2. INTRODUCTION
Trauma of the oral and maxillofacial region occur frequently
Dental injuries are common among facial injury
Can occur at any age
Child groups – while learning to walk, falling from chair, child
abuse
Teenagers & young adult – sports accident
Other age groups –automobile accident
3. CAUSE & INCIDENCE
The common causes are
Direct/indirect trauma
Sports accident
Automobile accident
Fight & assault
Biting hard items
INCIDENCE
About 5%
Boys have 2/3 times as many fracture teeth as girls
8. 1. INFORMATION ABOUT THE INJURY:
The following questions are intended to elicit
essential information about the traumatic event.
When did the injury occur?
Where did the injury occur?
How did the injury occur?
Are there previous injuries to the teeth?
Is there a change in the bite?
Past medical history.
9. 2. CLINICAL EXAMINATION:
SOFT TISSUE WOUNDS
[ presence of impacted foreign bodies]
TEETH
(for fractures or infractions)
(displacement of teeth )
PULP
[the extent of exposure]
BONE
10. 3.DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
Pulp vitality:
by electric pulp vitality tester
When negative- injured nerve bundle
,paralyzed.
o Radiographic examination:
3 recommended angulations are-
90 degree horizontal angle with
central beam through root
Occlusal view
Lateral view from mesial/distal aspect
of tooth
11. ENAMEL INFARCTION
CLINICALFINDINGS:
Visual examination- by DYES (Methylene Blue)
Tooth is not tender on percussion. If tender on
percussion check for luxation injury/root
fracture
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS:-
No radiographic abnormality
Periapical view radiograph is used.
(additional added if any other signs and symptoms
present)
TREATMENT:
Etching and sealing with resin to prevent
discoloration of infarction line
12. ENAMEL FRACTURE
CLINICALFINDINGS:-
Visual signs-
loss of enamel without dentin exposure
No tenderness on percussion
Pulp sensitivity test is recommended
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS:-
Visible enamel loss
Radiograph of lip ,cheek to find out root fragments or
foreign material
TREATMENT
Smoothening the margins to prevent laceration of soft tissue
In extensive cases:- recontouring of the roughened margins
followed by esthetic composite restoration
If fractured segment is available - re positioned and bonded to
the tooth
13. CROWN FRACTURE WITHOUT PULPAL EXPOSURE (E+D)
OBJECTIVES
Elimination of discomfort
Preservation of vital pulp
Restoration of fractured crown
CLINICALFINDINGS:-
No tender on percussion
Pulp test is positive
RADIOGRAPH:-
E+D loss is visible
TREATMENT
Remaining dentinal thickness of 2mm is sufficient for pulpal protection
Composite is prefferd- reapproximation and bonding the segments with DBA &
composite
Another approach is use of indirect
veneering
Tooth is periodically tested with pulp tester
If more current is necessary to elicit pulpal response for vitality, the prognosis is
unfavorable
14. CROWN FRACTURE WITH PULP EXPOSURE (E+D+P)
CLINICALFINDINGS:
Tooth is not tender on percussion
RADIOGRAPHIC:
Loss of tooth structure is visible
4 kinds of treatment
Direct Pulp Capping
Pulpotomy (pulp is vital)
Apexification (pulp is necrotic)
Pulpectomy (endodontic treatment)
15. E+D+C with no pulpal
involvement
E+D+C with pulpal
involvement
CROWN
ROOT
FRACTURE
16. CROWN-ROOT FRACTURE WITH NO PULPAL INVOLVEMENT
Oblique line # ,begins incisal to marginal gingiva and extend beyond
the gingival crevice
# segments are held by the PDL
Tooth is tender on percussion
Coronal fragment is mobile
Sensibility pulp test is positive for apical fragment
RADIOGRAPH
Radiograph recommended are Periapical, Occlusal, & Eccentric exposures to
detect fracture lines of root
TREATMENT
Localization of fracture line-
CBCT reveals whole fracture extension
Emergency treatment-
Temporary stabilization of loose segment to adjacent teeth
Definitive treatment-
Removal/reattachment of fractured segment
Removal is indicated in superficial /chisel fractures Subgingival extension is converted
into supra gingival fracture by gingivectomy / ostectomy
17. CROWN-ROOT FRACTURE WITH PULPAL INVOLVEMENT
# line is single
Symptoms are mild and pain is due to mobility of fractured segment
Tooth is tender on percussion
Coronal fragment is mobile
RADIOGRAPH
Recommended are periapical and occlusal
TREATMENT
With pulpal exposure and immature roots-
Partial Pulpotomy to preserve pulp
Pulp exposure with mature roots-
Perform Endodontic Treatment
Use Fiber-Reinforced Composite Post for retention of the fractured segment if
reapproximation is proper
18. ORTHODONTIC EXTRUSION OF APICAL FRAGMENT
This was first advocated by HEITHERSAY in 1973
The coronal fragment is unrestorable & remaining
radicular portion is partly below the gingiva
This procedure is indicated in case where C:R ratio is
compromised
Subgingival portion is made to supra gingival position
