This was the presentation made by fifth semester student from architecture department for their prevailing project on Multi use commercial complexes. This presentation consists of detailed information on Literature review and Case study which can be helpful for the future students
Literature review and Case study on Commercial Complex in Nepal, Durbar mall, Eyeplex mall
1. LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDY PRESENTATION
DESIGN STUDIO-V
PRESENTERS:
AAKASH BDR SHAKYA
ASHMI SHRESTHA
KATHERYN SHRESTHA
PRAKASH MAHAT
SONALI SHAH
2. INTRODUCTION
• A commercial complex refers to a multi-purpose, typically multi-story, physical
structure designed and constructed to accommodate various commercial
activities and businesses.
• Many commercial complexes incorporate communal areas, such as food courts,
parks, or gathering spaces, promoting social interaction and community building.
IMPORTANCES:
Some key reasons why commercial complexes are important:
- Economic Hub
- Convenience
- Business Diversity
- Employment Opportunities
- Brand Exposure
- Consumer Experience
3. HISTORY
Ancient Marketplaces:
Origins: Ancient civilizations like Rome and Greece had early commercial complexes.
Function: Central gathering places for merchants and traders.
Goods Exchange: Diverse goods traded by merchants from various regions.
Bazaars and Caravanserais
Middle East and Asia: Bazaars and caravanserais pivotal in trade and commerce.
Bazaars: Vibrant urban marketplaces in cities.
Caravanserais: Roadside inns and trading posts, facilitating travel and business.
Medieval Fairs
Bazaar and caravanserais of Kashan
4. Industrial Revolution:
18th & 19th Centuries: Industrial Revolution transformed commercial spaces.
Emergence on Large-scale: Factories and warehouses.
Early Shopping Arcades:
19th Century: Shopping arcades introduced in British towns.
Notable Example: The Burlington Arcade in London.
20th Century Shopping Centers:
Mid-20th Century: Modern shopping centers and malls gained prominence in the United
States.
Nepal Example: Bishal Bazar Complex in Kathmandu, established in 2026 BS, as a local
context.
Warehouse
Burlington Arcade, London
Bishal Bazar, Nepal
5. SHOPS
• Shops, often referred to as retail stores or simply stores, are physical establishments or commercial spaces
where businesses sell a variety of goods and products directly to consumers.
• Target floor for shops: first floor / second floor
Important things to be considered while designing a shops:
- Circulation Routes
- Good view of the whole shop from inside and outside
- Visual Merchandising
- Store Layout
- Accessibility
- Color scheme and Lighting
- Aesthetic and Functional Aspects
6. TYPES AND AREAS OF SHOPS
TYPES AREAS( IN SQUARE FT.)
Small Shop 100 to 500
Medium Shop 500 to 2,000
Large Shop/ Showroom 2,000 to 10,000 or more
Department Store 50,000 to 150,000
BASIC PLAN LAYOUTS FOR THE RETAIL SHOP
1) Straight Plan:
It is a conventional form of layout that utilizes walls and projection to create smaller spaces.
It is an economical plan to execute and can be adapted by any type of stores.
7. 2) Pathway Plan:
It is applicable to virtually any type of store but is particularly suite to large
stores over 5000 square ft and on one level.
This type of plan gets the shopper smoothly from the front to the rear of
the store.
4) Diagonal Plan:
This type of plan is optimal for self service stores.
The cashier is in the central location, with sightlines to all the areas of the
space.
It permits the angular traffic flow and creates perimeter design interest and
excitement in movement.
8. CIRCULATION
It is the most important element of and plays a big role in the success and failure of the building.
Types of circulation:
1. Horizontal Circulation
2. Vertical Circulation
1. HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
It involves:
Corridors and Passage Ways
Corridors and passage ways heights shall not be less than 2.4m
Unobstructed Width: 3.2’
For public /commercial area = 4’6”
Secondary public passage ways = 3’ – 3’6”
minimum clear width of 32 inches (81 cm) for door openings within a corridor
Turning spaces are particularly important for wheelchair users and individuals with mobility
aids.
9. 2. VERTICAL CIRCULATION
It involves:
A. Staircase C. Ramps
B. Escalator D. Lift / Elevator
A) Staircase:
Traditional form of vertical circulation
Clear flight to flight height should not be less than 2.1m
Max riser height = 210mm (8.25 in)
Min riser height = 125mm (5 in)
Height of handrail = 864 - 965mm (34-38 in)
Handrail diameter = 37-68 mm (1.25-2.675 in)
10. B) Escalator:
A form of vertical building transportation designed as a staircase that moves
with the assistance of a motor-driven mechanism.
Inclination: 30/35 degree (35 degree is preferred, 30 degree is considered
wasteful of space)
Travel: 14.7’- 19.6’
Handrails: 3’
Vertical Headroom Clearance: 7’6”
11. D) Lift/ Elevator :
An elevator is a vertical transportation device used to move people or goods between different floors or
levels within a building.
Sizes-
Small Lift: 400kg (for passenger with hand baggage)
Medium Lift: 630kg (for passenger with wheelchair)
Large Lift: 1000kg (can accommodate coffin and stretchers)
Standard size for commercial lift: 1830mm * 1530mm
Space from entry to lift: 500mm
Types of Lift
• Person Lift
• Service Lift
Factors to be considered
- Disable Friendly
- Loading Capacity
- Safety
Fig: Different Sizes Of Lift
12. BUILDING STRUCTURE
COLUMN SPACING
Column spacing refers to the distance or gap between columns in architectural and structural design.
Spacing is done along the mall as this involves the with i.e frontage of shops.
Often used spaces are 20, 25,30 ft which is most flexible.
CLEAR HEIGHTS
These vary from 10 to 14 ft where 12 ft is a good average.
Above clear height there must be sufficient space for ac ducts, recessed lights, structural system etc.
