report on photo voltaic effect.

1. SUBJECT: SOLID STATE DEVICES
DEPARTMENT: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
YEAR: SECOND SEM: THIRD
TOPIC: REPORT ON PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
SUBMITTED TO- PROF. SHABANA HUDA (SUBJECT TEACHER)
SUBMITTED BY-
1. ARPITA BANERJEE
2. SOUMYA GHOSH CHOWDHURY
3. ROHAN HORE
4. RANIK AHAMED

2. 1.0 PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
1.1.0 ABSTRACT
1.1.1 SOLAR ELECTRICITY: PHOTOVOLTAICS
1.2.0. INTRODUCTION
1.2.1 ORIGINATION
1.2.2 THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
PHOTOVOLT AIC EFFECT
1.2.3 PROCESS FOR HAVING PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
1.2.4 EFFICIENCY
1.2.5 TYPES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
1.2.6 UTILITIES
1.2.7 ADVANTAGES
1.2.8 DISADVANTAGES
1.2.9 HOW LONG DO PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV)
SYSTEMS LAST?
1.2.10 FUTURE SCOPE IN INDIA
1.3.0 CONCLUSION
1.3.1 REFERENCES
1.3.2 WEBLINKS

3. 1.0ABSTRACT
1.1.0 SOLAR ELECTRICITY: PHOTOVOLTAICS
 SOURCES: MARK HAMMONDS, IN PLANT ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK (SECOND
EDITION), 2002
 THE PAST AND PRESENT:
DESPITE ITS RISE TO PROMINENCE IN THE 1970S AND 1980S, THIS INDUSTRY CAN TRACE ITS ORIGINS BACK 150 YEARS. THE
ACTUAL PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT WAS FIRST NOTED OVER 150 YEARS AGO BY PROFESSOR BECQUEREL. HE OBSERVED A LIGHT
DEPENDENT VOLTAGE BETWEEN TWO ELECTRODES IMMERSED IN AN ELECTROLYTE.
ALBERT EINSTEIN UNITED THESE THREADS WITH HIS THEORY OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT IN 1905 WHICH PROPOSED THE
EXISTENCE OF THE LIGHT PHOTON (FOR WHICH HE RECEIVED THE NOBEL PRIZE). FURTHER PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THIS WORK
HAD TO WAIT UNTIL THE ACCELERATION OF THE SPACE PROGRAM DURING THE LATE 1950S. FROM THERE THE INDUSTRY HAS GROWN
IN LEAPS AND BOUNDS.
DURING THE MID TO LATE ‘SEVENTIES, MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN MATERIAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES RESULTED IN CHEAPER, MORE
EFFICIENT SOLAR CELLS. THIS COUPLED WITH IMPROVEMENTS I.E. REDUCTIONS IN POWER CONSUMPTION IN TELECOMMUNICATION
DEVICES PROVIDED THE NECESSARY SPUR FOR THE ADOPTION OF SOLAR AS A VIABLE ENERGY SOURCE FOR TERRESTRIAL
APPLICATIONS. THIS TIME ALSO WITNESSED A DRAMATIC RISE IN CONVENTIONAL FOSSIL FUEL PRICES AND THE REALIZATION THAT
ONE DAY THEY WERE FINITE. THIS GAVE A FRESH IMPETUS TO THE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY BEING UNDERTAKEN IN THIS AREA.
AS FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS IN CELL PROCESSING CONTINUED THROUGHOUT THE LATE 1970S AND EARLY 1980S, RESULTANT COST
REDUCTIONS HAVE MADE SOLAR POWER AN ECONOMIC PROPOSITION FOR AN INCREASING RANGE OF APPLICATIONS.
 THE OPINION GIVEN IN THIS REPORT IS BASED ON THE CURRENT INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO THE AUTHOR, AND DOES NOT
REFLECT THE OPINION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION.

