2. Walls
A wall is a vertical structure,
usually solid, that defines
and sometimes protects an
area. Most commonly, a wall
delineates a building and
supports its superstructure,
separates space in buildings
into sections, or protects or
delineates a space in the
open air.
3. Purpose of Walls
• To enclose an area of the building.
• To support the floors and roofs of a building.
• To divide the floor area of a building into a number of rooms
as required.
• To provide privacy to inmates.
4. Classification of Walls
Walls are classified into following three categories:
1. According to load bearing tendency
2. According to material of construction
3. According to use
5. Classification of walls According
to their Load Bearing Tendency
• Load bearing Walls
The walls which support the floors
or roof of a building are called
load bearing walls.
These walls take and transfer the
load coming over them to their
foundations lying underneath.
Load bearing walls may be solid
or hollow but thick in cross
section.
Suitability:
These walls are mainly constructed as main walls of a
building.
6. Classification of walls According
to their Load Bearing Tendency
• Non-load bearing Walls
The walls which do not support the structural load that is
floors or roof of a building are called non- load bearing
walls. These walls should be string enough to take their
own load.
Suitability:
These walls are only constructed for screening and
partitioning so as to divide the floor area of a building
into a number of rooms as required. These walls are
generally solid but thin in cross section.
8. •Bearing wall will have a difference
purpose that relates to the structure of
the building
•A bearing wall could be put in
place to help uphold the
ceiling.
•A non bearing wall is interior
and supports nothing to do
with the structure. It simply
divides an area
9. •Load bearing walls carry the load of
the ceiling and roof structure to the
foundation.
•Non-load bearing walls carry their
own weight.
•Load bearing walls must be capable to carry the
load of "live" loads that are anticipated to be placed
upon the system without deflection that can degrade
or negatively impact structural integrity.
•Non load bearing walls provide no structural
support and may be interior or exterior walls.
10.
11.
12. Classification of walls According
to their Material of Construction
According to material, walls are classified as below:
1. Brick Masonry Walls:
The walls constructed of brick masonry are called brick masonry
walls.
Suitability:
These walls are generally constructed as main or partition walls of
a building in a plain area.
2. Stone Masonry Walls:
The walls constructed of brick masonry are called brick masonry
walls.
Suitability:
These walls are generally constructed as main walls in a hilly areas
where stone of good quality is cheaply and easily available in large
quantity.
13. Classification of walls According
to their Material of Construction
3. Reinforced Concrete Walls:
The walls constructed of reinforced concrete are called
reinforced concrete walls. These walls can be easily
constructed and form one of the strongest partition
walls.
These walls can be constructed as retaining walls of
basements for resisting the lateral pressure of earth and
the load, if any coming over them.
14. Classification of walls According to
their Material of Construction
4.Precast Concrete Block Walls
Also known as Concrete Masonry Unit
(CMU), concrete block is a very common
building material for the load-bearing walls
of buildings, in what is termed "concrete
block structure" (CBS) This type of
construction is very affordable and often
found in commercial and institutional
applications or as part of a residential
foundation.
15. 4.Precast Concrete Block Walls
• Advantages:
• Provide saving of material as well as space due to greater
strength and uniform size of hollow blocks.
• Provide economy in labour as well as mortar as work can be
speed up with large sizes of blocks.
• More durable than ordinary brick walls.
• Required less skilled labour as compared to that required in
stone masonry walls.
• Provide good insulation against heat, cold, damp and noise.
16.
17. Classification of walls According
to their Material of Construction
5.Composite Masonry Walls
Walls having their facing and backing of different materials.
Advantages:
1. More durable material can be used for facing in composite
masonry walls
2. Better architectural appearance can be provided by constructing
such walls.
Composite Masonry Walls are classified as:
Stone faces brick Masonry walls:
The walls having its facing consisting of stone masonry and backing of
brick masonry is called a stone facxed brick masonry wall.
These walls are used for facing work of brick masonry walls to make
them more water resistant.
18. Classification of walls According
to their Material of Construction
Stone Lining:
The process of providing thin sheets of marble stone on the
face of a brick or cheap type of stone masonry wall is called a
stone or marble lining. These composite masonry walls are
used for face work to provide better appearance.
• Ashlar-Faced Rubble Masonry;
The wall having its facing consisting of ashlar masonry and
backing of rubble masonry is called ashlar faced rubble
masonry wall. These composite masonry walls are used for
face work of stone masonry wall to increase their appearance
19. Classification of walls According
to their Use
According to use walls are classified as below:
1.Partition Walls:
The walls which divide the floor area of a building
into a number of rooms to provide privacy to
inmates from sound and sight are called partition
walls.