13. MATERIALS
The Most Common
Construction Materials
•STEEL
Uses:
• Structures reinforcements
• cladding,
• roofing
• window frames
• plumbing,
• heating equipment, and many
other applications.
14. WOODS
•Hardwoods are commonly used in the
construction of:
• walls,
•ceilings, and
• floors.
• doors,
• furniture, and
• window frames.
CERAMICS
• Ceramic materials including brick, porcelain,
and cement have been used to construct
buildings, and are still some of the most widely
used construction materials today.
Advantages of ceramics materials:
The ceramic are hard, strong and dense.
They have high resistance to the action of
chemical and to the weathering.
Possess a high compression strength
compared to the tension.
15. GLASSES
Glass is recyclable and can be
reused many times without losing
quality. Glass reduces the dead load
of a building since it is lightweight.
Uses
•Windows and doors.
•Facades.
•Tableware
•Insulation
•Bottles for drinks.
16. EXTERNAL CLADDING MATERIALS
Types of cladding
•Brick cladding. This cladding
provides a charming, patterned
and traditional appearance
similar to stone.
•Wooden cladding.
•Stone cladding.
•Glass cladding.
•Aluminum cladding.
•Scyon cladding.
•Stainless steel cladding.
•Porcelain tile cladding.
17. RESTAURANTS
Maximum space is 2.0m2/person, but
space required can vary different.
Area required of restaurants;
Space distribution in kitchen;
Receiving area: 15%
Food storage: 20%
Preparation: 40%
Cooking: 8%
18. FOOD COURT
A food court is an indoor plaza or common area within a facility that
is usually adjacent to the counters of multiple food vendors and
provides a common area for self-service dinners. It can also be used
as a public dining area in front of cafes and diners. The court must
be easily seen and be in prime position.
The size of food court is commonly from 250sq. ft to 1000 sq. ft
Area required
• Area may be allowed between 20-40m2 and 2.0m2 per seat.
• Min width of service aisle: 0.9-1.3m
• Dinning area per seat: 1.5-2.15m2
• Kitchen area per seat: 0.4-0.6m2
• Waiter area: 1 per 20-30 seats
19. OFFICE SPACES
An office is a space where
employee of an organization perform
administrative work in order to
support and realize the various goals
of the organization.
Types
•Individual office.
•Shared office.
•Group office.
•Combi office.
•Open-plan office.
•Modern open-plan office.
•Multi-space office.
20. MOVIE THEATER
A movie theater is a place where people go to watch films for
entertainment.
Area per person:0.85 to 1.05m
Small auditorium: 100-250 people
Large auditorium: 400-600 people
Distance between seats: 900mm to 1200mm
Best viewing angle: 36degree
Screen sizes ratio : 16:9
Must have one emergency exit
Can have one or aisle depending upon the size of a movie theatrel
21. SERVICE APPARTMENT
A serviced apartment, also known as a service apartment, is a
type of accommodation that combines the features of a hotel
and an apartment. These apartments are typically fully
furnished and equipped with amenities for both short-term and
long-term stays.
• Furnished Apartments: Serviced apartments come fully
furnished with a range of amenities. This typically includes a
kitchen or kitchenette, a living area, a bedroom, and a
bathroom.
• Housekeeping Services: The apartment is regularly
cleaned, and towels and linens are changed, just like in a
hotel.
• Flexible Stays: Serviced apartments are available for both
short-term and long-term stays.
22. • Privacy and Space: Serviced
apartments offer more space,
including separate living and sleeping
areas. This extra space can be
particularly.
• Location: City centers, residential
neighborhoods, and business districts
• Kitchen Facilities: This can be a
cost-effective option for longer stays
and individuals who prefer self-
catering.
• Security: 24/7 front desk or concierge
services, and sometimes even CCTV
surveillance, to ensure the safety of
guests.
• Cost: May be more expensive than
standard apartments, they often offer
a more affordable alternative to
upscale hotels, especially for
extended stays.
23. Toilet design for commercial buildings
• The cubicles to urinals ratio should be in 1:4 ie for every 1 cubicles, 4
urinals can be used.
• The ratio of fittings in male and female toilets should be in the ratio of
3:5, 1 WC and 2 urinals for male: 5 WC for female.
25. Parking
• Parking is the first touch point for customers. The main purpose of parking space is to keep the
vehicles safe and secure. A powerful parking system is crucial for easy management, marketing
strategy, operations efficiency and profitability.
• The total parking ratio in complex is 20% of the total ground coverage.
• Parking should be within 30 meters of the main entrance the building.
• Directional signs guiding people to the accessible parking.
• Wheel stoppers to be provided.
• One car parking area must not be less than 13.75 sq. m and one two-wheeler
• parking area must not be less than 1.25 sq. m
• Bikes: 3 sq. m
• Cars: 12 sq. m.
• Accessible length and slope of ramp.
• The gradient of ramp leading to parking space shall be 1:6
26. Angled parking
• Reasons for angled parking:
• Space efficiency
• Increased visibility
• Ease of entry and exit
• Convience
27. Turning radius
• For a typical passenger car with a
wheelbase
• (the distance between the front and
rear axles) of around 100 to 110 inches
(2.54 to 2.79 meters),
• a common turning radius is roughly 36
to 40 feet (11 to 12 meters) for a full 90-
degree turn. This means a passenger
car requires approximately 18 to 20 feet
(5.5 to 6 meters) of space from the
center of the turning circle to make a
complete 180-degree turn.
28. Design consideration while designing ramps:
• A parking ramp slope of 5% or less is preferred,
although parking ramp slopes up to 7% are tolerated
by the public in very dense urban areas. Parking
ramp slopes should not exceed a 6.67% slope, which
is the maximum parking slope permitted in the
International Building Code (IBC).