4. 1.2.0 INTRODUCTION
 THE PHOTOVOTAIC EFFECT CAN BE DEFINED AS BEING THE APPEARANCE OF A POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE (VOLTAGE) BETWEEN TWO LAYERS OF A SEMICONDUCTOR SLICE IN WHICH THE
CONDUCTIVITIES ARE OPPOSITE, OR BETWEEN A SEMICONDUCTOR AND A METAL, UNDER THE
EFFECT OF A LIGHT STREAM.
1.2.1 ORIGINATION
 IN THE YEAR OF 1839, NINETEEN-YEAR-OLD EDMUND BECQUEREL, A FRENCH EXPERIMENTAL
PHYSICIST, DISCOVERED THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT WHILE EXPERIMENTING WITH AN
ELECTROLYTIC CELL MADE UP OF TWO METAL ELECTRODES.
 IN THE YEAR OF 1876, ADAMS AND DAY OBSERVED THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT IN SOLID SELENIUM.
 CHARLES FRITTS, AN AMERICAN INVENTOR, DESCRIBED THE FIRST SOLAR CELLS MADE FROM
SELENIUM WAFERS IN 1883.
 THE PV EFFECT IN CD WAS REPORTED; PRIMARY WORK WAS PERFORMED BY RAPPAPORT, LOFERSKI IN
1954, AND JENNY AT RCA. BELL LABS RESEARCHERS PEARSON, CHAPIN, AND FULLER REPORTED THEIR
DISCOVERY OF 4.5% EFFICIENT SILICON SOLAR CELLS; THIS WAS RAISED TO 6% ONLY A FEW
MONTHS LATER (BY A WORK TEAM INCLUDING MORT PRINCE). CHAPIN,FULLER, PEARSON (AT&T)
SUBMITTED THEIR RESULTS TO THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS. AT&T DEMONSTRATED SOLAR
CELLS IN MURRAY HILL, NEW JERSEY, THEN AT THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MEETING IN
WASHINGTON,DC.
1.2.2 THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PHOTOVOLT
AIC EFFECT
 THE ABSORPTION OF PHOTONS THROUGH THE CREATION OF ELECTRON-
HOLEPAIRS IN A SEMICONDUCTOR
 THE SEPARATION OF THE ELECTRON AND HOLE SO THAT THEIR RECOMBINATION IS INHIBITED AND T
HE ELECTRICFIELD WITHIN THE SEMICONDUCTOR IS ALTERED.
 THE COLLECTION OF THE ELECTRONS AND HOLES, SEPARATELY, BY EACH OF TWO CURRENT-
COLLECTING ELECTRODES SO THAT CURRENT CAN BE INDUCED TO FLOW IN A CIRCUIT EXTERNAL TO T
HE SEMICONDUCTOR ITSELF.
1.2.3 PROCESS FOR HAVING PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
TO CREATE THE PV EFFECT, RADIATION FROM THE SUN ('SUNLIGHT') HITS A PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL. THESE CELLS ARE MADE UP OF TWO
LAYERS OF SEMI-CONDUCTING MATERIAL, TYPICALLY SILICON, THAT HAVE BEEN CHEMICALLY TREATED. THE INDUSTRY REFERS TO
THESE LAYERS AS P AND N. THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN P AND N ACTS AS A DIODE ALLOWING ELECTRONS TO MOVE FROM N TO P, BUT
NOT FROM P TO N. WHEN PHOTONS WITH SUFFICIENT ENERGY HIT THE CELL, THEY CAUSE ELECTRONS TO MOVE (FROM N TO P ONLY)
CAUSING EXCESS ELECTRONS IN THE N-LAYER AND A SHORTAGE IN THE P LAYER.
THIS VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE IS TYPICALLY IN THE RANGE OF 0.5V FOR AS LONG AS THE CELL IS IN SUNLIGHT. IF YOU SHORT-CIRCUIT
THE UPPER AND LOWER LAYER A CURRENT RUNS OF ABOUT 3 AMPS. IF YOU ARRANGE SUFFICIENT CELLS IN SERIES, THE RESULT IS A
PV MODULE OR PV PANEL. LET'S SAY 36 CELLS IN SERIES PRODUCE 36 X 0.5V = 18V AT 3 AMPS = 54WATTS.
THE TOP LAYER IS AN ANTI-REFLECTIVE-COATING (ARC) THAT ENHANCES THE LIGHT EFFECT OF THE SUN. THE N LAYER IS TYPICALLY
SEMI-CONDUCTING SILICON DOPED WITH PHOSPHORUS THAT CREATES THE FREE FLOW OF ELECTRONS. THE P LAYER IS AGAIN
TYPICALLY SEMI-CONDUCTING SILICON, BUT THIS TIME DOPED WITH BORON WHICH CREATES THE FREE FLOW OF POSITIVE CHARGES
CALLED “HOLES”. AS THE HOLES AND ELECTRONS ARE ATTRACTED AND MOVE TOWARDS EACH OTHER, THEY CREATE AN ELECTRICAL
FIELD ACROSS THE P-N JUNCTION. SUNLIGHT STRIKING THIS ELECTRICAL FIELD SEPARATES THE ELECTRONS AND HOLES, CREATING
THE VOLTAGE.
THE VOLTAGE PUSHES THE FLOW OF ELECTRONS OR 'DC CURRENT' TO CONTACTS AT THE FRONT AND BACK OF THE CELL WHERE IT IS
CONDUCTED AWAY ALONG THE WIRING CIRCUITRY THAT CONNECTS THE CELLS TOGETHER.

