4. The evolutionary origin of birds
has always been a subject of
considerable debate. Birds and
flying reptiles have delicate,
lightweight skeletons which do not
fossilize well - hindering studies on
how the birds evolved. The first
bird fossil to be found was a
feather, which was discovered in
1860 in a limestone quarry in
Bavaria. The feather was given
the name Archaeopteryx, which is
Greek for 'ancient feather'. A year
later an almost complete skeleton
of Archaeopteryx was discovered
in the same quarry, with the
feathers and other fine structures
preserved in minute detail.
5. The skeleton showed
several features which are
intermediate between
reptiles and birds,
suggesting that
Archaeopteryx and the other
birds evolved from a
dinosaur similar to the
Velociraptor featured in the
film 'Jurassic Park'.
Seven partial or complete
Archaeopteryx skeletons
have now been found, and
they are still among the
most famous, and
scientifically valuable,
fossils.
19. Alabama Birds
Checklist of Alabama Birds - Geographical & Seasonal Distribution
Alabama Ornithological Society
20. Order Gaviiformes
Loons
Specialized for swimming and diving. Come ashore
only to breed. In flight, head lower than body.
Wingbeats fast. Eat fish, crustaceans, some water
plants.
22. Order Podicipediformes
Grebes
Swimming and diving birds, smaller than loons. Flat
lobes on toes. Short legs far back on body. Flight weak
and hurried. Taxi before becoming airborne. Dive and
pursue aquatic animals.
24. Order Pelecaniformes
Pelicans and their Allies
Large, aquatic fish-eating birds with all four toes
webbed. Most nest in large colonies and are silent
outside breeding grounds.
34. Order Anseriformes
Waterfowl
Aquatic, with webs between the three front toes. Long
necks and narrow pointed wings. Flattened bills with
tooth-like edges that serve as strainers.
99. Order Galliformes
Gallinaceous Birds
Heavy-bodied, chicken-like land birds. Short, heavy
bill. Wings short and rounded. Legs rather long.
Flight not fast, but can burst into full flight from a
sitting position. Capable runners that forage on the
ground. Males of many species have elaborate
courtship displays.
103. Order Ciconiiformes
Herons and their allies
Wading birds with long legs, neck and bill. Most feed
on aquatic animal life in shallow water. Some have
long plumes in the breeding season. Wings are broad
and rounded, tail short.
121. Order Gruiformes
Cranes and their Allies
Highly diverse group of wading birds with long legs.
Other features such as size, body outline, bill shape and
neck length are highly variable.
132. Order Charadriiformes
Shorebirds and Gulls
Diverse group of wading or swimming birds. mOst are
white, gray or brown, with long pointed wings and
webbed feet. Highly migratory. Most feed along
shores, a few inland.
143. Order Columbiformes
Pigeons and Doves
Small-headed, short-legged, swift-flying birds with
pointed wings and fanned or tapered tails. All species
coo, bob heads when walking. Eat grains, small seeds,
acorns and fruit.
148. Order Strigiformes
Owls
Large-headed, short-necked birds of prey. Mostly
nocturnal. Large eyes are fixed in sockets, so the entire
head moves as the bird shifts its gaze. Flat, round or
heart-shaped “facial disk” conceals the large external
ear flaps. All fly silently, hunting for rodents and other
mammals. Calls are distinctive hoots, wails, or
whistles.
154. Order Caprimulgiformes
Goatsuckers
Nocturnal insect-eaters with large, flat heads, small
bills, enormous mouths, and distinctive white patches in
the wings and tail. Many are named for their call.
163. Order Coraciiformes
Kingfishers
Large-headed, short-tailed birds that dive for fish,
which they catch with their long sharp beaks. Perch
motionless in the open, over water. Short legs.
168. Order Piciformes
Woodpeckers
Have a strong bill, sharply pointed for chipping and
digging into tree trunks or branches for wood-boring
insects. Still tail used as a prop. Most species “drum”
on resonant limbs, poles, or drainpipes. Flight is
usually undulating, with wings folded against the body
after each series of flaps. Usually nest in a cavity
chiseled into a large branch or trunk.
178. Order Passeriformes
Perching Birds
Small to medium land birds. All have feet well adapted
for perching: 3 toes in front and 1 long toe behind.
Most are singers. Bill shape, feather colors, and habits
are most useful for family identification. Most
insectivorous species and some seed and fruit eaters are
highly migratory.