• Ensure that the ramp provides sufficient vertical
clearance for vehicles to pass underneath, including
taller vehicles like vans and SUVs. Clearance height
is critical to prevent vehicle collisions and damage. Ie
shall not be less than 7feet.
• Install appropriate lighting in the ramp area to ensure
good visibility for drivers and pedestrians. Proper
lighting enhances safety, especially in enclosed or
underground parking facilities.
• Use of transitional ramp is preffered.
29. Fire escape
• A fire escape is a safety feature commonly found in buildings, especially multi-story structures, to provide a means of
evacuation in the event of a fire or other emergencies where the main exit routes may be blocked. Fire escapes are
designed to allow people to quickly and safely exit a building when traditional exits, such as stairwells or elevators, are
not accessible due to fire or smoke.
Design consideration for fire escape:
Location: Determine the ideal location for the fire escape based on the building's layout and the number of occupants. Fire
escapes should be easily accessible from all parts of the building and should provide a clear path to a safe area.
Capacity: Ensure that the fire escape can accommodate the expected number of building occupants. This includes
considering the width of stairs, landings, and platforms to allow for a smooth and safe evacuation.
Materials: Fire escapes are typically made of fire-resistant materials, such as steel or wrought iron. These materials can
withstand high temperatures and provide stability during evacuation.
Stairs and Landings: Design the fire escape with sturdy staircases and landings. Stairs should have a consistent rise and
run, and landings should be spacious enough to allow people to rest and change direction if needed.
30. Hoarding board
• A hoarding board in a commercial complex typically refers to a large, temporary, and often freestanding advertising or
informational board that is placed in a visible location within or around a commercial property. These hoarding boards
serve various purposes, such as marketing upcoming events, advertising retail businesses, displaying construction
project details, or providing information about the complex itself.
• Advantages of digital hoarding boards:
• Effective advertisement
• Revenue generation
• Enhanced aesthetic
• Flexibility
• Promotion of Complex Amenities
The hoarding board can be of custom sizes, and are made according to the neeed
Of a customer, it can also be made curved, which enhances the aesthetic value of a building and a advertisement too.
31. Uses of water tank in a commercial complex
• Water Storage: The primary function of a water tank is to store a reserve of water for the
building's daily water needs. This includes providing water for domestic use, such as
sinks, toilets, showers, and kitchen appliances.
• Fire Protection: Water tanks in commercial complexes often serve as a source of water
for fire suppression systems, including sprinklers and fire hydrants. This ensures that
there is an adequate water supply to combat fires in the event of an emergency.
• Emergency Backup: In case of a disruption in the municipal water supply, a water tank
can provide a backup source of water, ensuring that the building can continue to function
and meet its essential water needs.
• Water tank sizes:
1. Small Commercial Complexes: For small commercial complexes like small offices,
small retail stores, or low-occupancy buildings, a water tank capacity in the range of
5,000 to 20,000 gallons (19,000 to 75,700 liters) may be sufficient to meet their water
needs. This assumes basic domestic water supply and sanitation.
2. Medium-Sized Commercial Complexes: Medium-sized complexes, such as larger
office buildings, mid-sized shopping centers, or multi-use buildings, may require water
tank capacities ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 gallons (75,700 to 189,270 liters) or more.
This size accounts for increased water demand due to higher occupancy and additional
facilities.
3. Large Commercial Complexes: Large commercial complexes, including shopping
malls, hotels, convention centers, or industrial facilities, can have much larger water tank
capacities. They may range from 50,000 to several hundred thousand gallons (189,270
to over a million liters) or more, depending on the complexity of the complex, water-
intensive activities (e.g., industrial processes, large kitchens), and fire protection needs.
32. Generator rooms
• Location: The generator room should be strategically located to ensure easy access for
maintenance and refueling while being protected from potential flooding, fire hazards, and
extreme weather conditions. It should also be well-ventilated to dissipate heat generated by
the generators.
• Exhaust and Ventilation: Adequate exhaust and ventilation systems are crucial to dissipate
exhaust gases and maintain proper air circulation. Generators emit carbon monoxide and
other harmful gases, so ventilation must comply with safety standards to prevent health
hazards.
• Fuel Storage: If the generators are powered by diesel or other fuels, the generator room
should include fuel storage facilities, such as tanks or fuel lines, with proper safety measures
in place to prevent leaks or spills.
• Fire Suppression and Safety: Fire safety is paramount in the generator room. The room
should be equipped with fire suppression systems like sprinklers or fire extinguishers, and it
should adhere to fire safety codes and regulations. Emergency lighting and exit signs should
also be present.
• Noise Control: since the generators can be noisy it should be placed far from the reach of
general public or where there is more crowd, or noise insulations and control measures can be
applied.
33. Byelaws
• Set back
Set back is the distance from the plinth level of a building to the edge of the road. The minimum
setback for a commercial building is 6m. The minimum setback for public building upto 17m is
3m. And above that height the setback is 6m.
Floor area ratio (FAR)
(FAR) is the ratio of a building's total floor area (gross floor area) to the size of the piece
of land upon which it is built.
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) = Total area of the building / plot size
The federal government has set the FAR to 2.5,whereas metropolitan has set upto 3.5
for the commercial building.
Ground coverage:
The total area covered by the building on the ground floor is known as ground coverage.
The ground coverage shouldnot exceed 50-60% for the commercial building.
34. Social space
• The areas within a building or urban
environment that are designed to
facilitate social interaction, engagement,
and community-building among people.
These spaces are intentionally created
to promote social activities,
communication, and a sense of
belonging. Social spaces can vary in
scale, from small gathering spots within
a building to large public plazas or parks
in an urban setting.
35. Energy efficient buildings
• An energy-efficient building, often referred to as a
"green" or "sustainable" building, is a structure
designed and constructed with the goal of reducing
its energy consumption and environmental impact
while maintaining or improving the comfort, health,
and productivity of its occupants. Energy-efficient
buildings utilize various design principles,
technologies, and materials to optimize energy use
and reduce waste.
