Reserch and its type

1. Understanding Research
UNIT- 1

2. Introduction
 Research is a
 Systematic and organized effort to Investigate a specific
problem
 That needs a solution
 Research is a “Scientific undertaking” opined by-Young

3. Research can be defined as
A)A theoretical study
B) Means of finding new material on point
C) Systematic and organized effort to Investigate a
specific problem
D) All of the above

4.  Research contributes to the already existing body of
knowledge
 It also corrects human knowledge
 Social research is the scientific study of society
 Society is an organized group of persons associated together
with shared objective, norms and values pertaining to society.
 Social research examines a society’s attitudes, assumptions,
beliefs, trends, stratifications and rules.
 The scope of social research can be small or large, ranging
from the self or a single individual to spanning an entire race
or country.

5.  Social research determines the relationship between one or
more variables.
 It takes into consideration the cause and effect relationship
of a social issue.
 Eg: Relationship between gender and high performance
level in top level job?
A systematic search for an answer to a question or solution to a
problem is called research.

6. Is there any relationship between law and society
A)Yes
B) No

7.  Arbitrary method of seeking answer to questions is based on
imagination, blind belief or impression. It is vague and
inaccurate.
 Scientific method is a systematic rational approach to seeking
fact. It is objective, precise and arrives at conclusions on the
basis of verifiable evidences. Hence research is systematic
and logical study of an issue problem or phenomenon through
scientific method. Following definitions may reveal the proper
meaning of the concept of research

8.  Research is a process of which a person observes the
phenomena again and again and collects the data and on the
basis of data he draws some conclusions.
 Research seeks to find out explanations to unexplained
phenomena to clarify the doubtful propositions and to correct
the misconceived facts. It simply means a search for facts,
answer to questions and solutions to problems. The search for
facts may be made through either (a) arbitrary (unscientific)
method or (b) scientific method.

9. Research can be done by applying following methods
A) Arbitrary method
B) Scientific method
C) Both Arbitrary method and Scientific method
D) None of the above

10. SCIENCE
 According to Advanced Learners Dictionary of Oxford , Science is
knowledge arranged in an orderly manner, esp. knowledge obtained by
observation and testing facts.
 Science may broadly be stated a systematic knowledge of the word. But it
is not organised commonsense; at its most existing, it reformulates our
view of the world by imposing, powerful theories against the ancient
anthropocentric prejudice that we call intuition. It is an approach that
provides a framework within which a theory is tested. It has transmissibility
and has no barriers of geography, language, or political system etc.

11. A science is a systematic and comprehensive study of facts which
explain the cause and effect relationship. Science is a branch of
study that is concerned with observation and classification of facts.
A Science must have the following features and characteristics :
i. A science is a systematic study of a subject
ii. Science establishes a relationship between cause and of a fact
iii. Science generalize and thereby provides universal principles
iv. Science , in its general meaning includes a pure science as well
as applied science.
Science in its general meaning includes a pure science as well as
applied science.

12. Science may be a positive science or normative science . A positive science
may be defined as a body of systematized knowledge concerning “what is”,
a normative science or a regulative science is a body of systematized
knowledge relating to the criteria of “ what ought to be” and concerned with
the ideal as distinguished from the actual. The objective of a positive
science is the establishment of uniformatives; of a normative Science , the
determination of ideals.
Science may broadly be divided into two large areas- those that deal with
physical universe including astronomy , physics, chemistry, ecology ,
biology and zoology and the other that deal with the social universe such as
history, sociology, politics, economic , jurisprudence etc

13. SOCIAL SCIENCE-
Science has two branches- one is physical science and the other is Social Sciences namely,
History, economics, political science, jurisprudence and sociology. All social sciences are basically
mental and cultural sciences because they deal with human being vis-à-vis their normative
orientation and structural aspects, such as occupation, income, education office rank etc.
R.N Glichrist states, The various science dealing with man as social entity are called the social
sciences, and more fundamental of them all is sociology . Sociology is general science. It deals
with fundamental facts of Social life.
At one time, all science were a part of Philosophy which is considered as mother science. Later,
all the social science were separated from philosophy. However all the social sciences are a
closely related group of disciplines that study different aspects of human activities in societies.
Hence social science have a common task of exploring social behaviour and its products