19. SURGICAL EXTRUSION OF APICAL FRAGMENT
Surgical movement of apical fragment to supra
gingival position
Indicated where tooth is long enough to
accommodate a post retained crown after surgical
extrusion
This method is faster than orthodontic extrusion
20. • Forms about 3% of
dental injuries
• Results from
horizontal impact
• Usually transverse to
oblique in nature
• Clinically coronal is
mobile and
displaced with
tender on percussion
ROOT
FRACTURE
23. CORONAL THIRD FRACTURE
Prognosis is LESS FAVOURABLE
(because of difficulty in immobilizing the
root)
Repair does not occur due to movement
of tooth & exposure of pulp to oral
environment
Tooth become loose or exfoliated due to
resorption
Apical fragment is retained
24. MIDDLE THIRD ROOT FRACTURE
Prognosis depend on :
1. Position of the tooth after root
fracture
2. Mobility of the coronal segment
3. Status of pulp
4. Position of fracture line
TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE ARE:
RCT of both segments
1. Indicated where the segment are not separated
2. Allow passage of instruments from coronal to apex
RCT of coronal segment and removal of apical segment
1. Apex has separated from coronal
Use of intra radicular splint
1. After endodontic, a post space is prepared in canal to extend from coronal segment to
apical one, allowing placement of rigid-type post to stabilize root segments
RCT of coronal segment and no treatment of apical one
1. The apical segment is vital healthy pulp tissue.Apexification of the coronal segment.
2. Most effective is to employ MTAto form apical barrier in coronal segment and
backfill the canal with thermoplasticized GP
25. APICAL THIRD ROOTFRACTURE
Prognosis is favourable,provided that the tooth is immobilized and
not placed under pressure of mastication
TREATMENT
•Opposing teeth should be grinded to minimize
incisal – occlusal stress
•Tooth with its root fracture at apical segment
has excellent prognosis because pulp at the
apex is vital & firm in the socket. Mobile tooth
should be ligated
•If pulp in coronal fragment is vital and tooth is stable with/without
ligation, no additional treatment is indicated
•If pulp is dead in coronal fragment, endodontic treatment can be done
•If tooth fails to recover the apical part, then it is surgically removed
26.
27. HEALING DEPENDS ON 3 CRITERIA
Distance between fragments
Degree & Duration of immobilization
Presence or absence of infection
ANDREASEN & HJORTING-HANSEN DESCRIBED 4 TYPES
OF REPAIR FOLLOWING ROOT FRACTURE
Calcified tissue
Connective tissue
Connective tissue and bone
Granulomatous tissue
28. Tissue replaced with
cementum by
cementoblast & cover
the # root surface
Following # complete
union does not occur
Healing depends on
PDL
Pulp is vital, blood clot
forms & macrophages
dispose damaged tissue
Meshwork of
granulation tissue
develops
Fibroblast appear and
lay down fibrous tissue
29. Pulp is vital
Odontoblast covers the
medial # root surface
with dentin like tissue
Cementum extends into
the canal, & covers the
irregular dentinal
surface for short
distance
CT fills the space
between cementum
covered fragments
Fibrous tissue replaced
by bone
If treatment fails,
granulation tissue
replaces bone between #
segments
30. VERTICAL FRACTURE
Diagnosis is often difficult to establish by radiograph
Patient c/o sensitivity ,may/ may not able to locate the
affected tooth
Tooth react normally to EPT or may be hypertensive
Chew on tooth slooth,cotton applicator helps in identifying
the tooth
Common causes are:-
• Traumatic occlusion
• Excessive load on endodontically treated tooth
• Bruxism
32. VERTICAL CROWN FRACTURE
Prognosis depends on location
Favorable prognosis-
#passes through clinical crown of
multirooted tooth & through its
furcation(provided tooth can be
hemisected)
If vertical fracture occurs through the crown furcation of maxillary molars in
M-D plane, endodontic treatment is done following :
1. Section the crown into two segments- buccal & palatal and extract the less
strategic of the two
2. Restore the remaining segment with full coverage restoration that has
narrower contoured occlusal table to limit the occlusal forces to long axis
of the root of retained segment
3. Segment the crown into two and move the segment with ortho
appliance & splinted by full coverage restoration
33. VERTICAL ROOT FRACTURE
Longitudinal fracture of the root,
the prognosis is hopeless
Fracture segments are extracted,
and recememted with cyanoacrylate
Endodontic treatment is completed
extra orally within 30min and tooth is
replanted into the socket
First the tooth recovered but later
failure happened by pocket
formation, root resorption and
finally extraction is recommended
35. CONCUSSION
Injury to supporting structure of tooth, without abnormal
loosening/displacement of tooth but significant reaction
to percussion
Tooth may feel numb shortly after blow.