• Partition walls are designed as non-load bearing
walls. It may be of folding, collapsible or fixed
type.
• If partition walls are load bearing then they are
called as ‘internal wall’.
20.
21. Advantages of partition walls
• Divide the whole area into a number of
rooms.
• Provide privacy to the inmates from sight and
sound.
• Are light in weight and cheaper in cost of
construction.
• Occupy lesser area
• Easily constructed in any position.
22. Requirements of a Good Partition Wall:
• Thin in cross-section so that maximum floor area can
be utilized.
• Provide adequate privacy in rooms both in respect of
sight and sound.
• Constructed from light, sound, uniform,
homogeneous, durable and sound insulated materials.
• Simple in nature, easy and economical in construction
having proper coherence with the type of building
structure.
• Offer sufficient resistance against fire, heat,
dampness, white ant or fungus, etc.
• Rigid enough to take the vibrations caused due to
loads.
• Strong enough to support sanitary fittings and heavy
fixtures.
23. Types of partition walls:
The partitions are named according to the material used for
their construction. Some important types of partitions are:
• Brick partitions,
• Hollow block partitions,
• Clay block partitions,
• Concrete partitions,
• Glass block partitions,
• Wooden partitions,
• Straw board partitions,
• Plaster slab partitions,
• Metal partitions,
• Asbestos cement partitions, and
• Double glazed window.
24. Brick partition
• Constructed with plain bricks, Reinforced bricks or hollow bricks.
Plain brick partition:
Plain brick partition of half brick thickness is not more than 2m in
height.
Suitability:
Plain brick partition walls are used in the case of ordinary buildings.
• Reinforced brick partition
In reinforced brick partition of half brick thickness, reinforcement in
the form of wire mesh steel bars is provided.
Suitability:
reinforced brick partition walls are commonly constructed for ordinary
purposes when their height exceeds 2 m ( 6.5 ft ).
25. Concrete partition
• It can be either precast or cast in-situ.
• Special concrete posts are used for the
construction of precast concrete partition
walls.
Concrete block
26. Glass partition
• Are made from sheet glass or hollow glass
blocks.
• Provides good aesthetics and allow light
• Are damp, sound and heat proof.
• Easy to clean and maintain.
• Sheets of glass are fixed in the frame work of
wooden or metal.
• Hollow blocks doesn’t need timber
framework.
27.
28. Wooden partition
• Lighter in weight and easy to construct.
• Neither sound-proof nor fire-proof.
• Not suitable for damp locations.
Are of two types
Common partitions
Are comprised of vertical
members known as studs
bridged between upper
horizontal(head) and lower
horizontal(sill) member.
Trussed partitions
Are designed on the principle
of truss are useful where it is
possible to provide supports
only.
29. Wooden partition wall
Common wooden partitions are used when the
floors are strong enough to take the load of the
partition where as simple truss partition are used
when they are not to carry any floor load.
30. Strawboard partitions
• Useful where removal of partitions is
frequent.
• Made of compressed straw covered thick
paper or hardboard.
• Easy to construct.
• Heat and sound proof partitions.
32. Plaster slab partitions
• Are made of burnt gypsum or plaster of paris
mixed with sawdust.
• 5cm to 10cm thick slabs are prepared in iron
or timber moulds.
• To form rigid joints suitable grooves are
provided in the plaster slabs.
• Nails and screws can be easily driven into
these slabs.
34. Metal partitions
• Are light in weight, fireproof and strong.
• Are easy to construct and shift.
• Insulated material is filled into hollow spaces.
• Used for office and industrial buildings.
• Are also formed of metal lathes supported and
fixed by wires.
36. Asbestos Cement partitions
• Light in weight, impervious, durable, water
tight and fire-proof.
• Asbestos cement sheets are made of asbestos
cement sheets and fixed into timber
framework.
• Sheets are placed in position and joined by
cement mortar.
• Are mostly adopted in works of temporary
character.
37. Double Glazed window
• Used for acoustic insulation.
• Air space between two panes is kept 50mm or
more.
• Air contained within narrow cavity is quite
‘stiff’
• Transmits vibration at low frequencies.
39. Movable partitions
• Movable partitions are used where the walls
of a room are frequently opened to form one
large floor area.
40. There are three
types of
partitions:
Sliding: Sliding
partitions consists of
series of panels that
slide in tracks fixed to
the floor and ceiling.