• Importance of energy enfficient building:
• Reduced energy consumption
• Lower operating cost
• Health and wellbeing
• Longterm savings
• Improved comfort
36. DAYLIGHT
USE OF LED LIGHTS OVER CFL BULBS CAN SAVE LARGE AMOUNT OF MONEY
EFFICIENT SMART LIGHTS THAT CAN BE REMOTELY CONTROLLED CAN ALSO HELP TO SAVE ENERGY IN THE LONG RUN
NATURAL LIGHTING SHOULD BE GIVEN HIGH PRIORITY TO AVOID THE MORE USE OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS
41. NATIONAL CASE STUDY
DURBAR MALL
ABOUT
• Location: Durbar Marg, Kathmandu
• Orientation: East
• Project Firm: Guna Group
• Architect’s Name: Ar. Bijay Prajapati
• Project Initiation: 2072
• Project Completion: 2078
• Number of Floors: Basement + 5 floors
• Ground floor area: 8624.04 SQ. FT
• Approach road: 12’8”
INTRODUCTION
- Durbar Mall Located in the heart of the city, King’s way.
- This 5 storied building consists of various tenant shops, showrooms, theatre, restaurants, salons and many more.
- People's movement was mostly witnessed for luxury movie theatre.
- Site Forces: Narayanhiti Durbar, Ghantaghar, Dharahara, Sky Walk Tower
42. CONCEPTUAL
A "Durbar“ is referred as a royal court or assembly, where important events or gatherings takes place.
The mall is named ‘DURBAR MALL ’to create a connection with the community and reflect the area's heritage.
It is also named so that its catchy, memorable, and align with the mall's image and target audience.
FORM
The building is in the L shape.
The mall entrance starts small but gradually expands as you move deeper inside creates visual appeal and impressive reveal.
43. BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
MATERIALS - Concrete - Steel
- Tiles - Glass
In the elevation, the building materials and technique used are modern.
Front façade is treated with glass giving elegance and sophistication.
Mezzanine floor is made with portal frames for the theatre.
There is marble flooring in the interior
False ceilings are used.
In the railings, steel handrails are provided with tempered glass.
ACCESS AND ENTRANCE
Only accessible through one entrance from front façade
Sliding glass door
Entrance opening: 10’6”
Size of landing: 15’4”x 5’11”
Space from entrance to escalator: 60’
44. DESIGN ELEMENTS
Plaza
Mezzanine
Facade Treatment
BUILDING BYE-LAWS
Setback: 7ft
FAR: 4.5
GCR: Less than 60%
INFRASTRUCTURE
Waste Management: Nagarpalika
Water Supply: Personal Boring
Drainage: Public Sewage
45. VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION
It is a 5 storied building with 2 floors in mezzanine for cinemas and 1 basement for parking.
Salon, Parlor and
Shops
Retail shops and
Office
Retail shops
Retail shops and
Restaurants
Retail shops
Basement Parking
Food Court and
Showrooms
Durbar Cineplex
46. SHOP/SHOWROOM
SIZES
Small shop: 10.6’ x 19.6’
Medium shop: 16.4’ x 16.4’
Large shop/showroom: 22.1’ x 54.6’
No of shop in each floor: 22
Size of door in shop: 5.2’ x 7’
Distance from plaza to shop: 11.8’
RESTURANTS/ FOODCOURT
Red Panda Bubble Tea Yasumi Japanese Restaurant Kenny Rogers Roaster
47. CINEMA THEATRE
DURBAR CINEMAX
Has a theatre with the seating capacities for 53 and 50 respectively.
It is one of the most luxurious cinema halls in Nepal which offers a high end interior designed lobby and food and bar
services inside the theatre.
The main focus is on providing luxury, comfort, convenience and premium cinema experience to the audience.
48. FEATURES
• Lighting:Warm lightswith false ceiling,foot light,house light
• Acoustic: Plentyof sound systemattached on the wallsand behind the screen
• Insulatingmaterial: Carpetedwalls and decorative panels of wood fiber sunboard
• Ticket Counter
• Food Hub
• Lobby area/ Sittingarea
• Toilets – Male and Female
PROJECTOR ROOM
Room size: 12’x6’
Has a projector
Ac to dc convertor
5tb Hard Disk
Monitoringand screening setup
Sound system
49. TOILET
Sufficient ventilation and lighting inside toilet
Two floor uses same one toilet
Corridor Infront of Toilet: 4.93 M
Insufficient circulation spaces
Sensory urinals
C1
C3
C2
BASIN
1.05 M
1.02
2.6
M
GIRL’S TOILET LAYOUT BOY’S TOILET LAYOUT
C1
C2
BASIN
2.2 M
50. CIRCULATIONS
A. Vertical Circulation
1) Staircase:
• No. of staircase : 1
• Type of staircase: Dog legged staircase
• Emergency exit staircase: 1
• Type of staircase: Single Straight Flight Staircase
• Width of staircase: 1.2 M
2) Lift:
• No of lift: 2
• Load Capacity: 1000kg
• No. of maximum person capacity: 13 persons
• Only accessible from ground floor to 5th floor
• Aesthetic and modern
3) Escalator:
• No. of escalator in each floor: 2
• Width of escalator: 1.2 M
• Headroom is very less
51. B. Horizontal Circulation
Corridors:
• Primary Corridor Width: 3.6M
• Secondary Corridor Width: 2.1 M
• Tertiary Corridor Width: 1.4 M
• Have to walk entire corridor to use escalator which encourage people to walk past more
storefronts, potentially increasing exposure to retail offerings.
• The corridors are wide and well-lit from which the stores are easily visible and accessible.
