5. We need to redefine innovation as responsible and sustainable innovation.
Being competitive in a cut throat market place means, making innovation
a top priority.
The way to do this is to offer ecofriendly products and services to
discerning audiences.
Innovation need not be measured purely in monetary terms, it can
provide value beyond numbers.
Role of Innovation in Today’s Era…
6. Understanding and resolving broader societal issues can help move the
needle forward while delivering growth and value to stake holders.
These changes cannot happen overnight. It needs a thoughtful strategy
and total commitment to make sustainability an intrinsic part of business
no matter what your industry, performance must be correlated to
environment and society for only then we will be able to create a better
world for us all.
Role of Innovation in Today’s Era…
10. Design Objectives…
To Build a innovative design which not only looks at the commercial
feasibility of the project but also preserves and cares for the environment
by minimizing carbon emissions and using refrigerant with GWP of zero.
A design which is holistic and can provide a direction to all stake holders
including the government, private promoters, designers, manufactures
and all individual to provide sustainable solutions for growth in aviation
sector.
11. Design Objectives…
India requires around USD 4.5Trillion worth of investments till 2040 to
develop infrastructure to improve economic growth and community well
being. It is said that the current trend shows that India can meet around
USD 3.9 trillion, out of the USD 4.5 trillion, a short fall of USD 526billion
by 2040.
The paper facilitates a strategy to reduce this deficit by saving in the Energy
infrastructure also addresses waste management challenges.
13. The Concept…
Every year, about 62 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and
about 38 billion liters per day of sewage are generated in the urban areas of
India.Which will need 3, 40,000 cubic meter of landfill space everyday
(1240 hectare per year) if continued to be dumped.
As more people migrate to urban areas and as incomes increase,
consumption levels are likely to rise, as are rates of waste generation.
14. While the population growth of india is 1.1% per year, it is
estimated that the amount of waste generated in India will increase
at a per capita rate of approximately 4% annually.
This has significant impact on the amount of land that is and will
be needed for disposal, economic costs of collecting and
transporting waste, and the environmental and health
consequences of increased Municipal SolidWaste generation
levels.
The Concept…
15. By 2050, the landfill space required for dumping waste will be as big as
city of Delhi with an area coverage 1.484 billion Sqm
Without proper waste management, India can never be Swachh Bharat as
planned.
This paper provides strategy to convert organic waste to Bio-Gas.The
Bio-Gas generated from waste is utilized to heat water to power a
desiccant chiller which uses water as refrigerant, Silica gel as desiccant
and has no moving or rotating parts unlike a vapor compression chiller.
The Concept…
17. Bio-Gas…
Bio-gas is a mixture of different
gases produced by the
breakdown of organic matter in
the absence of oxygen. For
simplicity, this chart broadly
explains its composition
18. The calorific value of biogas is dependent on the percentage of
methane in the chemical composition.
For the sake of simple theoretical calculations one can assume a
value of 20 - 25 MJ/M3 (Mega Joules per cubic meter)
Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural
waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green
waste or food waste through a bioremediation process called
anaerobic digestion.
Bio-Gas…
20. Anaerobic Digestion …
Anaerobic digestion already occurs in nature, landfills and some live stock
manure management systems, but can be optimized controlled and
contained using an anaerobic digester. Biogas contains 50-75 methane, 25-
45 percent carbon dioxide and trace of other gases.The liquid and solid
digested material can be used as a fertilizer to replace the chemical
fertilizers.
22. Waste
storage
Organic
SolidWaste
STP Sludge
Segregation
conveyor
Shredder +
Screw Mixer
SlurryTank
To HVAC
Chiller
Bio gas
Tank
CSTR
( Continuous
Stirred – tank
reactor}
Anaerobic
Reactor
UASB
( Up flow
anaerobic sludge
Blanket)
Reactor
Waste
Water
Aerobic
Biological
Treatment
Biogas
Water For
Gardening
Liquid
FertilizerSolid
Fertilizer
Excess Solids
Media Filters
23. The various waste type from airport be unloaded on platform and will go
to Crushing Unit & KitchenWaste will be resized in the crushing unit.
Process Description for Bio-Gas Plant..
Type of waste Source of Origin
Organic Fraction of MSW City’s MSW
Sewage sludge Airport STP
Kitchen waste Food Joints & Hotels at Airport
Food & Vegetable Vegetable & Fruits Market
Agriculture waste Greenbelt at Airport
24. That ResizedWaste will go to mixing tank.
With the help of the Stirrer theWaste andWater will be mixed
homogeneously.
Then slurry will be pumped by pumps into the CSTR
Then the overflow from CSTR will be transferred into UASB digester for
anaerobic treatment.