5. 1.2.4 EFFICIENCY
THE PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR CELL IS MEASURED IN TERMS OF ITS EFFICIENCY AT TURNING SUNLIGHT
INTO ELECTRICITY. ONLY SUNLIGHT OF CERTAIN ENERGIES WILL WORK EFFICIENTLY TO CREATE
ELECTRICITY, AND MUCH OF IT IS REFLECTED OR ABSORBED BY THE MATERIAL THAT MAKE UP THE CELL.
BECAUSE OF THIS, A TYPICAL COMMERCIAL SOLAR CELL HAS AN EFFICIENCY OF 15%-ABOUT ONE-SIXTH OF
THE SUNLIGHT STRIKING THE CELL GENERATES ELECTRICITY, ALTHOUGH LEADING COMPETITORS ARE
WORKING TOWARDS 18%. THE THEORETICAL MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY OF A SOLAR CELL USING CURRENT
TECHNIQUES IS IN THE 30% RANGE.
FOR THIS REASON, IMPLEMENTATIONS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS ARE MOST EFFECTIVE IN AREAS WITH A LARGE
AMOUNT OF DAILY SUNLIGHT. NOTE THAT THE SOLAR CELLS ARE TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT, SUCH THAT IN
A COLD ENVIRONMENT A PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL PERFORMS BETTER THAN IN A HOT ENVIRONMENT. (0.3%
INCREASE PER 1 DEGREE C DROP IN TEMPERATURE). UNFORTUNATELY, THERE AREN'T A LOT OF PLACES ON
EARTH THAT ARE BOTH COLD AND HAVE LONG SUNNY DAYS.
LOW EFFICIENCIES MEAN THAT LARGER ARRAYS ARE NEEDED, AND THAT MEANS HIGHER COST. IMPROVING
SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES WHILE HOLDING DOWN THE COST PER CELL IS AN IMPORTANT GOAL OF THE ALL
PARTICIPANTS IN THE SOLAR ENERGY INDUSTRY, AND THEY HAVE MADE SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS. THE FIRST
SOLAR CELLS, BUILT IN THE 1950S, HAD EFFICIENCIES OF LESS THAN 4%.
THE DIAGRAM ON THE LEFT IS SETS OUT THE
MAXIMUM POWER PERFORMANCE OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL. THE RED CURVE IS THE VOLTAGE-
PERFORMANCE GRAPH OF THE CELL AND THE GREEN CURVE IS THE CURRENT-VOLTAGE GRAPH. THE BEST
PERFORMANCE (IN WATTS) IS OBTAINED AT THAT VOLTAGE AT WHICH THE CURRENT DEFINITELY STARTS TO
DECLINE: THE MAXIMUM POWER POINT (MPP).

