1. SIDEE LOO DIFAACI KARAA WEBIYADA SOMALIYA LA WADAAGTO ETHIOPIA
IYO KENYA?
By Dr Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Tahlil
15 April 2016
Bishii March ee sanadkaan 2016 waxaa yaraaday ama guray biyihii webiga Shabelle.
Saxaafadda iyo masuuliyiin dowladda ka tirsan ayaa u sababeeyey masiibadaas faragelin
ay webiga ku sameysay Ethiopia.
Arrintaasi waxay walaac ku abuurtay shacabka Soomaaliyeed oo ay u muuqatay in
wadamada aan kheyraadka biyaha wadaagno khatar gelin karaan nolosha dadka iyo
xoolaha ku nool Somalia.
Waxaa kale oo arrintaasi ay banaanka soo dhigtay sida Somaliya ay ugu
dheganugushahay biyo gabaabsiga, abaaraha iyo isbedelka roobabka Somaliya ay hesho.
Sidoo kale waxaa soo baxday sida ay u dayac yihiin kheyraadka biyaha ay Somaliya la
wadaagto wadamada aan deriska nahay. Ma jiro wax heshiis wadashaqayn iyo iskaashi
ah oo ku saabsan maamulka, isticmaalka, daryeelka iyo ilaalinta kheyraadka biyaha
soohdimaha ka gudba (transboundary watercourse) oo naga dhexeeya anaga Kenya iyo
Ethiopia.
Webiyada Jubba iyo Shabelle waxay ka asalmaan Ethiopia, biyaha ay Somalia keenaan
90% waxay ka soo rogmadaan buuraha bariga Ethiopia. Kenya iyo Ethiopia waxaan la
wadaagnaa webiga Dawa oo ku darsama webiga Jubba.
Jubba iyo Shabeelle waxay ka mid yihiin 276 webiyo iyo harooyin caalamka ka jira oo ka
dhexeeya ama iskaga goosha 2 waddan iyo wixii ka badan. Xeerka Caalamiga ah ee soo
jireenka ah (International Customary Law) ayaa kala xakameyn jirey waddamada haddii
la isku qabsado isticmaalka biyaha la wadaago. Laakiin Qaramada Midoobay ayaa u
arkay in khatar dagaal iyo iska hor imaad joogta ah ay dhici karto haddii aan la helin
Heshiis Caalami ah oo qoran, oo bartilmaame u noqda xeerka guud ee isticmaalka,
daryeelka iyo ilaalinta kheyraadka biyaha soohdimaha ka gudba.
Kadib wadahadalo, hindise heshiisyo iyo wacyigelin soo socotay muddo 40 sano ah,
waxaa Golaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay u suurogashay in 136 waddan ay ku shiriso
New York, 1997 si loo saxiixo heshiiska “The Convention on the Law of the Non-
Navigational Uses of International Watercourse”, oo loo soo gaabiyo “UN
Watercourses Convention”. 106 waddan ayaa ogolaadey in ay saxiixaan heshiiska, 3
waddan ayaa diiday (Turkey, China iyo Burundi) 27 waddan waa ka aamuseen (Ethiopia
iyo Masar ayaa ka mid ah). Heshiisku si uu u dhaqangalo wuxuu u baahnaa in ugu

2. yaraan 35 waddan ay soo ansixiyaan (ratification). 17 sano ayey qaadatey in la helo 35
ratification. Heshiisku wuxuu dhaqangaley 17.04.2014 kadib markii Vietnam ay noqotay
waddankii 35aad ee soo ansixiyey heshiiska caalimiga ee biyaha macaan ee soohdimaha
jeexa.
Waddamada Africa Bari ma jiro mid ansixiyey heshiiskaan (ratification), laakiin waxaa
saxiixay 1997, Kenya, Djibouti iyo Sudan. Ethiopia iyo Tanzania waa ka amuseen.
Uganda iyo Somalia waa ka maqnaayeyyn shirka. Hadda Kenya iyo Tanzania waxay
wadaan in ay ku biiraan heshiiska (accession).
Ansixinta iyo dhaqangelinta heshiiska caalamiga waxaa ka warwareegaya qaar ka mid
ah waddamada Qulqulka Sare (Upstream countries), maadaama biyuhu dhulkooda ka
soo qulqulaan, ayagoo ka soo horjeeda in waddamada Qulqulka Hoose(Downstream
countries) ku farageliyaan kheyraadka biyaha la wadaago.