Process Description for Bio-Gas Plant..
25. The CSTR will provide the scum breaker cum stirrer will be provided to
ensure the uniform spreading.
The typical UASB digester allows high SRT (Solid RetentionTime)
To handle large organic loads and to digest accumulated sludge, resulting in
a higher biogas generation.
Besides, the combination of rectors is able to handle the multiple feed
stocks too.
The generated biogas from CSTR & UASB will be stored in Gas Holder /
Balloon for further process.Thereafter the biogas will be sent to Hot water
generator.
Process Description for Bio-Gas Plant..
26. Benefits…
The main benefits of the system are
Simple operation and robust nature,
Minimal maintenance and capability of handling multiple feedstock.
Generates Organic fertilizer which are far superior to chemical
fertilizers.
Generates water which could be used for gardening and landscaping
purposes.
Provides Green energy resource in the form of Bio-Gas
28. It is a advanced green technology using inert silica gel
(Adsorbent) with water (Refrigerant)
• HotWater Fired
• Designed to useWaste HotWater
• Rugged & Reliable & Easy to Operate
• Very “green” & earn LEED points since water is the refrigerant
inside
What are Adsorption Chillers...
29. Refrigeration Cycle v/s Adsorption Cycle…
THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE THE ADSORPTION CHILLER CYCLE
The thermal
compressor
The electric
compressor
30. • The principle of adsorption works
with the interaction of gases and
solids. With adsorption chilling, the
molecular interaction between the
solid and the gas allow the gas to be
adsorbed into the solid.
How does the Adsorption Chiller Work?
31. • The adsorption chamber of the chiller is filled with solid material, silica
gel, eliminating the need for moving parts and eliminating the noise
associated with those moving parts.
• The silica gel creates an extremely low humidity condition that causes the
water refrigerant to evaporate at a low temperature.
• As the water evaporates in the evaporator, it cools the chilled water.
• The adsorption chiller is a vacuum chiller, maintained at approximately
10mm of mercury pressure, depends on CHW temp.
• The silica gel chamber are hot and cold chambers and these cyclically
change position.
How does the Adsorption Chiller Work…
39. UtilizeWaste Heat
Use no HCFC or HFC refrigerants
Use no harsh chemicals
Have a significantly lower carbon footprint
No Crystallization , no corrosion & no replacement of desiccant
Salient Features of Adsorption Chillers…
40. Long Life (> 25 years)
"Green” refrigerant (water) & desiccant (silica gel BRYSORB 200 - S2)
Wide hot water temperature range 50 °C - 96 °C
ChilledWater Output 5 °C - 18 °C
Versatile operation – Can be used for a wide range of Industrial and
commercial applications.
Salient Features of Adsorption Chillers…
41. Effective utilisation of Bio-Gas for heatingWater.
High ROI on Bio-gas application
Savings in Energy Cost
Lower Co2 Emissions
Environment Friendly/GreenTechnology
Source for getting Carbon Credits
Key Benefits of Adsorption Chillers…
45. Case Study For Large Size Airport…
Preliminary ROI / Payback Calculation of DesiccantAdsorption Chillers in comparison to Centrifugal Chillers.
Sr. No DESCRIPTION UNIT
DesicantAdsorption
Chillers
Centrifugal Chillers
1 Chiller Capacity. TR 1350 1350
2
Input Energy. ( Source – From
Manufacturer)
Bio Gas Based Heat -
77,00,000 Kcal/Hr or
8954 KW is required
from HotWater
Generator.
Electricity from Grid Power
with DG Back up
3 Power Consumption.
A Chillers. – (a) kWh 6.50 743
46. B)
Power Consumption for Balance of
plant.
i) ChilledWater Parameters.
3240 US gpm @ 12/ 7
Deg C @30 Meter Head
3240 US gpm @ 12/ 7 Deg
C @30 Meter Head
ChilledWater Pump. – (b) kWh 85.00 85.00
ii) CondenserWater Parameters.
9682 US gpm @ 32/ 37.5
Deg C @ 25 Mtr Head
5400 US gpm @ 32/ 37.5
Deg C @ 25 Mtr Head
CondenserWater Pump. – (c) kWh 190.00 120.00
iii) CoolingTower Fans. – (d) kWh 115.00 65.00
iv) HotWater Parameters.