6. 1.2.5 TYPES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
 MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON PV CELLS:
THESE ARE MADE USING CELLS SLICED FROM A SINGLE CYLINDRICAL CRYSTAL OF SILICON. THIS IS THE MOST
EFFICIENT PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY, TYPICALLY CONVERTING AROUND 15% OF THE SUN'S ENERGY INTO
ELECTRICITY. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON IS
COMPLICATED, RESULTING IN SLIGHTLY HIGHER COSTS THAN OTHER TECHNOLOGIES.
 POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON PV CELLS:
ALSO SOMETIMES KNOWN AS MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS, POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON CELLS ARE MADE FROM
CELLS CUT FROM AN INGOT OF MELTED AND RECRYSTALLISED SILICON. THE INGOTS ARE THEN SAW-CUT INTO
VERY THIN WAFERS AND ASSEMBLED INTO COMPLETE CELLS. THEY ARE GENERALLY CHEAPER TO PRODUCE
THAN MONOCRYSTALLINE CELLS, DUE TO THE SIMPLER MANUFACTURING PROCESS, BUT THEY TEND TO BE
SLIGHTLY LESS EFFICIENT, WITH AVERAGE EFFICIENCIES OF AROUND 12%.
 THICK-FILM SILICON PV CELLS:
THIS IS A VARIANT ON MULTICRYSTALLINE TECHNOLOGY WHERE THE SILICON IS DEPOSITED IN A
CONTINUOUS PROCESS ONTO A BASE MATERIAL GIVING A FINE GRAINED, SPARKLING APPEARANCE. LIKE ALL
CRYSTALLINE PV, IT IS NORMALLY ENCAPSULATED IN A TRANSPARENT INSULATING POLYMER WITH A
TEMPERED GLASS COVER AND THEN BOUND INTO A METAL FRAMED MODULE.
 AMORPHOUS SILICON PV CELLS:
AMORPHOUS SILICON CELLS ARE MADE BY DEPOSITING SILICON IN A THIN HOMOGENOUS LAYER ONTO A
SUBSTRATE RATHER THAN CREATING A RIGID CRYSTAL STRUCTURE. AS AMORPHOUS SILICON ABSORBS LIGHT
MORE EFFECTIVELY THAN CRYSTALLINE SILICON, THE CELLS CAN BE THINNER - HENCE ITS ALTERNATIVE
NAME OF 'THIN FILM' PV.
 OTHER THIN FILM PV CELLS:
A NUMBER OF OTHER MATERIALS SUCH AS CADMIUM TELLURIDE (CDTE) AND COPPER INDIUM DISELENIDE
(CIS) ARE NOW BEING USED FOR PV MODULES. THE ATTRACTION OF THESE TECHNOLOGIES IS THAT THEY CAN
BE MANUFACTURED BY RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, CERTAINLY IN COMPARISON TO
CRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGIES, YET THEY TYPICALLY OFFER HIGHER MODULE EFFICIENCIES THAN
AMORPHOUS SILICON.
 THIS INFORMATION IS BASED ON WORK UNDERTAKEN BY THE EURACTIVE ROOFER PROJECT WHICH
RAN FROM 2005 TO 2008 AND WAS SUPPORTED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION'S PROGRAMME FOR
HORIZONTAL ACTIONS INVOLVING SMES.

7. 1.2.6 UTILITIES
 PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY FOR LIGHTING:
A PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY IS THEREFORE MULTIPLE SOLAR PANELS ELECTRICALLY WIRED
TOGETHER TO FORM A MUCH LARGER PV INSTALLATION (PV SYSTEM) CALLED AN ARRAY, AND IN GENERAL THE LARGER THE
TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF THE ARRAY, THE MORE SOLAR ELECTRICITY IT WILL PRODUCE.
 PHOTO-VOLTAIC EFFECT IN TELECOMMUNCATION TOWER:
A PV BASED SYSTEM SOLUTION IS PROPOSED WHICH CAN BE RETROFITTED IN THE EXISTING POWER
SYSTEM OF THE CELL PHONE TOWERS. THIS SOLUTION MAKES USE OF ULTRACAPACITORS AND REDUCES THE USE OF
BATTERIES. THE IMPLEMENTED CONTROL SCHEME FACILITATES MPPT OF THE PV SOURCE, EASY INTEGRATION OF THE
ULTRACAPACITOR STACK INTO THE SYSTEM AND SEAMLESS TRANSITION FROM GRID-TIED MODE TO ISLANDED MODE AND
VICE VERSA.
 SOLAR-POWERED WATER PUMPS:
SOLAR SUBMERSIBLE WATER PUMPS FUNCTION ON THE SOLAR ENERGY THAT IS GENERATED
THROUGH PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS THOSE ARE AVAILABLE DIRECTLY FROM SUNLIGHT. THE PUMP HAS A MINIMUM
MAINTENANCE COST AND BEING ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY AND OFFERING LONG LIFE,
 RECREATION VEHICLE OUTFITTED WITH SOLAR PANELS:
IT’S MORE COST EFFECTIVE THAN CONSTANTLY FILLING UP THAT LIQUID PROPANE TANK.
 A SOLAR DRIVEN BAND.
 SOLAR LANTERNS FOR LANDSCAPING.