No bleeding & no radiographic changes
Tooth respond normal to sensitivity
Treatment confines to occlusal adjustment of opposing
teeth and repeated periodic vitality testing
36. SUBLUXATION
Injury to supporting tissue with abnormal loosening of
tooth without displacement
Tooth is in normal position in arch, but exhibit
horizontal mobility and have pain on percussion
Bleeding from the gingival crevice indicating
damage to periodontal tissue
Teeth respond normally to sensitivity test
Treatment similar to concussion. Splinting might be
required for multiple tooth injuries
37. EXTRUSIVE LUXATION
Partial displacement of tooth from its alveolar socket
Teeth appear elongated with lingual deviation of crown
Dull sound on percussion and bleeding from PDL
38. Extruded tooth is forced back into
socket done after anaesthetizing the
region and by means of gentle finger
pressure or pressure exerted on a
wooden tongue blade against the
incisal surface of adjacent teeth to
force them back in their socket
Affected tooth is splinted for 2-3
week
Vitality is tested once in month
If more current is required for pulp
testing and response to cold test
become weaker “dying pulp” is
expected
If pulp is dead RCT is indicated
TREATMENT
39. LATERAL LUXATION
Eccentric displacement of tooth other
than axial direction
Associated with comminution
or fracture of alveolar socket
Crown is displaced in lingual
direction along with # of alveolar
socket wall
TREATMENT
• Reposition of tooth back into its normal
position
• Difficult and painful and has to be done with
forceps under infra-orbital regional anesthesia
• Teeth is stabilized with splint for 3 weeks
(longer fixation for marginal bone break down)
40. INTRUSIVE LUXATION
Intrusion into the alveolar socket along the long axis of tooth & accompanied by fracture of
socket
Only small amount of tooth visible due to swelling of soft tissue
Occur greater in primary teeth than in permanent
Diagnosed by history and radiographic examination
Not sensitive to percussion
TREATMENT
Immediate treatment is not needed unless its not primary teeth(because permanent
tooth bud present at apex)
Apply cold to alleviate swelling, pain & stop bleeding
Spontaneous re-eruption is treatment of choice & varies from
2-14 months
Surgical extrusion is done in case of multiple teeth intrusion
41. Complete and total displacement
of tooth from socket
Incidence varies from .5 to 3% in
permanent teeth and 7 to 13% in
primary teeth
ETIOLOGY
Sports & fight injuries
Maxillary central is most
affected
AVULSION
42. (b)Administer systemic antibiotics. Tetracycline is the
first choice( doxycycline 1-0-1 x7days)
Tetracycline is not recommended for patient under age of
12yrs
Penicillin v is given to children under age 12 as an alternative to
tetracycline
1.Tooth has been replanted at the site of
avulsion
(a)Clean the area with water spray, saline or chlorhexine.verify
the normal position clinically and radiographically .apply
flexible splint for a period of 2 weeks
43. IF AVULSED TOOTH CONTACTED SOIL
Patient recommended on soft diet for 2 weeks and brush with soft
tooth brush
Use chlorhexidine (0.1%) for 1 week
(ii)Tooth with open apex
The goal of replanting in still developing teeth in children is to allow for possible
revascularization of the tooth pulp.
If that does not occur RCT may be recommended
(i)Tooth with a closed apex
Root canal treatment done after 7-10 days of replantation and before splint removal.
Calcium is placed as intra canal medicament until filling of the root canal
44. 2.TOOTH KEPT IN SPECIAL STORAGE MEDIA WITH
EXTRA ORAL DRY TIME LESS THAN 60MIN
Tooth with
closed apex
• If contaminated, clean the root surface and apical foramen
with stream of saline and place the tooth in saline. Remove
the coagulum in stream of saline
• If fracture occurs in alv.socket,reposition with suitable
instrument and replant tooth with digital pressure and
continue the previous treatment for replantation
Tooth with
open apex
• Clean tooth with saline and remove the coagulum.
• Cover the root surface with minocycline hydrochloride
microsphere before replanting
• Continue same procedure as replanting
45. 3. EXTRA ORAL DRY TIME LONGER THAN 60 MIN
• Remove attached necrotic soft tissue with gauze
• .RCT done prior to replantation
• .Remove coagulum with saline stream
• Examine the alveolar socket and reposition with
suitable instrument
• Immerse tooth in 2% sodium fluoride for 20min
• Replant tooth slowly with digital pressure .suture
gingival laceration
• Verify the position clinically and radiographically
• Stabilize the tooth for 4 weeks using flexible splint
• Administer systemic antibiotics
Tooth with a
closed apex
(delayed
replantation- poor
long term
prognosis.
The PDL will be
necrotic and not
expected to heal)
•Treatment is similar like
the one with closed apex
Tooth with open
apex
46. FOLLOW- UP PROCEDURES
ROOT CANALTREATMENT:
Teeth with closed apex: RCT to be done 7-10days after
replantation
Teeth with open apex : replanted immediately , chances of
vascularization is possible. RCT should be avoided
unless there is clinical and radiographic evidence of
pulpal necrosis
RCT should be done prior to replantation in a tooth that has
been dry for >60min