6054 US gpm
@90.6/85Deg C @ 25
Mtr Head
HotWater Pump. – (e) kWh 119.00 0.00
Total Power Consumption
“X” = (a+b+c+d+e)
kWh 516 1013
47. 4
Power Cost at site.- (Assumed Grid
Power -80% & 20% DG Back Up
Power) – (f)
Rs/Kwh 12.00
5
Bio Gas Energy Operating Cost for
Silica Gel +Water Pair Desicant
Chillers- (Minimum Requirement of
Bio Gas from Bio Gas Plant- 1750
M3/HR). – (g)
Rs/ Hr 1,750 0
6
Hourly Energy Cost at site
.Y = (X*f)+g
Rs/Hr 7,942 12,150
7 Operating Hours at site. – (h) Hrs/Day 24.00
8 Annual Energy Cost @ 365 Days/year. Rs/Yr 6,95,71,920 10,64,34,000
Z=Y*h*365
48. 9
Maintenance Cost for chillers per
annum.
Rs/Yr 10,00,000 13,16,250
10
Total Operating & Maintenance Cost
per annum.
Rs/Yr 70,519,360 10,77,50,250
11
Annual Operating & Maintenance Cost
Savings
Rs/Yr 3,72,30,890
12 Chiller Cost- 1350TR – (J) Rs 11,00,00,000 2,97,00,000
13
Cost for HotWater Generators for heat
generation for chiller for 8955 KW
heating load based on bio gas from
waste. – (K)
Rs 2,85,00,000 0
49. 14
Increamental CoolingTower Circuit
Cost
Rs 55,00,000 0
15
DG back Up Cost– (a) –
@ Rs15000/Kw including Cabling,
Panels, earthing, flue gas piping, insulation,
etc
Rs 77,32,500 1,51,87,500
16
Grid Power Infrastructure Cost –
Transformer, HT panel, Cabling, LT
panel, switchgears, etc
@Rs 4625 /Kw
Rs 23,86,250 50,00,000
17 Grid Power deposit for 11 KV Line Rs 15,46,500 30,37,500
18
Investment for Bio Gas Plant to generate
Bio Gas for HotWater Generators – (L)
Rs 3,00,00,000 0
50. 19
Total Net Investment – ( Sum 12:18) –
(M)
Rs 18,56,65,250 5,29,25,000
20
Extra Investment for Bio GasWaste Heat
DrivenAdsorption Chiller Scheme without
any depreciation & subsidiary benefits.
Rs 13,27,40,250
21
Payback forWaste to Silica Gel
Desiccant Chillers versus Centrifugal
Chillers for Airport.
Yrs 3.57
Its based on the centrifugal chillers running on 100% Load round the year which is not the case.
Even if we assume that the chillers on an average run at 75% of the load through the year, the
payback period would still be less than 5Years.We intend to run this on a simulation package to
ascertain our claim
51. Note:Pay BackAfter Depreciation as Bio Gas based Cooling System can come under energy & environment
saving project, so 80% depreciation should be applicable for first year under income tax act. Means you can
save money from CorporateTax.
1
Depreciation Benefit on chiller
investment @ 33% corporateTax.
X1= (J+K+L) x 0.8 x 0.33
Rs 4,44,84,000
2
Investment after Depreciation Benefit
forWaste to Desiccant Chiller
Technology.Y1 = M-X1
Rs 14,11,81,250
3
Extra Investment forWaste to
Desiccant ChillerTechnology.
Z1 =Y1- ((M-(Mx0.25x0.33))
Rs 9,26,22,562
4
Pay Back forWaste to Desiccant Chiller
Technology with Depreciation benefits
for 80% & 25% in Conventional Chiller
for firstYear.
Yrs 2.5
52. Case Study For Small Size Airport…
Preliminary ROI / Payback Calculation of Desiccant Adsorption Chillers in comparison toVRV
Sr.
No
DESCRIPTION UNIT
DesicantAdsorption
Chillers
VRV
1 Chiller Capacity. TR 100 100
2 Input Energy.
Bio Gas Based Heat -
6,00,000 Kcal/Hr or
698 KW is required
from HotWater
Generator.
Electricity from Grid
Power with DG Back up
3 Power Consumption.
A Chillers. – (a) kWh 0.80 110
53. B)
Power Consumption for Balance of
plant.
i) ChilledWater Parameters.
240 GPM @ 12/ 7 Deg
C @30 Meter Head
ChilledWater Pump. – (b) kWh 6.29
ii) CondenserWater Parameters.
400 GPM @ 32/ 37.5
Deg C @ 25 Mtr Head
CondenserWater Pump. – (c) kWh 13.83
iii) CoolingTower Fans. – (d) kWh 8.37
iv) HotWater Parameters.