8.  PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER IS IDEAL FOR REMOTE APPLICATIONS
WHERE OTHER POWER SOURCES ARE IMPRACTICAL OR UNAVAILABLE, SUCH AS IN THE SWISS ALPS.
 THIS MOUNTAIN HUT IN A VERY REMOTE AREA OF FRANCE USES PV TO GENERATE POWER.
 HERE IS A LIGHTHOUSE ALONG THE COAST OF ERITREA IN AFRICA. BEFORE THIS PV
SYSTEM WAS INSTALLED, THE LIGHTHOUSE RELIED ON BOTTLED GAS FOR POWER – A SYSTEM THAT REQUIRED CONSTANT
MAINTENANCE AND A PERMANENT STAFF ON SITE.
 HERE MORE THAN TWO BILLION PEOPLE HAVE NO ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, PV SYSTEMS CAN PROVIDE POWER FOR MANY
USES.
 ALONE PV SYSTEM IN OIX, LA GARROTXA IN RURAL SPAIN. THIS SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
A 900-WATT PV ARRAY WITH INVERTER AND BATTERIES. MORE THAN 60 RURAL HOMES IN THIS. PV.
 POWER FOR OFF-SHORE NAVIGATIONAL AIDS ELIMINATES TRIPS TO AND FROM SHORE
TO REFILL GENERATORS WITH FOSSIL FUELS.
 POWERED STREETLIGHTS LIKE THESE IN A RURAL TOWN IN CENTRAL AMERICA HELPS CONTRIBUTE TO
THE SAFETY, SECURITY AND GENERAL STANDARD OF LIVING IN REMOTE AREAS ALL OVER THE WORLD.

9. 1.2.7 ADVANTAGES
 THIS IS AN INEXHAUSTIBLE SOURCE OF ENERGY AND THE BEST REPLACEMENT TO OTHER
NONRENEWABLE ENERGIES IN INDIA.
 SOLAR ENERGY IS ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY. WHEN IN USE, IT DOES NOT RELEASE CO2 AND OTHER
GASES WHICH POLLUTE THE AIR. HENCE, IT IS VERY SUITABLE FOR INDIA, INDIA BEING ONE OF THE
MOST POLLUTED COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.
 SOLAR ENERGY CAN BE USED FOR VARIETY OF PURPOSES LIKE AS HEATING, DRYING, COOKING OR
ELECTRICITY, WHICH IS SUITABLE FOR THE RURAL AREAS IN INDIA. IT CAN ALSO BE USED IN CARS,
PLANES, LARGE POWER BOATS, SATELLITES, CALCULATORS AND MANY MORE SUCH ITEMS, JUST
APT FOR THE URBAN POPULATION.
 SOLAR POWER IS INEXHAUSTIBLE. IN AN ENERGY DEFICIENT COUNTRY LIKE INDIA, WHERE POWER
GENERATION IS COSTLY, SOLAR ENERGY IS THE BEST ALTERNATE MEANS OF POWER GENERATION.
 YOU DON’T NEED A POWER OR GAS GRID TO GET SOLAR ENERGY. A SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM CAN BE
INSTALLED ANYWHERE. SOLAR PANELS CAN BE EASILY PLACED IN HOUSES. HENCE, IT IS QUITE
INEXPENSIVE COMPARED TO OTHER SOURCES OF ENERGY.
1.2.8 DISADVANTAGES
 WE CANNOT GENERATE ENERGY DURING THE NIGHT TIME WITH SOLAR ENERGY.
 AND, ALSO DURING DAY TIME, THE WEATHER MAY BE CLOUDY OR RAINY, WITH LITTLE OR NO SUN
RADIATION. HENCE, THIS MAKES SOLAR ENERGY PANELS LESS RELIABLE AS A SOLUTION.
 ONLY THOSE AREAS THAT RECEIVE GOOD AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT ARE SUITABLE FOR PRODUCING
SOLAR ENERGY.
 SOLAR PANELS ALSO REQUIRE INVERTERS AND STORAGE BATTERIES TO CONVERT DIRECT
ELECTRICITY TO ALTERNATING ELECTRICITY SO AS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY. WHILE INSTALLING A
SOLAR PANEL IS QUITE CHEAP, INSTALLING OTHER EQUIPMENTS BECOMES EXPENSIVE.
 THE LAND SPACE REQUIRED TO INSTALL A SOLAR PLANT WITH SOLAR PANEL IS QUITE LARGE AND
THAT LAND SPACE REMAINS OCCUPIED FOR MANY YEARS ALTOGETHER AND CANNOT BE USED FOR
OTHER PURPOSES.
 ENERGY PRODUCTION IS QUITE LOW COMPARED TO OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY.
 SOLAR PANELS REQUIRE CONSIDERABLE MAINTENANCE AS THEY ARE FRAGILE AND CAN BE EASILY
DAMAGED. SO EXTRA EXPENSES ARE INCURRED AS ADDITIONAL INSURANCE COSTS.