14. Definition of seientific research
 Black and Champion: Scientific research consist of obtaining
information through empirical observation that can be used for
systematic development of logically related propositions
attempting to establish casual relations among variable
 Kerlinger – Systematic, controlled, empirical and critical
investigation of hypothetical relations among natural
phenomenon.
 L. V. Redman and A. V. H Morry: Systematic effort to gain
knowledge

15. Socio-Legal Research-
Socio-Legal research is one of the Aspects to study human behaviour, their
interaction, attitudes pertaining to any law under the research studies. A law is of
the prime importance in the social life of human beings who's activities are
regulated and controlled by law. Law includes Acts and Codes, rules and
regulations , orders and ordinances, bylaws etc. It is well known that law does
not grow in a vacuum and at the same time it cannot be static. It has to be
dynamic and must change as per the social needs and requirements. As such ,
social factors and facts are responsible for the occurrence of changes in law. If
no changes are made in law , the social growth and social development including
its planning and development will be affected. So a law has to keep pace with
social advancement and progress. Law helps to maintain law and order through
the process of social engineering. All our activities right from the stage of birth
to death , and throughout our day and night are regulated and controlled by laws
Law is to maintain law and order and for the administration of justice, civil as
well as criminal

16. The socio-legal research cannot be expected to be carried out mono-
disciplinary which is bound to result in haphazard, isolation from society and
incomplete ,and it may turn out to be without any success. Economic , political
science, history, philosophy, psychology, religion and science: all subjects are
to be brought and related with wider implications to capture attention of the
policy framers, the members of the bench and bar too. To understand legal
problems with wider dimensions , it shall be justifiably binding on the legal
researcher to explore interface areas between law and other social disciplines.
Law and society are not divisible as water-tight compartments. They are inter-
linked. Co-operative interdisciplinary research is required to deal with the
social- legal problems as socio-legal research is all interdisciplinary approach
which extends in to the field of social science. Upendra Baxi says that the
lawyer must know much of sociology and the sociologists must know much of
law. Baxi proposed the scio-legal research in the following vital areas:

17. 1) Mapping of the Indian Legal System
2) Mapping of formal and informal legal system
3) Studies on beneficiaries and victims of administration of Justice
4) Law and Poverty
5) Study of legal system in connection with culture, social and national legal system.
6) Directive principles of Constitution of India and effect of their implementation
7) Criminal tendency in some tribes and sections in India
8) Tax imposition and Social Change
9) White collar crimes and their impact on society
10) Labour laws and the welfare of the working.
11) Land Reforms Act and the social and economic change
12) Sex- offences and their effect on social life.
13) Effect of customs of society on crime rate
14) Alcoholism and crime rate
15) Urbanization and increase of crime rate.
16) Effect of bribery on efficiency of administration
17) Condition of under-trial criminals in jail.
18) Prison reforms in treating the prisoners.
19) Protection to tenants under Rent Control Law

18. At present, law is considered as a social science category by Indian Council
of Social Science (ICSSR). The Indian Law Institute and Bar Council of
India play a vital role in designing and conducting socio-legal research. This
socio-legal research is considered as “fact research” by the academic legal
experts in American universities

19. Definition of social research
 C. A. Moser: Social research is a systematic investigation
to gain knowledge about social phenomenon or problem
 P.V. Young: Social research is a scientific undertaking
which by means of logical methods, aim to discover new
facts or old facts and to analyze their sequences,
interrelationships, causal explanations and natural laws
which govern them.

20.  Donald Slessinger and Mary Stevenson
 Research is the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols
for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify
knowledge, whether that knowledge aid in the construction
of a theory or a practice of an art.