427 GPM @ 90/84Deg
C @ 20 Mtr Head
HotWater Pump. – (e) kWh 6.67
Total Power Consumption
“X” = (a+b+c+d+e)
kWh 35.96 110
54. 4
Power Cost at site.- (Assumed Grid
Power -80% & 20% DG Back Up
Power)- (f)
Rs/Kwh 12.00
5
Bio Gas Energy Operating Cost for
Silica Gel +Water Pair Desicant
Chillers- (Minimum Requirement of
Bio Gas from Bio Gas Plant- 136
M3/HR). (g)
Rs/ Hr 136 0.00
6
Hourly Energy Cost at site.
Y = (X*f)+g
Rs/Hr 568 1320
7 Operating Hours at site. - (h)
Hrs/Da
y
24.00
8
Annual Energy Cost @ 365 Days/year.
Z=Y*h*365 Rs/Yr 49,75,142 1,15,63,200
55. 9
Maintenance Cost for chillers per
annum.
Rs/Yr 125,000 3,03,030
10
Total Operating & Maintenance Cost
per annum.
Rs/Yr 51,00,142 1,18,66,230
11
Annual Operating & Maintenance Cost
Savings
Rs/Yr 73,03,058
12 Chiller Cost- 100TR – (J) Rs 1,25,00,000 70,00,000
13
Cost for HotWater Generators for heat
generatin for chiller for 698 KW
heating load based on bio gas from
waste. – (K)
Rs 28,00,000 0
56. 14 CoolingTower Circuit Cost Rs 800,000 0
15 DG back Up Cost Rs 539,469 1,650,000
16 Grid Power Infrastructure Cost Rs 166,480 5,000,000
17 Grid Power Charges for 11 KV Line Rs 107,894 330,000
18
Investment for Bio Gas Plant to generate
Bio Gas for HotWater Generators – (L)
Rs 10,000,000 0
19 Total Net Investment – (Sum12:18)- (M) Rs 2,69,13,842 1,39,80,000
20
Extra Investment for Bio GasWaste Heat
DrivenAdsorption Chiller Scheme
without any depreciation & subsidiary
benefits.
Rs 1,29,33,842
21
Payback forWaste to Silica Gel Desiccant
Chillers versus Centrifugal Chillers for
Airport.
Yrs 1.77
57. Note:Pay BackAfter Depreciation as Bio Gas based Cooling System can come under energy & environment
saving project, so 80% depreciation should be applicable for first year under income tax act. Means you can
save money from CorporateTax.
1
Depreciation Benefit on chiller investment
@ 33% corporateTax.
X1= (J+K+L) x 0.8 x 0.33
Rs 66,79,200
2
Investment after Depreciation Benefit for
Waste to Desiccant ChillerTechnology.
Y1 = M-X1
Rs 2,02,34,642
3
Extra Investment forWaste to Desiccant
ChillerTechnology.
G = F- ((D-(Dx0.25x0.33))
Rs 62,54,642
4
Pay Back forWaste to Desiccant Chiller
Technology with Depreciation benefits for
80% & 25% in Conventional Chiller for
firstYear.
Z1 =Y1- ((M-(Mx0.25x0.33))
Yrs 0.9
59. Social Context of this Paper…
Currently most organic waste decomposes in open and methane, a
disruptive greenhouse gas more potent than CO2, from these waste goes
into the atmosphere.
Co-digestion of Sewage sludge and food waste from commercial sources
within airport or nearby area offers sustainable solution that helps with
both reducing greenhouse gas emissions from multiple sources and also
addresses our ongoing waste management issue.
60. Social Context of this Paper…
Accelerating clean technology development is a key component of
our government's approach to promoting sustainable economic
growth so as our country moves toward a low-carbon economy.
Additionally, it reduces the burden on landfill and power cost.
Investments in such a circular economy model for bulk generators
having high ROI's with payback within 3-5 years
the life of plant will be 12-15 years have long term impact on
country economic growth.
62. Chiller EfficiencyVis-à-vis system efficiency :-
It is not the chiller only but the system as a whole that help us to reduce
the running cost/ carbon foot print.
1. Cooling towers
2. Air handling Units
3. Heat RecoveryWheel
4. ESP filters in fresh air
5. Chilled water piping and insulation
6. Use of ducts with flanges.
7. Use return chilled water to cool kitchens.
64. Points to ponder…
• If Cochin Airport can be dissociated from grid power by using of
13MW of solar power, with a allocation of 13ha of land.Why we
can’t built a similar size airport which works on energy generated
from waste
Will this design contribute in mitigating the larger social evil of
waste management and help us achieve our aim of a Clean and
healthy india and also help in conserving our national and natural
resources by reducing our investment in the power infrastructure.
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