3. Contents:
Introduction
System of crop intensification
System of wheat intensification (SWI)
Principles of SWI
Aims of SWI
Improved practices for SWI
Experimental responses to SWI:
1.Water use & productivity responses
2. Weeding responses
3. Yield responses
4. Economic responses
Conclusion. 25-10-2016
3
4. INTRODUCTION:-
Botanical name: Triticum aestivum
Family- Poaceae
Chromosome no.- 42 (2n)
Origin- Middle east
Global production -682 million tonnes (2010-11)
693 million tonnes (2011-12)
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5. YEAR 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
PRODUCTION
(MT)
80.8 86.9 93.5 93.5 95.8 88.9
AREA
(M. Ha)
28.5 23.5 29.9 30.0 30.5 31.0
YIELD
(kg/ha)
2839 2989 3178 3117 3145 2872
25-10-20165
Source: Economic survey (2015-16), GOI.
Production, Area & Yield of Wheat in India for different periods
6. State Production % share to All India
Uttar Pradesh 30.3 31.5
Punjab 17.0 17.8
Madhya Pradesh 13.9 14.5
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Production of Wheat in Three Largest Producing States in 2013-14.
Source: Economic survey (2015-16), GOI.
• Highest productivity- Punjab (5017 kg/ha)
• All India productivity - 2416 kg/ha.
(2013-14)
7. 25-10-2016
7
Common name Botanical name Chromosome no. (2n)
Mexican dwarf wheat Triticum aestivum
42 (Hexaploid wheat)
Club wheat Triticum compactum
Bread wheat Triticum vulgare
Spelta wheat Triticum spelta
Macha wheat Triticum macha
Macaroni/ Durum wheat Triticum durum
28 (Tetraploid wheat)
Emmer wheat Triticum dicoccum
Persian wheat Triticum persicum
Poulard wheat Triticum turgidum
Eincorn wheat Triticum monococcum
14 (Diploid wheat)
- Triticum aegiloploids
CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT
8. Calories- 20% .
Protein -10-12 %.
Also contains manganese, phosphorus, magnesium and
selenium in very large quantities.
Along with vitamin B, Vitamin E and vitamin K in small
amounts.
Wheat proteins also provide a characteristic substance,
“GLUTEN”, which provides the structural framework for the
spongy, cellular texture of bread and other baked products.
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8
Nutritional status
9. ELEMENTS OF
SYSTEM OF CROP INTENSIFICATION
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9
Establishment of healthy plants.
Significant reductions in crop density.
Organic matter enrichment.
Controlled application of water.
Breaking up of the soil surface.
10. 10/25/2016
WHAT IS SWI ?
• A SET OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES:
Modified Practices
Lower seed rate
Seed treatment
Sowing of seeds at
proper spacing
Control of water in the
crop field
Weeding / hoeing
Outputs / Results
Higher ratio of tillers to
mother seedlings
Increased number of
effective tillers / hill
Enhanced panicle length &
bolder grains
Enhanced yield
11. Principles of SWI
25-10-201611
Principle of root development.
Principle of intensive care.
Efficient water management.
Weeding by mechanical weeder (cono weeder).
Use of organic matter / manure.
Wider & sufficient spacing.
Better crop residue management.
Crop rotation with green manuring crops.
Aims of basic principles:
12. Modified practices for SWI
Improved Seeds.
Seed Rate: 25-30 kg per ha.
Seed Treatment- to control seed borne fungal diseases along
with for higher germination % & improved microbial activity
in soil.
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12
13. ….
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• Land Preparation and application of Organic Manure-
1. Organic manure is applied @ 5 tonnes FYM/ 1 tonne
vermi-compost / ha. & well incorporated immediately.
2. Field was prepared with two disking followed by use
of cultivator twice. Planking was done after each
cultivation.
3. If the soil does not have appropriate moisture, irrigate
before ploughing.
14. ….
Line Sowing: Two seeds are sown per hill and spacing is
maintained at 20 cm x 20 cm. Seeds are sown at a depth of
2.5 – 3 cm.
Gap Filling: Wherever the seeds have not germinated, the
gap should be filled with germinated seeds within a week of
sowing.
Irrigation:
1st- 15 days after sowing.
2nd- 25 days after sowing.
3rd- 35- 40 days after sowing.
Subsequent irrigations are given at 60, 80 and 100 DAS.
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17. 25-10-2016
Weeding: After the 1st, 2nd & 3rd irrigations, hoeing and
weeding should be done using cono weeder to loosen the soil
and to make the wheat field free from weed.
Crop Rotation with legumes for increased productivity:
helps to fix nitrogen in soil and improve soil fertility & soil
properties.
17
18. 25-10-201618
Management of Organic manure/FYM & Fertilizers:
1. Use of chemical fertilizers should be minimum.
2. After the 1st irrigation, 4 quintals of vermi-compost & 40
kg of Urea are applied.
3. While after 3rd irrigation, 15 kg Urea & 13 kg MOP are
applied.
….
19. Water use and productivity
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SWI CONVENTIONAL
No. of irrigations 6 5
Amount of
irrigation water
240 mm 300 mm
Irrigation depth 4 cm 6 cm
19
Source: Anil kumar et al. (2015)
20. Effect of different sowing methods on irrigation water use and its saving
Treatment Grain yield
(t ha-1)
Total water
saving over
conventional (%)
Irrigation water
saving over
conventional (%)
Irrigation water
Productivity
(kg ha mm-1)
2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13
Sowing method/ Spacing
Conventional
sowing
(22.5cm line)
6.05 4.74 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.2 15.8
SWI
(10 cm × 10 cm)
6.60 5.14 17.3 17.8 20.0 20.0 27.5 21.4
SWI
(15 cm × 15 cm)
6.22 5.07 17.0 17.8 20.0 20.0 25.9 21.1
SWI
(20 cm × 20 cm)
6.25 4.50 17.0 17.8 20.0 20.0 26.0 18.8
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20 Source: Anil kumar et al. (2015)
21. Weeding operations
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Most effective with the use of mechanical weeders,
predominantly Cono weeder, which is operated which the soil
is soft.
Increases grain yields in comparison to conventional
weeding.
Also increases the plant height.
21
26. Economics of wheat cultivation as influenced by different
methods of sowing
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Treatment Cost of cultivation
(000× Rs. ha-1)
Gross returns
(000× Rs. ha-1)
Net returns
(000× Rs. ha-1)
B:C ratio
2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13
Sowing method/ Spacing
Conventional
sowing
(22.5 cm line)
30.5 30.8 108.1 96.6 77.5 65.7 2.54 2.13
SWI
(10 cm × 10
cm)
46.5 47.4 117.4 101.4 70.9 54.1 1.53 1.14
SWI
(15 cm × 15
cm)
44.4 44.8 111.9 100.9 67.5 56.0 1.52 1.25
SWI
(20 cm × 20
cm)
42.3 42.7 111.8 92.0 69.6 49.3 1.65 1.15
26 Source: Anil kumar et al. (2015)
27. CONCLUSION
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SWI can enhance grain yield as much as 25 per cent sustaining the
ever burgeoning population.
Tediousness of line sowing can be minimized by introducing simple,
manually-operated, women-friendly seed-drill machines.
Seed treatment with mixture of jaggery, cow urine & vermi-compost,
fungicides, and biofertilizers in an order enhances soil fertility and soil
quality.
Minimum chemical use sustains soil ecology.