Lobby Area:
• Cozy, pleasing and aesthetic
• Easy access to staircase and lift
• Centrally located thereby being an attraction
• Influences overall atmosphere of the building.
52. FLOOR DIVISION
Services: Staircase, escalator, lift and emergency exit
No. of Shops: 15
Mainly showroom and foodcourt
Showroom: Li-ning, Kasa, Kade, Mishisa, etc
Foodcourt : Red Panda Bubble Tea, Cine Coffee Express, etc
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Services: Staircase, escalator, lift and emergency exit
No. of Shops: 22
Mainly Retail shops
Retail shops: Sneaker Rotation, Next Makeup Store, Mobile Inn
53. Services: Staircase, escalator, lift and emergency exit
No. of Shops: 22
No toilet provided in this floor
Mainly Retail shops and Restaurants
Retail shop: DMK
Restaurant: Yasumi Japanese Restaurant, Kenny Rogers Roaster
Services: Staircase, escalator, lift and emergency exit
No. of Shops: 22
Mainly Retail shops
Retail shop: DMK, Orchid Retail, Madame
54. Services: Staircase, escalator, lift and emergency exit
No. of Shops: 22
No toilet provided in this floor
Mainly Retail shops and Office
Retail shop: currently no any shop in this floor
Office space provided
Services: Staircase, escalator, lift and emergency
exit
No. of Shops: 22
Mainly Retail shops and Salons
Retail shop: currently no any shop in this floor
Salons: Pals, Hair and Shanti
55. PARKING
BASEMENT PARKING
Column Size: 0.75 x 0.75 M
Clear Height: 12’
Entry: From the back side of the Building
Parking Type: 90 degree parking
Total number of bikes: 150 - 170 cars: 25
Parking is provided separately for bikes and cars
Parking space for the staff was allocated separately
Merging slope is provided
Has a secondary slope for staff parking which has an angle of 28.8
degree.
Insufficient circulation space
Maximum flow: During holidays and weekends
No ventilation
No natural lighting thereby artificial lights were provided.
Has same entry and exit
Only staircase is accessible in basement.
57. LIGHTING, VENTILATION AND SECURITY
LIGHTING
Natural Lighting – In between two buildings so natural lighting only from front façade
Artificial Lighting – Warm Lighting and False ceiling
VENTILATION
Natural Ventilation– Insufficient natural ventilation
Artificial Ventilation- Provision of exhaust fan
SECURITY
Provision of emergency staircase
Fire alarms, fire extinguishers and nozzle systems
58. ASPECTS
Positive Aspect
Location of the Building
Well managed spaces, barely any wastage of space.
Easy to navigate / locate the spaces.
Sufficient circulation spaces
The floor scheme has been worked out in such a way that every shop
Proper usage of signage
Negative Aspect
No special provision for differently abled peoples
Poor ventilation and natural lighting
Lack of soft landscape, absence of greens.
Provision of only one toilet for two floors causing trafficking
Unmanaged parking spaces
60. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
• Location: Devkota Sadak, New Baneshwor
• Orientation: West
• Estd date: September 20,2019
• Designer: Ar. Sailendra G.C.
• Interior designer: Ar. Krishna Shrestha
• Site Area: 13670 SQ. FT
• Built Up Area: 99752 SQ. FT.
• Floor Area: 9235 SQ. FT.
• Approach road: 13’-7” wide road
61. INTRODUCTION
Eyeplex mall is a newly established mall located in the heart of Kathmandu
valley. It has been able to draw attention of the people passing through the
Baneshwor road because of its outstanding facade treatment. The unique
material selection and its shape is designed in such a way that it stands out from
the crowded area. Besides its eye catching exterior design, it has many more
features to offer. The 9 storey building consists of various tenant shops, theatre,
food court, circulation spaces as well as other attractions like lounge and kids
play area. However, the building is still in its phase of completion. A bar and the
kids play area are still under construction and are yet to open. Because of its
captivating exterior as well as interior design, it has become a popular public
destination in a very short time period from its establishment. However, along
with the attractive architectural aspects of the mall,some essential elements
such as recreational zones for public are still missing.
62. CONCEPT
The main concept of the mall is reflected in its front facade because the
other three facades are not visible. Architect has taken expressionism as
the main concept. The strong horizontal lines are cut off to form major
curvature throughout the facade. The remaining facade is cladded with
glasses creating voids along with minor masses. In the horizontal stripes,
small nail like light is provided. These lights give jagged effects to the strong
horizontal lines at night which gives more welcoming look to the mall.
Naming the mall ‘eyeplex’ has a certain meaning to it. Designer aspires to
build a multiplex that catches everyone’s eye. The surrounding site consists
of commercial and residential building of RCC structures with very plain
facade treatment. This building stands out as a hierarchal building in such
surrounding which automatically draws attention of the people.
63. SITE
The site is located at very popular commercial
zone of the city, Baneshwor. The rate of flow of
people is very high in this area thereby leading to
the high retail activity. Therefore, the flow of
people in this mall will also be high.
ACCESS AND ENTRANCE
The mall is only accessible from the front facade.
It is strongly visually connected through the road.
One vehicular entrance is provided which is
directly accessible through the 13’-7” wide road.
One pedestrian entrance is provided which is
beside the vehicular entrance, through the steps
which is 21’-11” wide. One ramp of slope 1:8 is
given beside the pedestrian entrance. Vehicle
parking is in basements which is of two floors. As
the site is surrounded by buildings compactly
from three sides and the main road goes right
infront of the building, the structure lacks the
external plaza or recreational area.
64. BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
In the elevation, the building materials and technique used are contemporary. Concrete slabs are used to make horizontal
lines in the facade. Along with this, glass and ACP are used as cladding material to make a pattern of mass and void. There
is marble flooring in the interior. False ceiling is provided for HVAC and lighting purposes as there is very less provision of
natural lighting. This leads to the reduction of floor height which is only .In the railings, steel handrails are provided with
tempered glass. Truss roof was used.