10. 1.1.9 HOW LONG DO PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS LAST?
A PV SYSTEM THAT IS DESIGNED, INSTALLED, AND MAINTAINED
WELL WILL OPERATE FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS. THE BASIC PV
MODULE (INTERCONNECTED, ENCLOSED PANEL OF PV CELLS) HAS
NO MOVING PARTS AND CAN LAST MORE THAN 30 YEARS. THE
BEST WAY TO ENSURE AND EXTEND THE LIFE AND EFFECTIVENESS
OF YOUR PV SYSTEM IS BY HAVING IT INSTALLED AND MAINTAINED
PROPERLY. EXPERIENCE HAS SHOWN THAT MOST PROBLEMS
OCCUR BECAUSE OF POOR OR SLOPPY SYSTEM INSTALLATION.
1.1.10 FUTURE SCOPE IN INDIA :
IN SOLAR ENERGY SECTOR, MANY LARGE PROJECTS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED
IN INDIA.
 THAR DESERT HAS SOME OF INDIA’S BEST SOLAR POWER PROJECTS,
ESTIMATED TO GENERATE 700 TO 2,100 GW.
 ON MARCH 1ST, 2014, THE THEN CHIEF MINISTER OF GUJARAT,
NARENDRA MODI, INAUGURATED AT DIKEN IN NEEMUCH DISTRICT OF
MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA’S BIGGEST SOLAR POWER PLANT.
 THE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION (JNNSM)
LAUNCHED BY THE CENTRE IS TARGETING 20,000 MW OF SOLAR
ENERGY POWER BY 2022.
 GUJARAT’S PIONEERING SOLAR POWER POLICY AIMS AT 1,000 MW OF
SOLAR ENERGY GENERATION.
 IN JULY 2009, A $19 BILLION SOLAR POWER PLAN WAS UNVEILED,
WHICH PROJECTED TO PRODUCE 20 GW OF SOLAR POWER BY 2020.
 ABOUT 66 MW IS INSTALLED FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS IN THE
RURAL AREA, AMOUNTING TO BE USED IN SOLAR LANTERNS, STREET
LIGHTING SYSTEMS AND SOLAR WATER PUMPS, ETC.

11. 1.3.0 CONCLUSION
AS PER THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE COUNTRY, INDIA STANDS TO ITS
BENEFIT AND HAS TREMENDOUS SCOPE OF GENERATING SOLAR ENERGY. SOLAR
POWER GENERATION ALONE CAN CATER MORE THAN 60-65% OF OUR ENTIRE NEED OF
POWER. THUS, WE HAVE TO FOCUS ON FOLLOWING FUTURE PLANS OF INSTALLING
LARGE PROJECTS IN RAJASTHAN AND JAMMU & KASHMIR WHERE AS IN UTTAR-
PRADESH, BANDA DISTRICT - IS MOST SUITABLE LOCATION TO CATER OUR NEED OF
UTTAR-PRADESH. APART FROM ABOVE, WE ALSO HAVE TO FOCUS ON ROOF TOP SOLAR
ENERGY GENERATION THAT MAY CUT DOWN OUR NEED TO MORE THAN 50% NEED OF
EVERY HOUSE HOLD.
1.3.1 REFERENCES
I. Solar Photovoltaic, Renewing India. Retrieved 2010-11-27
II. Comprehensive technical data of PV modules, Retrieved 21 February 2015.
III. India’s first solar PV project registered under the CDM | For the Changing Planet.
Greencleanguide.com (2011-09-24). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
IV. Krishna N. Das (January 2, 2015), India’s Modi raises solar investment target to
$100 bln by 2022". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
V. Chittaranjan Tembhekar (26 October 2009). ”India tops with US in solar power”.
Economic Times.
VI. Physical Progress (Achievements), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of
India. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
VII. Government looking at 100,000 MW solar power by 2022
VIII. Progress under Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, as of 14 January 2016
IX. ]http://www.solarserver.com/solarmagazine/solar-
news/current/2013/kw15/solar-in-india-rajasthan-surpasses-500- mw-of-
installed-solar-pv-capacity.html
X. PV-Tech. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
XI. AREVA: India: AREVA to Build Asia’s Largest Concentrated Solar Power Installation.
4-Traders. Retrieved on 2013- 12-06.
1.3.2 WEBLINKS
I. Solar Power and India’s Energy Future; https://www.atkearney.in/documents/
10192/692844/Solar+ Power+in+India+- +Preparing+ to+ Win.pdf/b6b34499-8285-
4813- 9d66- ecdc293a8537