3. ILC:Everyinternationallywrongfulactof a Stateentitlestheinternationalresponsibilityof thatState
3
Initially Question arise whether nuclear activities can constitute a breach of international obligations
Answer Found in series of cases:
Trail Smelter Case 1941 : Arbitral Award between USA and Canada: No state should use its own
territory and cause transboundary harm by fumes resulting serious consequences
Corfu Channel Case 1949: ICJ affirmed that no State may utilize its territory contrary to the rights of
other states
Lake Lanoux 1957 : Arbitral Award between France and Spain : alluded to the violation of the rights
of other states that may result from pollution of boundary waters
ICJ advisory opinion 1996: Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons : the existence of the
general obligation of States to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction and control respect the
environment of other States or of areas beyond national control is now part of the Corpus of
international law relating to the environment
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project 1997: ICJ Repeated itself
4. Treaties and Conventions
Antartic
Treaty
1959
Internationa
l Atomic
Energy
Agency
1956
Partial Test
Ban
Treaty 196
3
Non-
Proliferation
Treaty 1968
Conventio
n on
Nuclear
Safety
1994
Moon
Treaty 1979
Comprehens
-ive Nuclear
Test-Ban
Treaty 1996
Joint
Convention
1997
4
Espoo
Convention
1991
Protocol to
the Espoo
Convention
2003
SOLAS
Convention
amendment 2001
Aarhus
Convention
1998
5. 5
Nuclear Accidents and Assistance
1969 IAEA Published directives concerning Procedure to be followed in case of Nuclear Accident and
were further developed in 1981 and 1985 but were not implemented, Implications could be seen in
Chernobyl Accident 1986
Chernobyl Accident lead to preparation and Implementation of Two Treaties.
Convention on Early Notification of Nuclear Accident 26th Sept 1986
Convention Assistance in Case of Nuclear Assistance or Radioactive Emergency 26th Sept 1986
Nuclear Waste
Sates have been indulged in the activity of dumping of Nuclear waste beyond own territory. In order to
overcome this issue initiatives were taken
London Convention on Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping waste and other Matters 1972 : Non Binding
International Maritime Organization 1994: Binding on all Party States, except Russia
Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management 1997
6. 6
State Responsibility In Nuclear Activity
Nuclear Activity Included in
General Obligations result from Customary International Law and entails not to cause transboundary harm, e.g, that
the wrongful act should be attributable to the State is included in the customary law principle
Specific Obligations results from treaties, e.g, treaty provisions related to nuclear activities include specific obligations
providing for State control on such activities: licensing, surveillance, or even prohibition if necessary
International responsibility is founded on fault imputable to the acting State, it is not necessary that a state
intentionally or maliciously violates an international obligation to attribute responsibility.
Damage Caused by a Nuclear Activity
Vienna Convention On Civil Liability For Nuclear Damage
Vienna Convention 1963 Article I (1) of this Convention defines Nuclear Damage
A Protocol of September 12, 1997 aforementioned was amended
Article 46 of the articles of the International Law Commission, "where several States are injured by the same
internationally wrongful act, each injured State may separately invoke the responsibility of the State which
has committed the internationally wrongful act." This implies that customary international law, could have
been invoked by each State whose territory was affected by the consequences of the 1986 Chernobyl
accident