The machine if the
partition is similar to
those of sliding doors.
Sliding & folding:
Sliding and folding
partitions operate in a
similar manner to
sliding folding doors.
They are normally
used for smaller spans.
Screens: Screens are
usually constructed of
a metal or timber
frame. It is fixed with
plywood and
chipboard inside. The
screen supported with
legs for free standing
and easy movement.
42. Portable Partitions
• Rolling mobile folding partitions which
provide temporary walls
• The portable wall partition has two full panel
end members which provide support, rigidity,
privacy, and noise reduction.
• They fold and are on wheels enabling
mobility and ease of storage.
43. Three common uses are:
• To divide space quickly where non-mobile
permanent room dividers may be unavailable
or unpractical.
• As a cost effective way to create a classroom
or meeting room in existing space.
• Convenient sight divider to conceal door
openings to restrooms, commercial kitchens,
and other backroom areas.
44. PortablePartitionsare commonlyusedin:
• Arena’s
• Churches/Houses of Worship/Funeral Homes
• Conference/Convention Centres
• Government/Corporate offices
• Hotels/Restaurants
• Residences
• Salons and Spas
• Schools of all levels
45.
46. Classification of walls
According to their Use
Cavity walls
The walls having their thickness constructed in two parts
parallel to each other with a continuous air space
between them are known as cavity or hollow walls and
the continuous air space thus left is called cavity.
Advantages of cavity walls:
1. Cavity walls prevent dampness from outside through
thin exposed wall of the building.
2. These walls provide insulation from heat.
3. These walls provide resistance to transmission of
sound.
48. Cavity walls
Disadvantages:
1. Cavity walls are costly in their construction.
2. These walls require skilled labour.
3. These walls required more time in their construction.
4. These walls are weaker in strength.
49. Cavity walls
Suitability:
Cavity walls are commonly used for preventing dampness in buildings
from outside especially in case of relatively thin walls in exposed
situations. They are also used to make the buildings air-
conditioned as the cavity left in the wall acts as a good insulator
and thus inner part of the wall does not loose its temperature
easily. The cavity also provides good resistance to sound and for
this reason the cinemas, secret assembly halls etc. are constructed
with cavity walls to make the buildings sound-proof.
51. Plaster:
An old technique in which plaster is applied over the wallboard or concrete
block using a mortar. Textures range from smooth to stucco. This technique
is almost a lost trade and is not used in new homes. It often chips and
cracks as a house settles over the years.
52. Gypsum Wallboard - Drywall
Gypsum wallboard is the most commonly used material to cover walls in interior
projects. It has evolved into a versatile, dependable material that is quick to
install and easy to repair. Made from a natural crystallized mineral, wallboard is
naturally fire resistant and can also act as a sound barrier. Gypsum board of 4’
wide sheets x 8’, 9’, or 10’ high is attached directly to the walls. The joints are
taped, spackled and sanded so the seams do not show. Texture may be applied
or various other finish techniques.
53. Wood
Wood comes in the form of paneling, plank (such as flooring), and
veneer, etc. It provides warmth and is a good insulator but it tends to
fade and is flammable.
54. Tile
Can be installed one tile at a
time or in sheets held
together with a mesh like
backing. Tile provides easy
maintenance, they are water
impervious (required in
public restrooms), but can
create noisy interiors. They
also can crack and chip.
57. Factorsto considerwhen planningwalls:
• Aesthetics: formal walls have smooth surfaces and are
symmetrical in the window and door placements. They are
also more closed with more of a vertical emphasis. Informal
walls are rough, asymmetrical, and are more open with a
horizontal feel
• Function and Flexibility: why use moveable walls? They offer
flexibility for tenants that experience change. Moveable walls
provide electrical and data lines (some even offer plumbing)
built into the wall system. The flooring is installed continuous
so that the walls can be moved and not require the flooring to
be changed.
58. Factors to consider when planning walls:
• Degree of enclosure and privacy: opaque walls mean that
you can’t see through them. Translucent means that you can
see thru the windows.
• Light qualities: Psychology of light. White reflects up to 89%
of light and black reflect about 2%. Texture also plays a role.
Smooth surfaces reflect more light that rough textures.
• Durability: the amount of time and money needed to
maintain the walls must be considered. This is your
responsibility when specifying a wall treatment to understand
your clients needs.
• Acoustics: smooth, hard surfaces reflect sound while soft,
porous surfaces absorb sound. Insulate wall cavities when
sound transmission is an issue.
• Thermal qualities: comfort and energy efficiency.