21. Purpose of Research
It extends knowledge of human beings social life and
environment
It verifies and tests existing facts and theory
Research helps to improve knowledge and ability to
handle situation
Finds solutions to problems
Research helps in developing a new theory or concept
for better understanding of unknown phenomenon
It helps in making predictions of events

22. Characteristics of social research
 Discover cause effect relationship between social problems
 It demands accurate observations and description
 Based on observable experience or empirical evidence
 Gathering new data from primary sources or using existing data
for a new purpose
 Has a carefully designed procedure that applies rigorous
analysis
 It is a patient and unhurried activity
 It can be interdisciplinary in nature
 Each and every information is recorded and reported

23.  Research is a rigorous process
 It follows a systematic search in a logical sequence
 It must be valid and verifiable.
 The process, procedure and conclusion must be able to
withstand critical scrutiny.

24. Objectives of Social research
 Understanding human behavior
 Acquire knowledge about social phenomena, event , issue or
problem
 Identify functional relationship existing in the social phenomena
 Find out the natural laws that regulate or directs social phenomenon
 To maintain social organization, remove social tension and
misconception
 To develop social revival plan

25. POLL
 QUES. 1 Socio –Legal includes :
A. WHITE –COLLAR CRIMES AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIETY
B. LAND REFORMS
C. BOTH A AND B
D. COLLATIVE
E. B’ AND D’
QUESTION 2. Law is an instrument of
A. Social Change
B. ethical change
C. Custom Change
D. All of the above

26. POLL
 QUESTION 3 THE OBJECT OF LEGAL RESEARCH IS
A. TO PREDICT THE CONSEQUENCES OF NEW FACTS
B. TO EXPLAIN THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF LAW
C. BOTH A’ AND B’
D. TO ANALYSE THE THE PREFFERED VALUES
E. B AND D
QUESTION 4 : WHAT ARE THE BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF LEGAL RESEARCH
A. EXISTENCE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
B. EXISTENCE OF IDEAL TYPES
C. POSSIBILITY OF A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
E. ONLY B AND C

27. SCIENTIFIC METHOD

28. Scientific Method
 Thus scientific method is a systematic step-by-step procedure
following logical process of reasoning.
 Prof. Morgan “scientific method being highly elastic, can be
applicable to all domain of human activity where the discovery of
truth is the objective.
 Scientific method is means for gaining knowledge of the
universe.
 Karl Person observed “there is no short-cut to truth, no way to gain
a knowledge of the universe expect through the gate way of
scientific method”.

29. CHARACTERISTICS OF ELEMENTS OF
SCIENCE
SCIENCE IS THE STUDY OF FACTS
SCIENCE SEARCHES FOR CAUSE –EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE ARE UNIVERSAL
SCIENCE EMPLOYS SCIENTIFIC METHOD
SCIENCE CAN MAKE PREDICTIONS ON THE BASIS OF
UNIVERSAL AND VALID LAWS

30. Two elements of scientific method are,
a)Procedural components and
b)Personal Components.

31.  Procedural components - Observation, hypothesis and
verification are the three procedural components. Observation
helps to collect data and help to build hypothesis. The second
step is formation of one or more hypotheses. A hypothesis is
tentative conclusion. It guides collection of data. The third stage
is verification of hypothesis. It is done by analytical tools.
 Personal component - The researcher needs imagination,
analytical ability resourcefulness, skill, capacity to find out
the hearts of the problem. Researcher should have an
objective scientific and professional qualification and
personal quality and interest.

32. Meaning and Essentials of Scientific
Research
 Scientific method is a way in which one
 can test opinion,
 impressions or
 guess by examining available evidences for and
 against them.
 So it is controlling lot of things and establishing stable
belief

33.  RELIANCE ON EVIDENCE
 USE OF RELEVANT CONCEPTS
 ETHICAL NEUTRALITY
 GENERALITY
 PREDICTION BASED ON PROBABILITY
 PUBLIC METHODOLOGY

34.  Essentials of scientific method are,
 Scientific method aims at discovering facts.
 It is itself corrective in nature.
 It is itself based on systematic doubts.
 Scientific theories are abstract in nature.

35. Basis of Scientific Research
 Reliance on empirical evidence: Scientific method involves
a systematic process. The answer to a question is not decided
by intuition or imagination. Relevant data are collected
through observation and experimentation.
 Use of concepts: We use concepts to deal with real facts.
Concepts are logical constructs or abstractions created from
sense impressions. They are the symbols representing the
meaning that we hold.

