) Evolutionary adaptation (a) Order (c) Response to the environment (e) Energy processing (d) Regulation (f) Growth and development (g) Reproduction Figure 1.2 Some properties of life
4. Biologists explore life from the microscopic to the global scale The study of life Extends from the microscope scale of molecules and cells to the global scale of the entire living planet The hierarchy of life Extends through many levels of biological organization
5. 1 The biosphere Figure 1.3 From the biosphere to organisms
6. 9Organelles 1 µm Cell 8Cells Atoms 10Molecules 10 µm 7Tissues 50 µm 6Organs and organ systems Figure 1.3 From cells to molecules
7. A Closer Look at Ecosystems Each organism Interacts with its environment Both organism and environment Are affected by the interactions between them
8. Ecosystem Dynamics The dynamics of any ecosystem include two major processes Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil The flow of energy from sunlight to producers (autotrophs) to consumers (heterotrophs)
9. Energy Conversion Activities of life Require organisms to perform work, which depends on an energy source The exchange of energy between an organism and its surroundings Often involves the transformation of one form of energy to another
10. Sunlight Ecosystem Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Heat Chemical energy Consumers (including animals) Figure 1.4 Heat Energy flows through an ecosystem Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat
11. 25 µm Figure 1.5 A Closer Look at Cells The cell Is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life
12. Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Offspring with traits inherited from both parents Egg cell Figure 1.6 The Cell’s Heritable Information Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the substance of genes Which program the cells’ production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring
13. Nucleus DNA Cell A C Nucleotide T A T A C C G T A G T A (a) DNA double helix. This model shows each atom in a segment of DNA.Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides, a DNA molecule takes the three-dimensional form of a double helix. (b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences of the four types of nucleotides (their names are abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G). Figure 1.7 The molecular structure of DNA Accounts for it information-rich nature
14. Two Main Forms of Cells All cells share certain characteristics They are all enclosed by a membrane They all use DNA as genetic information There are two main forms of cells Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
15. Eukaryotic cells Are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles
16. EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles 1 µm Figure 1.8 Nucleus (contains DNA) Prokaryotic cells Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells
17. Biological systems are much more than the sum of their parts A system Is a combination of components that form a more complex organization
18. The Power and Limitations of Reductionism Reductionism Involves reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study Irreducibly Complexity or WPP (Whole Package Phenomenon)
19. The study of DNA structure, an example of reductionism Has led to further study of heredity, such as the Human Genome Project Figure 1.9
21. A A Negative feedback Enzyme 1 Enzyme 1 B B Enzyme 2 C C Enzyme 3 D D D D D D D D D D D Figure 1.11 In negative feedback An accumulation of an end product slows the process that produces that product In Biology, this process (generally biochemical) is often referred to as Homeostasis; from the regulating of body temperature, to the regulating of blood glucose levels.
22. W W Enzyme 4 Enzyme 4 Positivefeedback X X Enzyme 5 Enzyme 5 Y Y Enzyme 6 Enzyme 6 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Figure 1.12 In positive feedback The end product speeds up production For another example, imagine an ecosystem with only one species and an unlimited amount of food. The population will grow at a rate proportional to the current population, which leads to an accelerating increase, i.e., positive feedback. This has a de-stabilizing effect, so left unchecked, does not result in homeostasis. In some cases (if not controlled by negative feedback), a positive feedback loop can run out of control, and can result in the collapse of the system.
23. Figure 1.13 Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species Diversity is a hallmark of life
24. Grouping Species: The Basic Idea Taxonomy Is the branch of biology that names and classifies species according to a system of broader and broader groups
25. Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Ursusameri- canus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya Figure 1.14 Classifying life
26. The Three Domains of Life At the highest level, life is classified into three domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
27. Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea Consist of prokaryotes Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes Includes the various protist kingdoms and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
28. Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellula eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to food. Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. Each of the rod-shapedstructures in this photo is a bacterial cell. Protists (multiple kingdoms) are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protistsinto several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversity. 4 µm 100 µm DOMAIN ARCHAEA Kindom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes thatingest other organisms. Kindom Fungi is defined in part by thenutritional mode of its members, suchas this mushroom, which absorb nutrientsafter decomposing organic material. Many of the prokaryotes known as archaea live in Earth‘s extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea includes multiple kingdoms. The photoshows a colony composed of many cells. 0.5 µm Figure 1.15 Life’s three domains
29. 15 µm 1.0 µm Cilia of Paramecium.The cilia of Parameciumpropel the cell throughpond water. 5 µm Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving a film of debris-trapping mucus upward. Figure 1.16 Unity in the Diversity of Life As diverse as life is There is also evidence of remarkable unity
30. Continuity and Discontinuity God created organisms with enough continuity (similarities) to know that only ONE God was the Creator, yet with enough discontinuity (differences) to know that organisms could not have created (or evolved) themselves.
31. Figure 1.18 The evolutionary view of life Came into sharp focus in 1859 when Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
32. Figure 1.19 The Origin of Species articulated two main points Descent with modification Natural selection
33. 1 Populations with varied inherited traits 2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits. 3 Reproduction of survivors. Figure 1.21 4 Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success. Natural selection is the evolutionary process that occurs When a population’s heritable variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others
34. Large ground finch Large tree finch Smallground finch Large cactus ground finch Camarhynchuspsitacula Greenwarbler finch Graywarbler finch Geospiza magnirostris Geospizafuliginosa Mediumtree finch Sharp-beaked ground finch Woodpecker finch Mediumground finch Geospiza conirostris Certhideaolivacea Certhideafusca Geospiza difficilis Camarhynchuspauper Cactusground finch Cactospizapallida Mangrovefinch Geospiza fortis Small tree finch Geospizascandens Camarhynchusparvulus Cactospiza heliobates Vegetarianfinch Cactus flowereater Seed eater Seed eater Platyspizacrassirostris Insect eaters Bud eater Ground finches Tree finches Warbler finches Common ancestor fromSouth American mainland Figure 1.23 Darwin proposed that natural selection Could enable an ancestral species to “split” into two or more descendant species, resulting in a “tree of life” Macro vs. Micro Changes
41. My Presupposition 1 The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. 2 Day after day they pour forth speech; night after night they display knowledge. 3 There is no speech or language where their voice is not heard. 4 Their voice goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world. Psalm 19: 1-4