PLAZA AND INTERIOR
The complex is directly connected to the main road. The building is raised to the plinth level of +4’- 8” to create double
basements for parking. Steps are provided in the entrance. Plaza has not been designed properly because ofthe small
area of the site. That’s why, the designer has intended to create a more vibrant space in the interior. The artificial lighting,
different patterns in the ceilings, and pillars has made the space lively and attractive. people come to visit mall not only
for shopping but also for a pleasant experience outside the house. This mall even if it couldn’t provide suitable public
space around it, it has surely provided an interior environment where people would love to spend time.
65. VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION
It is a nine storey building with two floors in the basement for parking. The vertical circulation in the mall
occupies of the total area of the mall. Lifts, escalators, and stairs are provided for vertical circulation.
Emergency exit, service lift, and theater exits are also provided. From the section we can see the
positioning of the escalators and stairs.
• 9th floor (9'4"): Mezzanine floor for Drishya lounge
• 8th floor (9'4"): Drishya longue
• 7th floor (11'2"): Bar in construction, water tank
• 6th floor (11'2"): Exit of theatre, project room, officeroom
• 5th floor (11'2"): AUDI1, AUDI2, concession stand,
operation room
• 4th floor (11'2"): Food court, children play area,
administration, waiting lobby for theatre
• 3rd floor (11'2"): Retail stores and beauty salon
• 2nd floor (11'2"): Retail stores
• 1st floor (11'2"): Branded retail stores
• Ground floor (11'2"): Retail stores and coffee shops
• Basement 1 (7'1"): Magazine basement parking (bikes)
• Basement 2 (7'8"): Lower basement parking (cars)
66. HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION
The vertical circulation occupies 7% of the total area whereas the horiziontal circulation occupies
40% of the floor area.The service space occupies only 3%. Other remaining 50% of the area is
occupied by the retail shops.
PLANNING
One can enter basement for parking from east side of the mall,stacked for 36 car parks in the
lower floor and 350 bikes in the upper. The floor is of steel structure mezzanine floor. Back up,
water tanks and other building service element occupies the lower floors. One can climb upper
floors with both lifts and staircase. Atrium space was created in the middle of the mall with
escalators. This leads to the courtyard like planning with retail shops around the periphery of the
circulation space. It has simple planning as the site suggests placing the fire exits, other facilities
making it to its easiest approach. The perimeter walkway around the atrium forming corridor and
balcony has let people observe the activities of lower and upper floor. Similarly, the stores are
aligned along the corridor letting people see through window front. The bridges connect the
wings of the mall and to provide outdoor visibility the mall has open balcony space over the two
entrance.
72. PARKING
Two floors of the basement are used for parking. The entrance to the parking is 13’ 17” wide road. The
lower basement is used for car parking of capacity 30 car at a time. The upper basement is a steel
structure. mezzanine floor which is for two wheelers with the capacity of 150 bikes at a time. The
basements have exposed water supply ducts that we observed and artificial lighting.
73. CIRCULATION
Eyeplex mall has only one access for pedestrian and one for vehicles. Almost 30% of the total area is
dedicated to the circulation space; while remaining 50 % house rental space. Escalators, elevators and
staircase assists on the vertical circulation while walkways and lobby in horizontal circulation. The lift in
the front façade have provided the physical connectivity and let people enjoy the movement through the
space with the exterior site view. The escalators are placed in the centre of the mall, for the proper
circulation.
LIFTS
1. Elevator
Number: 2 (13 people and 10 people)
2. Freight lift
Number: 1 (1500 kg)
3. Capsule lift
Number: 1 ( 13 people)
74. STAIRCASE
• Number: 2 ( passenger staircase and fire exit )
• Type of stairs: Dog legged staircase
• Width of stairs: 5’-9”Passenger staircase and 4’-5” Fire
Staircase
• Tread: 1’-0”Riser: 0’-7”
CORRIDOR
The corridors are wide and well-lit from which the stores are
easily visible and accessible. Width: 7’
75. ESCALATORS
Number: 9
Width: 5’-0”
Length: 32’-11”
Height: 11’-7”
Inclination: 20 degree
In ground floor, only one escalator is provided for going up.
LIGHTING
Because of the site is surrounded by buildings from all the three sides except the front facade, naural
lighting provision is very minimum in the mall. A central window of 19’10” * 56’9” is on the front
facade. The void and mass pattern is in the front facade. A void space of 33’3” * 21’8” is on the centre
upto 4th floor but because of plan in 5th floor ( cinema mall ) the void was covered. In the interior,
sufficient artificial lighting is provided. The lounge in the top floor is perfectly lit with natural light
making the designed interior more vibrant.
76. MAIN ATTRACTIONS OF THE MALL
1. Drishya lounge
It is located at 8th and 9th floor of the mall. It is the rooftop
lounge of the mall which features sumptuous interiors, an
avant garde cocktail bar, coffee station with the capacity of
more than 120 customers at a time.
2. Kids play zone
It is located at 6th floor of the mall. The mall features a
separate play station for the kids under age of 5. The
parents can leave their child under the care of the staff also
or they can be with their child. The playground contains
swings, slides, toys, balls, play houses and ferries.
77. 3. The Theatre
The theatre is located in 4th 5th floor of the mall. It covers the area of about 8700 sq. ft. One cinema is the movie theatre of the mall
which has 3 theatres. It feature 38x17 feet silver screens with a total seating capacity of 480(Auditorium 1-208, Auditorium 2-203 ,
Premium-69 ). One Cinemas provides world-class auditorium experiences through our 4K digital projection system and crystal-clear DTS
sound system with DOLBY Surround 7.1. The essential space and the respective area of the theatre area are:
1.Board room:
• Area= 210 SQ. FT.