62”. Huge. Wingspan 8 – 9 ½ ‘ . White with black primaries and orange bill. Does not plunge from air like brown, but scoops up fish while swimming. Flight a few flaps and a glide. Flocks fly in lines, often circle high on thermals.
Dark bodied. 50”. Wingspread about 5 ½ ‘. Immature has dark head, white underparts. Plunges after fish.
Large, blackish water birds. 33”. Wingspan 52”. Most widespread cormorant in N.A. During breeding season has two small tufts of feathers, black in eastern birds. Wings not completely waterproof, so may hold wings outstreteched to dry them after leaving water. Swims low in the water with bill tilted slightly upward. In flight has distinct crook in neck. Dives for fish, crustaceans from surface. Able to stay 25’ below surface for 30-70 seconds. Often killed by fishermen who think the birds compete with them.
Length 35”, Wingspan 48”. Graceful flier. Can soar to great heights. Called snakebird. Water turkey is other common name. Swims underwater and spears fish with sharply pointed bill. Known to take goldfish from outdoor ponds. Spends much time perchewd after swimming.
25-45”. Wingspan 75”. Most familiar, common, and widespread goose in N.A. Big ones may weight 25 pounds. Mates for life. Dabblers and grazers. Walk well on land. Feeds on variety of aquatic and terrestrial plants.
Comprises two color morphs that used to be thought to be separate species. Length 25-31”. Wingspan 53-60”. White morph entirely white except for black primary flight feathers. Blue morph have dusky, grey-brown body. Flies in bunched flocks or in wide U’s. Colonial breeding. May be as many as 1200 pairs per square mile.
Best known waterfowl in the world. Found almost anywhere shallow fw occurs. Male larger and more colorful than female. 23” long, wingspan 30-40”. Dabbler. Primarily for plant food, but also takes insects, molluks, and crustaceans. Leaps directly into flight from water. Monogamous. Solitary nester. One of the most heavily harvested of ducks. Prone to lead poisoning from ingesting shot in bottom ooze.
Distinctive. Long slinder neck held erect. Long pointed tail at upward angle. Dabbler. Prefers fw shallows. Flocks have reputation for losing altitude rapidly, zigzagging in for landing from considerable height. Wings may make an audible “swish”. Monogamous. Solitary nester.
Length 14-16”. Wingspan 23-31”. One of NA’s smallest ducks. Travels great distance from winter to breeding grounds, sometimes 7000 miles. Both sexes have large, pale blue patch on forewings. Very quick taking off from water. Flies rapidly, often twisting and turning in small, compact flocks. Feeds primarily on plants. Most winter south of U.S. borders.
Smallest dabbler in N.A. 12-16”. Wingspan 20-25” One of fastest and most agile on wing.
L 13 ½”, W 28”. Common duck of open woodland around lakes and around streams. Easily recognizable. Female has white eye ring. Rapid flight. Feed on plant material (acorns), some insects. Cavity nesters. Call is distinctive rising whistle.
with other bay ducks. Male has large round head. Dark breast, white underparts. Length 14 ½”, W 33”. Common, winters in tidewater, often mingles
Length 15”, W 34”. Locally abundant, more in SW. Distinctly flattened head profile.
Length 12”, WS 28”. Common in woodland ponds. Confined more to freshwater in winter than other bay ducks. Black back, vertical white stripe on side.
Female has distinct narrow white eye ring, ringed bill, and broad gray wing stripe.
Length 12”, W 29”. Fairly abundant, especially inland. Sometimes called bluebill. The other important distinguishing factor is the nail at the tip of the bill. Lesser scaup have a narrower nail while greater scaup have a wider nail, with more black and a deeper bill.
Males sport a glossy black purple head with a slate blue bill. Neck, breast, upper mantle and undertail region are black. Belly and flanks are white and the lower mantle is flecked with gray.
Hens are a bit more subdued in an overall color range from grayish brown to chocolate brown. They have a white patch at the base of their gray bill. Upper body is darker and wing coverts are flecked with gray.
Both sexes have a partial white stripe across the back edge of the upper wing.
Fairly heavy, short-necked. Feed heavily on mollusks. Usually in loose flocks. Diver, but unlike most divers takes off without running along water. Can be distinguish in flight by white head, small wing patch, and lack of wing whistle.
Wooded lakes and streams. Note dark-banded white cockade of male. Also dark sides to distinguish from bufflehead. Low, toneless call. Diver. Eats fish and aquatic inverts. Flight rapid with body held straight and horizontal. White wing patch.