36. POLL
 QUESTION 1 : BASIS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A. RELIANCE ON EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE AND ETHICAL NEUTRALITY
B. RELIANCE ON EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
QUESTION 2: MODES OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD ARE:-
A. RELIANCE ON EVIDENCE AND PUBLIC METHODOLOGY
B. PUBLIC METHODOLOGY

37.  Commitment to objectivity: Objectivity is the hallmark of the
scientific method. It means forming a judgment upon facts
unbiased by personal impressions. The conclusion should not
vary from person to person. It should be same for all persons.
 Ethical neutrality: Science does not pass normative
judgment on facts. It does not say they are good or bad.
Science aims nothing but making true and adequate
statements about its object.

38.  Generalization: Scientist tries to find out the commonality of a
series of event. They aim at discovering the uniformity. Assumed
a discovered uniformity a logical class and it’s observed pattern,
a descriptive generalization is formulated.
 Verifiability: The findings of a research should be verifiable.
Scientist must make know to others, how he arrived at his
conclusion. He should thus expose his own methods and
conclusions to critical scrutiny. When others test his conclusion
under the same conditions, then it is accepted as correct.

39.  Logical reasoning process: The scientific method involves the
logical process of reasoning. This reasoning process is used for
drawing inference from the finding of a study or for arriving at
conclusion. This logical reasoning process consists of induction and
deduction.
 The inductive method consists of studying several individual cases
drawing a generalization. It involves two processes-observation
and generalization. Conclusion from induction method is
subjected to further conformation based on more evidence
 The deductive reasoning establishes a logical relationship between a
major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion. A major premise
is a previously established generalization or assumption. A minor
premise is a particular case related to the major premise. The logical
relationship of these premise lead to conclusion

40.  Inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from
specific observations. Basically, there is data, then
conclusions are drawn from the data.
 In inductive inference, we go from the specific to the general.
We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a
generalization, and infer an explanation or a theory.
 In science, there is a constant interplay between inductive
inference (based on observations) and deductive inference
(based on theory), until we get closer and closer to the 'truth,'
which we can only approach but not ascertain with complete
certainty."
 Scientists use inductive reasoning to form hypotheses and
theories.

41.  Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is
based on the concordance of multiple premises that are
generally assumed to be true
 Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top-down
logic. Its counterpart, inductive reasoning, is sometimes
referred to as bottom-up logic.
 Where deductive reasoning proceeds from general premises to a
specific conclusion, inductive reasoning proceeds from specific
premises to a general conclusion.

42.  Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts out with a general
statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to
reach a specific, logical conclusion
 The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and
theories. "In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based
on it we make a prediction of its consequences. That is, we
predict what the observations should be if the theory were
correct.
 We go from the general, i.e, the theory — to the specific , i.e.,
the observations,“.
 Deductive reasoning allows scientists to apply the theories to
specific situations.

43. Abductive reasoning
 An incomplete set of observations and proceeds to the likeliest
possible explanation for the group of observations.
 Abductive reasoning is useful for forming hypotheses to be
tested. Abductive reasoning is often used by doctors who make
a diagnosis based on test results and by jurors who make
decisions based on the evidence presented to them.

45. Difficulties in the use of scientific methods
in social science research
 Human behavior is different. It s very difficult to categories
 When human behavior is studied and analysed by another human,
there may be personal problems.
 Psychological nature of human behavior can not be
measurable
 Human behavior is not uniform and predictable. Uncertainty exists
 Difference in choice and decision.

46. sociological inputs in legal research and vice-versa
( Relationship between Law and Social Sciences)
 Social Science Studies a man in society. It is the study of human interactions and inter-relations,
their conditions and consequences . The field of social science has the whole life of men in society ,
all the activities whereby men maintain themselves in the struggle for existence, the rules and
regulations which defines their relations to each other, the systems of knowledge and belief , art and
moral and capacities and habits acquired and developed in course of their activities as members of
society
 The aim of social science is to interpret or understand social behaviour. Social behaviour is that
which is related, by Intention of the person to the behaviour of the other and is determined by it.
Social Science is thus concerned with the analysis and classification of types of social relationships

