1. Presented By :
Qurrot Ulain Taher
(B.Sc-IInd Yr)
St. Ann’S College f o r Women.
St.Ann's Degree College for Women
2. MALNUTRITION
WHO defines Malnutrition as "the cellular imbalance
between the supply of nutrients and energy and the
body's demand for them to ensure growth,
maintenance, and specificfunctions.“
Malnutrition is the condition that develops when the body does
not get the right amount of the vitamins, minerals, and other
nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ
function.
Definitions
Abdirahman Yusuf Ali
3. PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
It is a group of body depletion disorders which
include kwashiorkor, marasmus and the intermediate
stages
MARASMUS
Represents simple starvation . The body adapts to
a chronic state of insufficient caloric intake
KWASHIORKOR
It is the body’s response to insufficient protein intake
but usually sufficient calories for energy
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5.
Protein-Energy
Malnutrition
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PEM is also referred to
as
protein-calorie
malnutrition.
It is considered as the p
r
i
m
a
r
y
nutritional problem in India.
Also called the 1st
National Nutritional
Disorder.
The term protein-
energy malnutrition (PEM)
applies to a group of related
disorders that
include marasmus,
kwashiork or, and
intermediate states of
marasmus-kwashiorkor.
PEM is due to “food
g
a
p
”
between the intake and
requirement.
7. AETIOLOGY:
Different combinations of many aetiological
factors can lead to PEM in children. They
are:
S o c i a l and Economic Factors
B i o l o g i c a l factors
Environmental factors
R o l e of Free Radicals & Aflatoxin
A g e of the Host
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8. Amongst the Social,
Economic, Biological a
n
d
Environmental Factors
the common causes are:
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Lack of breast feeding and giving diluted formula
Improper complementary feeding
Over crowding in family
Ignorance
Illiteracy
Lack of health education
Poverty
Infection
Familial disharmony
9. Role of Free Radicals & Aflatoxin: Two new
t
h
e
o
r
i
e
shave been postulated recently to explain the
pathogenesis of kwashiorkor. These include Free
Radical Damage & Aflatoxin Poisoning . These may
damage liver cells giving rise to kwashiorkor.
Age Of Host :
Frequent in Infants & young children whose rapid
growth increases nutritional requirement.
PEM in pregnant and lactating women can affect the
growth, nutritional status & survival rates of their
fetuses, new born and infants.
Elderly can also suffer from PEM due to alteration of
GI System
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10. Leading cause of death (less than 5 years of age)
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Primary PEM:
Protein + energy intakes below requirement for normal growth.
Secondary PEM:
the need for growth is greater than can be supplied.
decreased nutrient absorption
increase nutrient losses
Linear growth
ceases Static
weight Weight
loss
Wasting
Malnutrition and its signs
AETIOLOGY of PEM:
12. • Protein-energy
malnutrition is a
basic lack of food
(from famine) and a
major cause of
infant mortality and
morbidity
worldwide.
PREVALENC
E:
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• Protein-energy
malnutrition caused
0.46% of all deaths
worldwide in 2002,
an average of 42
deaths per million
people per year.
15. The clinical presentation depends
upon the type
, severity and duration of the
dietary deficiencies. The five forms
of PEM are :
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1. Kwashiorkor
2. Marasmic-kwashiorkor
3. Marasmus
4. Nutritional dwarfing
5. Underweight child
16.
Body weight
as percentage
of standard
Oedema Deficit in
weight for
height
Kwashiorkor 60 – 80 + +
Marasmic
kwashiorkor
< 60 + ++
Marasmus < 60 0 ++
Nutritional
dwarfing
< 60 0 Minimal
Underweight
child
60 – 80 0 +
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Classification of PEM
(FAO/WHO)
Source: FAO / WHO 1971 Expert
Committee on Nutrition 8th Report.
WHO Technical Report Series 477
17. KWASHIORKOR
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The term kwashiorkor is taken from the Ga language
of
Ghana and means "the sickness of the weaning”.
Williams first used the term in 1933, and it
refers to an inadequate protein intake with
reasonable caloric (energy) intake.
Kwashiorkor, also called wet protein-energy
malnutrition, is a form of PEM characterized primarily by
protein deficiency.
This condition usually appears at the age of about
1
2months when breastfeeding is discontinued, but it
can develop at any time during a child's formative
years.
It causes fluid retention (edema); dry,
peeling skin; and hair discoloration.
18. Kwashiorkor was thought to be
caused by insufficient protein
consumption but with sufficient calorie
intake, distinguishing it from marasmus.
More recently, micronutrient
and antioxidant deficiencies have
come to be recognized as contributory.
Victims of kwashiorkor fail to
produce antibodies following vaccination
against diseases, including diphtheria and
typhoid.
Generally, the disease can be treated by
adding food energy and protein to the diet;
however, it can have a long-term impact
on a
child's physical and mental development,
and in severe cases may lead to death.
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19.
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SYMPTOMS
Changes in skin
pigment.