• Capacity= 12
• Per person area= 17.5 SQ. FT.
2. Staff room:
• Area= 94.11 SQ. FT.
• Per person area= 3.76 SQ. FT.
3. Hall manager room:
• Area= 105.03 SQ. FT.
• Capacity= 5
• Per person area= 26.25 SQ.FT
78. CONCLUSION
Although the site is enclosed by buildings from all the three sides, the designer has been able to treat the
front and the only exposed façade in such a way that the building clearly stands out from the plain
landscape. The eye catching exterior of the mall gives it a more welcoming and inviting view justifying the
naming of the mall ‘eyeplex’. Even if there is difficulty in providing natural lighting inside the mall, the
artificial lighting and interior design is made in such a way that people feel a comforting and vibrant
ambience inside. designer is able to justify every space in the mall despite of the small area of the site
with proper circulation and attractive design.
80. • INTRODUCTION
• Phoenix Market City is a shopping mall
developed by mills limited located in
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
• Opened in January 2013 and is the largest
mall in the city
• Has several national and international
brands such as:
i. Lifestyle
ii. Pantaloons
iii. Globus
iv. Manchester
v. United
vi. Steve
vii. Madden
viii. Addidas
ix. Aldo
x. Allensolly
81. SITE PLAN
• Location: City Centre – Velachery
• Architect: Gordan Benoy
• Land area: 17 acres
• Retail building: up area – 2.36 acres
• Residence built-up area: 2.98 acres
• Total built-up area: 7.34 acres
• No of stores: 260
• No of stories-basement +5 stories
83. AREA COVERED
• A Hyper Market: 1,00,000 sq ft
• 5 anchor shops: 2,50,000 sq ft
• 13 mini anchor shops: 1,75,000 sq ft
• 122 small stores: 3,00,000 sq ft
84. ENTRANCES
• 3 main entrances to mall
• One from the front and two from the rare side
85. LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLANS
Apparel
• Beauty and cosmetic
• Coffee shop
• Confectionery
• Consumer durables, electronic & IT products
• Footwear
• Furniture and home finishings
Hypermarket stores
• Personal grooming salon and spa
• Pharmacy and Wellness
• Restaurants
• Service and specialty stores
• Sports and fitness
• Toys and games
• Watches and eyewear
• accessories
86. GROUND FLOOR
Accessories
Apparel
• Beauty and cosmetic
• books., music and entertainment
• Coffee shop
• Confectionery
• Consumer durables, electronic & IT
products
• Footwear
• Jewelry
• Restaurants
• Watches and eyewear
87. FIRST FLOOR
• Coffee shop
• Food court
• Furniture and home finishings
• Footwear
• Restaurants
• Service and specialty stores
• Toys and games
89. THIRD FLOOR
• Food court
• Restaurants
• Cinema hall
• Entertainment
• service
90. EXTERNAL FINISHING
• Upper-level surface is provided for
advertisement and forthcoming attraction
• Which are visible from the distance governing
the external elevation.
91. CORRIDOR
• Width of the corridor is 12’
• Wide enough to accommodate the
foot traffic even during peak hours
92. ESCALATORS PLACEMENT
• Escalators are placed near the entries
• 4 escalators per each floor
• Info desk placed near the escalators
• The area around the escalator used as
seating in the lower ground floor
93. LANDSCAPE
• The entry leads to landscape area
• Landscape contains of:
a. An open-air theater
b. Space
c. Kids play area
d. waterfall
94. EMERGENCY EXIT
• Emergency exit map is located on each
floor
• Also has instruction is the signboard
• 7 emergency exits are provided
• Shows the route to the exit
95. PARKING
• Mall consists of basement parking and
MLCP
• The MLCP consist of 11 floors
• The MLCP is attached to the mall for easy
access
96. MOVIE THEATER
• There is 11 screen multiplex is capable of dealing out of 40 shows, every single day, in 16 languages
• With an expected capacity of 15,000 people visiting the multiplex every day
98. LOCATION – BEIJING, CHINA
ARCHITECT – ZAHA HADID
INITIATION YEAR – 2008
COMPLETION YEAR – 2012
SITE AREA – 49,965 SQ. M
BUILT UP AREA – 332,857 SQ. M
BUILDING HEIGHT – 64 M
NO. OF TOWERS – 4
NO. OF FLOORS – 18
NO. OF BASEMENT – 3
RETAIL FLOORS – B1 TO F3
OFFICE FLOORS – UPPER 12 FLOORS
PAKING – B2 AND B3 WITH 1275 CAR
PARKING SPACES
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
100. DESIGN CONCEPT
INFLUENCED BY CHINESE NATURAL LANDSCAPE AND COURTYARDS
COMPLEX LOOKS LIKE A LARGE CENTRAL CANYON
FEATURES OF LOCAL TERRACED RICE FIELDS IN HORIZONTAL PLANE