47.  Law is concerned with of entire body of legal principles. Law controls and regulates a subject
i.e. a citizen. There is difference of approach of a social scientist and that of a lawyer in the
subject of law. A lawyer is concerned with the rules that men ought to obey, he is not interested in
knowing how and to what extent these rules govern the behaviour of ordinary citizens. A
sociologist on the other hand, is interested in law as a social phenomenon. The law will become ‘
Social Jurisprudence’ or law when a social scientist studies law from practical way of their
observations. Criminology and Penology are the branches of Social Law. Criminology is
concerned with the systematic study of crime and criminal behaviour from social point of view.
Penology studies the effect of various penal systems of punishment and the efficacy of reform
and rehabilitation schemes in changing criminal behaviour. The knowledge of Criminal
Jurisprudence and social science help each other to take into consideration the human and
sociological aspects.
Law relates to social welfare. To achieve this social welfare, economic welfare is required. For
the economic welfare is required. For the economic welfare of the working class, a number of
acts have been enacted. These acts contribute to social security. A number of Acts have been
enacted for the protection of consumer, to reduce inequalities, and to contribute to economic
growth. Economic concepts and policies are the basis for many statutory laws and at the same
time the Acts are intended for the economic welfare

48.  The law and justice are linked to the state as the state as the state is regarded to be
the maintainer of an effective and equitable system of law and order. Matters relating to
organization , jurisprudence, and independence of judicial institutions become an
essential concern of a political thought
 Politics treat organised society, not as a social or political phenomenon but as a purely
judicial regime, an assembly of public law rights and obligations , founded on a system
of pure logic and reason.
 Law covers entire behaviour of man’s social , economic and political actions.
Previously law was a branch of political science. As both law and political science deal
with both state and man, political science has its relevance in the study of law
 The basis of legal system is Constitution. Constitution give guarantee to fundamental
right and provide the structure of legislature, executive and judiciary.
 Thus, law and social science are interlinked and interdependence and contribute to
each other and they are inseparable.

49. The socio-legal research has following utility:
1. Socio-legal research can be useful in formulating new theories;
2. Socio-legal research gives clue to the decision-making;
3. Socio-legal research gives a lead and moulds public opinion;
4. Socio-legal research is useful in framing new laws;
5. Socio-legal research is useful in finding root causes of crimes and
differential behavior among different tribes and races;
6. Socio-legal research provides the knowledge which widens the outlook of
legislators, executives and judiciary;
7. Socio-legal research paves the way for broad based social reforms

50. Difference between Research Method and
Research Methodology
Research methods and research methodology are the two terms that are often
confused as the same. Strictly speaking, they are not so, and they show differences
between them. If we zone in on the etymology of the word ‘methodology,’ it refers to
‘method’+’ology.’ ‘Ology’ typically means a discipline of study or a branch of knowledge.
Thus technically speaking, the methodology is the study of methods.
.
Research Method
By research method, we simply mean the research techniques or tools to be used for
conducting research irrespective of whether the research belongs to physical or social
sciences or any other disciplines.

51. The methods include three broad groups.
The first group includes methods dealing with collection and description of data;
The second group consists of techniques used for establishing a statistical relationship between
variables;
The third group deals with methods used to evaluate the reliability, validity, and accuracy of the
results discerned by the data.
A physical scientist may employ, for example, such tools as an electron microscope or a radio
telescope to obtain his data.
In contrast, a social scientist or a manager may use, as a technique, an opinion poll or sample
survey with a mail questionnaire or conduct a personal interview to obtain his data.
He might conduct a telephonic interview, group discussion, case study approach to gather data.
Still, in essence, they are employing the same technique ‘observation’ of some kind, that
generates data for research.

52. Nevertheless, the scientists in their disciplines employ tools and techniques that may
differ widely in nature and complexity.
Research Methodology
The research methodology is a way to study the various steps that are generally
adopted by a researcher in studying his research problems systematically, along with
the logic, assumptions, justification, and rationale behind them.
Whenever we choose a research method, we must justify why we prefer this particular
method over others. The methodology seeks to answer this question.
Thus, when we speak of research methodology, we not only talk of research methods
but also keep in view the logic and justification behind the method we use in the
context of our research undertaking.