Decreased muscle
mass
Diarrhea
Failure to gain
weight a
n
d
grow
Fatigue
Hair changes
(change in color or
texture)
Increased and more
s
e
v
e
r
e infections due to
damaged immune
system
Irritability
Large belly that
sticks o
u
t(protrudes)
Lethargy or apathy
Loss of muscle
mass
Rash (dermatitis)
Shock (late stage)
Swelling
(
e
d
e
m
a
)
21. MARASMUS
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The term marasmus is derived from the Greek
word marasmos, which means withering or wasting.
Marasmus is a form of severe protein-energy
malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency and
emaciation.
Primarily caused by energy deficiency, marasmus is
characterized by stunted growth and wasting of muscle and
tissue.
Marasmus usually develops between the ages
of six months and one year in children who have been
weaned from breast milk or who suffer from weakening
conditions like chronic diarrhea.
22.
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SYMPTOMS
Severe muscle
wasting
Severe growth
retardation
Loss of
subcutaneous fat
The child looks appallingly thin
and
limbs appear as skin and
bone
Shriveled
body
Wrinkled skin
Bony prominence
Associated vitamin
deficiencies Failure to
thrive
Irritability, fretfulness and
apathy
Frequent watery diarrhoea and
acid stools
Mostly hungry but
some a
r
e
anoretic
Dehydration
Temperature is subnormal
Muscles are weak
Oedema and fatty
infiltration are
absen
t
23. DIFFERENCE IN CLINICAL FEATURES
BETWEEN MARASMUS AND
KWASHIORKOR
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25. CLINICAL MARASMUS KWASHIORKOR
FEATURES
-MUSCLE
WASTING Obvious Sometimes
hidden by edema
and
fat
-FAT WASTING Severe loss of
subcutaneous
fat
Fat often retained
but not firm
-EDEMA None Present in lower
legs,
and usually in face
and lower arms
May be masked by
-WEIGHT FOR
HEIGHT
Very low edema
Irritable, moaning,
-MENTAL Sometimes quite
and
apathetic
DIFFERENCE IN CLINICAL FEATURES BETWEEN MARASMUS ANDKWASHIORKOR
26. CLINICAL
FEATURES
MARASMUS KWASHIORKOR
-APPETITE Usually good Poor
-DIARRHOEA Often Often
-SKIN CHANGES Usually none Diffuse
pigmentation,
sometimes „flaky
paint dermatitis‟
-HAIR CHANGES Seldom Sparse, silky,
easily pulled out
-HEPATIC
ENLARGEMENT
None Sometimes due to
accumulation of fat
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DIFFERENCE IN CLINICAL FEATURES BETWEEN MARASMUS ANDKWASHIORKOR
27. A severely malnourished child
with features of both
marasmus and Kwashiorkor.
The features of
Kwashiorkor are severe
oedema of feet and legs
and also hands, lower
arms, abdomen and face.
Also there is pale skin and
hair, and the child is
unhappy.
There are also
signs of marasmus,
wasting of the muscles of
the upper arms, shoulders
and chest so that you can
see the ribs.
MARASMIC-KWASHIORKOR
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28. Some children adapt to prolonged insufficiency
o
ffood-energy and protein by a marked retardation
of growth.
Weight and height are both reduced and
in the same proportion, so they appear superficially
normal.
NUTRITIONAL DWARFING
OR
STUNTING
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29. Children with sub-
clinical PEM can be
detected by their weight
for age or weight for
height, which are
significantly below
normal. They may have
reduced plasma albumin.
They are at risk for
respiratory and gastric
infections
UNDERWEIGHT CHILD
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31. Significant findings in kwashiorkor include hypoalbuminemia
(10-25 g/L), hypoproteinemia (transferrin, essential amino
acids, lipoprotein), and hypoglycemia.
Plasma cortisol and growth hormone levels
are high, but insulin secretion and insulinlike growth
factor levels are decreased.
The percentage of body water and extracellular water
is increased.
Electrolytes, especially potassium and magnesium,
are depleted.
Levels of some enzymes (including lactase) are decreased,
a
n
d
circulating lipid levels (especially cholesterol) are low.
Ketonuria occurs, and protein-energy malnutrition
may cause a decrease in the urinary excretion of urea because
of decreased protein intake.
In both kwashiorkor and marasmus, iron deficiency anemia a
n
d
metabolic acidosis are present.
Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline is diminished, reflecting
impaired growth and wound healing.
BIOCHEMICAL & METABOLIC CHANGES
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34.
Treatment strategy can be divided into three
stages.
TREATMENT
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Ensuring nutritional rehabilitation.
There are three stages of treatment.
1.Hospital Treatment
The following conditions should be corrected.
Hypothermia, hypoglycemia, infection,
dehydration, electrolyte imbalance,
anaemia and other vitamin and mineral
deficiencies.
2.Dietary Management
The diet should be from locally available
staple foods - inexpensive, easily digestible,
evenly distributed throughout the day and
Resolving life threatening
conditions
Restoring nutritional
status
36. Promotion of breast feeding
Development of low cost weaning
Nutrition education and promotion of c
o
r
r
e
c
t
feeding practices
Family planning and spacing of births
Immunization
Food fortification
Early diagnosis and treatment
PREVENTION
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