IGAD wax ay waddaa barnaamij ay ugu sameynayso waddamada xubnaha ka ah
siyaasad loo dhan yahay oo ku saabsan isticmaalka iyo ilaalinta kheyraadka biyaha la
wadaago. January 2015 waxaa Addis Abeba lugu saxiixay Igad Regional Water Policy oo
soo xiganaaya mabaadii'da guud ee UN Watercourses Convention. Waxaa la wadaa
hadda dhameystirka Protocol-kii lugu dhaqan gelin lahaa policy-ga (Ethiopia ayaa
hortaagan habsami u socodka ansixinta protocol-ka, inkastoo aysan si official ah u
sheegayn).
Soomaaliya waa in ay ka mid noqoto UN Watercourses Convention 1997 si ay u difaacdo
kheyraadkeeda biyaha oo hadda ka dayacan. Xeerka Caalamiga wuxuu Soomaaliya xaq u
siinayaa in ay Ethiopia iyo Kenya kula xisaabtamo sida ay u isticmaalayaan biyaha
webiyada Jubba iyo Shabeelle. Heshiisku wuxuu ku waajibinayaa wadamada biyaha
wadaaga in ay is weydaarsadaan macluumaadka tayada iyo tirada biyaha (art.9); in ay
biyaha u isticmaalaan si isu dheelitiran oo maangal ah (art.5 equitable and reasonable
utilization and participation); in marka ay isticmaalayaan biyaha dhulkooda mara, ay
qaadaan talaabo kasta oo ay kaga hortagiyi karaan in ay u geystaan khasaaro lixaadle
waddanka biyaha la wadaaga (art.7, obligation not to cause significant harm); in haddii
ay dhacdo iska hor imaad baahi isticmaal, mar walba muhiimadda la siiyo biyaha aas
aasiga u ah nolosha bani adamka, sida baahida biyaha la cabo ama cuntida lugu soo
saarto (art.10, relationship between different kind of uses); in ay waajib tahay in la
iswaydaarsado akhbaar, wadatashi laga sameeyo, haddii ay muhiim noqotana
wadahadal la galo, si loo darso saameynta ay ku yeelan karaan mashaariicda la
qorsheynayo in lagu sameeyo kheyraadka biyaha la wadaago (sida biyo xireenada,
mashaariicda waraabka, danab abuurka); art.11, information concerning planned
measures); in ay waajib tahay in la isku wargeliyo ka hor inta aan la bilaabin hirgelinta

3. mashaariicda sababi kara dhibaato lid ku ah danaha wadanka biyaha lala wadaago, si
waddanka kale loo siiyo fursad uu daraasaad ugu sameeyo mashariicda waddanka kale
qorsheynaayo in uu ku farageliyo kheyraadka biyaha iyo dhibaatada uga imaan karta
haddii mashruucaas la hawlgeliyo (art.12, notification concerned planned measures with
possible adverse effects); dariiqa u furan waddankii asaga oo aan wax wadatashi ah
lalasameyn webigii la wada lahaa laga fuliyey ama la qorsheeyey mashaariic dhibaato ku
ah danihiisa (art.18, procedures in the absence of notification).
Somaliya waxay si degdeg ah ugu baahan tahay in ay xafidato, daraasaad ka sameyso
xaaladda kheyraadkeeda biyaha, si ay xuquuqdeeda u difaacato. UN Watercourse wuxuu
na siinayaa gaashaankii iyo warankii aan difaac iyo weerar-ba ku geli lahayn. Waxaan ka
mid noqoneynaa bulshada Caalamka ee aaminsan ka wadashaqaynta iyo iska kaashiga
maamulka, isticmaalka, daryeelka iyo ilaalinta kheyraadka biyaha. Waa in xisaabta lugu
daro in dadka Ethiopia ay tiradoodu sii mareyso 90 milyan oo labo jibaarmi doona 20
sano gudahood! Haddii aan hadda la bilaabin sidii biyaha loo difaaci lahaa waxaa imaan
doona wakhti ay adag tahay meel wax laga bilaabo.
Ethiopia iyo Somaliya maadaama aysan saxiixin ama ansixin Heshiiska Qaramada
Midoobey ee Biyaha Soohdimaha iskaga goosha, maxay macna sameynaysaa in
Somaliya heshiiska ku biirto?