53. A researcher’s methodology aims at answering such questions as:
Why was this particular group of people interviewed and not the other
groups?
How has been the research problem defined?
How many individuals provided the answers on which the researcher’s
conclusions were based?
Why were these particular techniques used to analyze data?
In what way and why has been the research hypothesis formulated?
What level of evidence was used to determine whether or not to reject
the stated hypothesis?

54. Difference between Research Method and Research Methodology.
 If the subject into which you conduct research is a scientific subject or topic, then the research
methods include experiments, tests, the study of many other results of different experiments
performed earlier about the topic or the subject and the like.
 On the other hand, research methodology about the scientific topic involves the techniques
regarding how to go about conducting the research, the justification of the use of particular tools
of research, advanced techniques that can be used in performing the experiments, and the like.
 A method is what you did. It is a simple description. You selected, for example, 100 rats and
measured their weights. You fed some rats and some not.
 A week later, you measured their weights again.
 The methodology is why that should give you a meaningful result and why you used some
specified method and not some other one.
 This would, in particular, include the way you have controlled for errors, e.g., why you fed the
rats for a week rather than a month and why 100 rats you thought were enough.

55. Research Method Research Methodology
Research method seeks to answer: what did the
researcher use to complete his research
Research methodology seeks to answer: how did the
researcher complete his study.
Research methods are the techniques and tools by which
you research a subject or a topic
Methodology explains and justifies the techniques and
tools by which you may proceed with your research.
Research methods involve the tasks of conducting
experiments, tests, surveys, and the like utilizing the
knowledge and skills learned through research
methodology
Research methodology involves the learning of various
techniques to conduct research and acquiring knowledge
to perform tests, experiments, surveys, and critical
analysis
The research method aims at finding solutions to research
problems.
Research methods are the end of any scientific or non-
scientific research.
Research methodology ensures the employment of the
correct procedures to solve the problems
Research methodology paves the way to choose
appropriate research methods and thus is the beginning of
any research.

56. TYPES OF
RESERCH

57. Research Classifications
• System #1: – Basic research
Applied research
• System #2: – Quantitative research
Qualitative research
• System #3: – Experimental research
Non-experimental research

58. Research Classifications
1. Application of research study
- pure research and
- applied research
2. Objectives in undertaking the research
- descriptive
- correlation
- explanatory
- exploratory
3. Inquiry mode employed
- Structured approach
- Unstructured approach

59. 1. Application of research study
 From the point of view of application, there are two broad categories of research:
Pure & Applied Research.
 Pure/ Basic research: Involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses
that are intellectually challenging to the researcher but may or may not have
practical application at the present time or in the future. The knowledge produced
through pure research is sought in order to add to the existing body of research
methods.

60. Applied research
Applied Research is done to solve specific,
practical questions; for policy formulation,
administration and understanding of a
phenomenon. It can be exploratory, but is usually
descriptive. It is almost always done on the basis
of basic research

62. 2. Objectives of the research
a Descriptive
b-Correlational
c-Explanatory
a-Descriptive
Descriptive research attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem,
phenomenon, service or programme, or provides information about , say, living condition
of a community, or describes attitudes towards an issue
Descriptive research refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal of
characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group. Descriptive research, also
known as statistical research.

63. Advantages:
• The people individual studied are unaware so they act naturally or as they usually
do in everyday situation;
• It is less expensive and time consuming than quantitative experiments;
• Collects a large amount of notes for detailed studying;
• As it is used to describe and not make any conclusions it is to start the research
with it.
Disadvantages
• Descriptive research requires more skills.
• Does not identify cause behind a phenomenon
• Response rate is low in this research.
• Results of this research can change over the period of time.

64. Descriptive studies are a means of
 discovering new meaning,
 describing what exists,
 Determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing
information. Descriptive research deals with everything that can be
counted and studied, which has an impact of the lives of the people it deals
with.
 For example, finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of
a town. The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that
disease thus, more people will live a healthy life.