CURVILINEAR DESIGN
FOUR ASYMMETRIC CONTINUOUS STRUCTURES
FLOWING VOLUME LINKED BY STRETCHED BRIDGES
CENTRAL CANYON
STRETCHED BRIDGES
101. FLOOR PLANS OF GALAXY SOHO
TOTAL FLOORS – 18
LOWER BASEMENT FLOORS (B2 AND B3) - PARKING WITH 1275 VEHICLES LEAVING DISTRIBUTION
BASEMENT FLOOR HEIGHT – 5.4M
102. FLOOR PLANS OF GALAXY SOHO
FLOORS (B1 TO F3) - PUBLIC FACILITIES FOR RETAILS AND ENTERTAINMENT
RETAIL FLOORS HEIGHT – 5.4M
RETAIL FLOORS HAVE MORE FLOOR HEIGHT THAN OFFICE FLOORS AS THE VENT PIPES RUN THROUGH THE
CEILING IN RETAIL FLOORS
FLOORS (F4 TO F12) - COMMERCIAL OFFICE AND BUSINESS SPACES
OFFICE FLOOR AREA – 100 TO 300 SQ. M EACH
OFFICE FLOOR HEIGHT – 3.5 M
OFFICE FLOORS HAVE LESS AREA AND FEWER VENT PIPES IN CEILING HENCE LESSER FLOOR HEIGHT
FLOORS (F13 TO F15) - SPACE FOR RESTAURANTS, BARS, CAFES AND BISTROS
TOPMOST FLOORS GIVE SPECTACULAR VIEW OVER THE CITY
108. CIRCULATION
EACH TOEWRS HAS 2 CORES FOR VERTICAL MOVEMENT
IT CONSIST OF AN OPEN ATRIUM WHICH IS SEMICOVERED WITH GLASS ON THE THIRD FLOOR WHERE THE RETAIL
FLOOR ENDS
IT HAS 2 ESCALATORS IN EACH ATRIUM TO MOVE BETWEEN THE RETAIL FLOORS
THESE ESCALATORS END AFTER THE RETAIL FLOORS
AFTER THE THIRD FLOOR ALL THE VERTICAL CIRCULATION IS THROUGH THE CORE OF THE TOWER
BASEMENTS ARE ACCESSED BY ESCALATORS AND STAIRCASE
HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION BETWEEN TOEWRS THROUGH STRETCHED BRIDGES
EMERGENCY EXIT
FIRE EXIT STAIRCASE FROM BELOW GROUND LEVEL ARE SITUATED AT THE BOUNDARIES OF BASEMENT
THESE STAIRCASES OPEN IN THE PATHWAY AROUND THE TOWER
ON UPPER FLOORS (ABOVE THE RETAIL FLOORS), THE SERVICE STAIRCASE ACTS AS A FIRE EXIT STAIRCASE
109.
110. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
OLD – STYLE CHINESE COURTYARD SYSTEM
FOUR PRIMARY DOMED CONSTRUCTION
DOMES INTERCONNECTED BY BRIDGE SHOWING CONTINUOUS INTERIOR SPACES
STANDARD CONCRETE STRUCTURE WITH 8.4M SPAN
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
EXTERIOR : 3 MM ALUMINIUM CLADDING WITH INSULATED GLASS AND STONE
INTERIOR : GLASS, TERRAZZO, STAINLESS STEEL, GYPSUM CEILING INCLUDING THE DECORATIVE
WALLS, AND BOARD PAINTED
112. LIGHTING
EACH DOME CONTAINS A VOID SPACE THAT FORMS AN ATRIUM FOR NATURAL SUNLIGHT TO ENTER VIA THE
SKYLIGHT
ATRIUM IS GLAZED WITH GLASS FORMING CRISS CROSS PATTERN TO ILUMINATE THE SPACES WITHIN FOUR
DOMES NATURALLY
PROFICIENT LIGHTING AND USE OF TWOFOLD SILVER LOWER–E GLASS
ATRIUM GLAZED WITH
CRISS CROS PATTERN
113. SPECIAL FEATURES
IT IS A 360 DEGREE ARCHITECTURAL WORLD WITH NO CORNERS, NO DISRUPTED TRANSITIONS, WHICH CREATES A
FLOWING SPACES
THE CANYON BETWEEN THE SEEWPING CURVES OF BUILDING SERVES AS A CENTRAL OPEN AIR SPACES FOR
SHOPPING AND ENTERTAINMENT
THE ROOF HAS A COOLED ROOFING SYSTEM THAT REDUCES HEAT ISLAND EFFECT AND ENSURES MICROCLIMATE
IS OPTIMAL FOR PEOPLE
IT ADOPTS WATER – EFFICIENT SYSTEMS THAT RECYCLE WASTE WATER
FOUR TOWERS INTERCONNECTED WITH THE SKY BRIDGES
THE PLANTS AROUND THE PERIMETER OF COMPLEX ARE THE JUXTAPOSITION OF WAVING ORNAMENTAL GRASSES
BETWEEN PARAMERTIC CURVES OF STRUCTURES AND THE NATURAL CONTOURS OF LANDSCAPE
THE BANDS OF WHITE ALUMINIUM AND GLASS GIVE A GEOLOGICAL PRESENCE
THE LIGHT TRACKS PLACED BELOW THE GLASS PANEL ILLUMINATES THE EXTERIOR FAÇADE DURING NIGHT
115. COMPARISION TABLE
SN PARTICULARS DURBAR MALL EYEPLEX MALL PHOENIX MARKETCITY
1. ENTRANCE / FOYER 1 main entrance on front from
first facade
1 main entrance on front facade,
small attractive foyer
3 main entrance, one from the
first and other two from rare
sides
2. CIRCULATION INSIDE Primary Corridor Width: 11.8’
Secondary Corridor Width: 6.8’
Corridor Width: 7’ Corridor Width: 12’
3. ATRIUM Absence of atrium, only
presence of plaza.
Absence of atrium, only presence
of plaza.
Presence of atrium, yet not
enough natural light in the
building, artificial light is required
for exhibiting products
4. DINE AREA Food court is in ground
floor.
Food court is provided at 4th floor,
Drishya lounge at 8th and 9th floor
Food court is provided in each
floor.
5. PARKING SPACE No surface parking.
Basement parking designed for:
bikes 150 - 170 and cars:25
No surface parking.
Double basement designed for : 30
no. of cars and 150 no. of bikes
Parking in basement, 11 floors for
parking
6. MOVIE THEATRE 2 movie theatres
Capacities: 53 and 50
respectively.
3 movie theatres
A1:208 seats
A2:203 seats
Premium:69 seats
11 movie theatres
Each theatre capacity: 300