 Marka hore, haddii Somaliya ay xubin ka noqoto UN Watercourse Convention
1997, heshiisyada ay Kenya iyo Ethiopia wadagalaan ee ku saabsan webiga Dawa
(sida hadda ay wadaan) wax saameyn ah kuma yeelan doonaan xuquuqdii
Somaliya, wax kasta oo ay sameeyaana waxay xadgudub ku noqoneysaa xeerka
caalamiga (international customary law), haddii ay dacwo noqoto oo
International Court of Justice ama Arbitration kiis-ku tago (waa markii ay
fashilmaan wada hadaladii iyo wada xaajoodkii tooska ahaa), Somaliya waxay
haysataa caddeyn ah in lagu xadgudbay xeerkii caalamka, waxana waajib ku
noqoneysa Ethiopia iyo Kenya in ay dib u saxaaan (magdhow-na ka bixiyaan)
khaladka iyo khasaraha ay u geysteen Somaliya biyaheeda.
 In wadatashiga iyo iswargelintu ay tahay waajib xeerka caalamka u dhigan ah,
waxaa ka markhaati ah wargelintii Somaliya ay wargelisay Ethiopia markii uu
socday mashruucii biyo xireenka Baardheere 1987. Mashruucaas hay'addii
maalgelineysay (World Bank), ayaa Somaliya u sheegtay in ay Ethiopia iyo Kenya
wargeliso maadaama ay yihiin wadamada Qulqulka sare (upstream) oo xaq u leh
in ay talo ka dhiibtaan mashruucii saameyn ku yeelan kara baahidooda. Somalia
waxay ka codsatay World Bank in ay la xiriirto Ethiopia, maadaama xiriirka
labada waddan uusan fiicnayn wakhtigaas. Ethiopia markii ay heshay warqaddii

4. World Bank-iga ee mashruucii Baardheere, waxay ku soo jawaabtey diidmo
qayaxan, ayadoo ku andacooneysa in Baardheere Project ay carqalad ku tahay
mashaariic ay ayadu horey u qorsheysay oo isticmaali lahaa biyaha webiyada
Ethiopia ee Jubba biyaha siiya. World Bank ayaan ku qancin jawaabta Ethiopia,
wuxuuna magacaabay guddi khuburo ah oo seddex qof ka kooban (2 injineer iyo
hal sharciyaqaan) si ay daraasaad ugu sameeyaan cabashada Ethiopia. Gudigii
khuburadu wuxuu soo saarey warbixin caddeysay in mashruuca Baardheere
uusan wax saameyn ah ku lahayn baahida ay Ethiopia sheeganeyso. Kadib, World
Bank wuxuu fasaxay lacagtii lagu maalgelin lahaa biyoxireenkii Baardheere.
Laakiin casharka halkaas aan ka baraneyno waxaa weeye in Ethiopia ay
aqoonsatey in iswargelinta (obligation to notify planned measures) mashariicda
la qorsheynaayo in la hirgeliyo, oo isbedel ku sameyn kara tayada iyo tirada
biyaha, ay tahay waajib xeer caalami ah.
Waxaa loo baahan yahay Xakuumadda iyo Baarlamaanku in ay dareen Qaran muujiyaan
oo ay sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ugu gudbiyaan warqaddii ka mid noqoshada heshiiska
UN Watercourses Convention Xafiiska Xoghaya Guud ee Qaramada Midoobey.
Dr Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Tahlil
Former Legal Consultant of the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources
Federal Republic of Somalia
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Annex I: UN Watercourses Convention
UN Watercoureses Convention
Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational uses of International Watercourses 1997
Procedures Accession Ratification
UN Watercourses Convention Voting Records
Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational uses of international water courses

5. Annex II
Map-ka Biyo Rogga (River Basin Drainage) Webiga Jubba iyo Webiga Shabelle.
Annex III
Google Earth Map, Jubba River and its tributaries.
https://www.google.so/maps/@4.1760791,42.0779988,1570m/data=!3m1!1e3
https://www.google.so/maps/@4.286626,42.0414953,1567m/data=!3m1!1e3
https://www.google.so/maps/@4.673739,41.6276663,1540m/data=!3m1!1e3
https://www.google.so/maps/@5.5474436,41.1859058,1515m/data=!3m1!1e3
https://www.google.so/maps/@5.6826423,40.931949,1524m/data=!3m1!1e3