65. b- Correlational research
Correlational research refers to the systematic investigation or statistical
study of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily
determining cause and effect.
For example, to test the hypothesis “ Listening to music lowers blood
pressure levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research
•Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to music and
then compare the Bp levels
• Survey – ask people how they feel ? How often they listen? And then
compare

66. Advantages:
1) Can collect much information from many subjects at one time.
2) Can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations.
3) Study variables that are not easily produced in the laboratory.
Disadvantages:
1. Correlation does not indicate causation( cause and effect).
2. Problems with self-report method

67. c- Explanatory research
Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a
relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area where little is
known or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular
research study (feasibility study / pilot study).
In practice most studies are a combination of the first three categories.

68. 3- Inquiry Mode
a- Structured approach & b- Unstructured approach
a- Structured approach:
The structured approach to inquiry is usually classified as -Quantitative research.
Quantitative Research is a structured way of collecting and analyzing data obtained from different sources.
Quantitative Research involves the use of computational, statistical, and mathematical tools to derive
results. It is conclusive in its purpose as it tries to quantify the problem and understand how prevalent it is
by looking for projectable results to a larger population.
b- Unstructured approach:
The unstructured approach to inquiry is usually classified as qualitative research

69. This approach allows flexibility in all aspects of the research process. It is more appropriate to explore the nature
of a problem, issue or phenomenon without quantifying it. Main objective is to describe the variation in a
phenomenon, situation or attitude. In many studies you have to combine both qualitative and quantitative
approaches.
Qualitative research is generally more explorative, a type of research that is dependent on the collection of verbal,
behavioral or observational data that can be interpreted in a subjective manner. It has a wide scope and is
typically used to explore the causes of potential problems that may exist.
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
-Numerical, measurable data -generally non-numerical data
- Traditional or positive approach - typically anthropological and sociological research method
• clearly stated questions - In-depth description of situations
• Rational hypothesis - Interpretive and descriptive
• Developed Research procedure
• Large samples
• Traditional , Statistical analyses.

70. Empirical or Non-Doctrinal Legal Research
Relying solely on observation or experiment
and not on theory
Collecting and gathering data or information
related to universe by a first hand study
Field work is required in this kind of
research

71. Non-doctrinal researchseeks
 to assess the impact of non legal events upon legal
decision processes
 to identify and appraise the magnitude of variable
factors influencing the outcomes of legal decision making
to trace the consequences of the outcomes of legal
decision making in terms of value gains and deprivations for
litigants, non-litigants and non-legal institutions

72. Empirical research technique is also called as fact
research
Fact research in law means the systematic search into the
social, political and other fact conditions which give rise
to individual rules and examination of the social, political
and other effects of these rules.
Empirical research is an inquiry that attempts to
discover and verify the general rules allowing us to
understand why human beings behave the way they do

73. - Legal research is concerned with the legal decision
process, i.e, researchers attention is on variables that
influence the decisions and the impact of the decisions on
the society.
- Empirical research is research into relationship of law
with other behavioral sciences.
- More importance is given to people, social values and
social institutions and not to the legal aspects or
doctrines.

74. Characteristics of Empirical Research
Find out the impact of non legal events on the legal decision process
Identify and appraise the degree of variables which influence the
outcome and legal decision making
Finds out the effect of each decision on people and society
Less emphasis on doctrine
Seeks answers to broader and more numerous questions

75. It is not solely dependent on the appellate reports
and other traditional legal sources for its data
It makes use of research perspectives like research
design, conceptual framework, skills and trainings
which is not a peculiar of law trained personnel.

76. Difference between doctrinal and non-doctrinal research
DOCTRINAL EMPIRICAL
DEALWITHLEGALDOCTRINES DEALWITHPEOPLE, SOCIALVALUES, SOCIALINSTITUTIONS
SOURCESOF DATAARELEGALANDCOURTDECISIONS NEWTECHNIQUES
CONCERNEDWITHDOCUMENTS CONSERNEDWITHPEOPLE
NARROWSCOPE WIDESCOPE
MORESUPPORTAND ENCOURAGEMENTIS REQUIRED LESSERENCOURAGEMENT IS REQUIRED
FIELD WORKIS NOT REQUIRED FIELDWORKIS REQUIRED

77. Thank you