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1. Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2. Classification of Electric Vehicle

3. Battery Electric Vehicle

4. Hybrid Electric Vehicle

5. Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

6. Fuel cell Vehicle

7. Classification based on Architecture

9. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle

11. Parallel Hybrid Vehicle

13. Classification based on Degree of Hybridization

14. Classification based on Degree of Hybridization

15. Classification based on degree of hybridization

16. Tractive Force
Total tractive force is the force produced by the power plant and transferred to the wheels through
a transmission system in order to make the vehicle moves. It is the sum of aerodynamic, rolling
resistance, slope, bearing friction and acceleration forces

17. Tractive Effort

18. Hybrid Traction
• Traction
• The action of pulling something over a surface (especially a road or a
track) is known as traction.
• Electric Traction
• The traction system which uses electric power for its operation is
known as electric traction.
• Hybrid Traction
• The traction system which uses electric motor power as well as ICE
power for its operation is known as hybrid traction

19. Advantage
• Fuel consumption is less due to electric batteries.
• Less emission of carbon dioxide makes it eco-friendly.
• Gives better mileage than a conventional engine vehicle, thus is cost
effective.
• Less dependence on fossil fuels.
• Regerative braking
• Smaller engines
• Built from lightweight materials
• Automatic start and stop
• High Resale value

20. Disadvantage
• Hybrid car price is on the higher side
• High maintenance cost
• High voltage batteries can cause accidents
• Expensive battery replacement charges
• Design is complicated
• This can not be total green mode of operation
• Poor handling

21. Fuel Efficiency analysis
• On highway Vehicle speed is high so due to faster opening and closing
of inlet and exhaust valve fuel consumption is less and hence emission
is also less. So IC Engine power is convenient to use on highway.
• IC Engine gives good fuel efficiency at 5000 to 6000 rpm
• But in city area vehicle speed is slow due to this opening and closing
of inlet and exhaust valve is slow. Hence fuel consumption is more in
city area and emission also more. Hence it is not convenient to use IC
engine in city area.
• Transition from one power source to other power source should be
smooth with out any jerk or vibration

23. Power flow control of hybrid vehicle
• On highway Vehicle speed is high so due to faster opening and closing
of inlet and exhaust valve fuel consumption is less and hence emission
is also less. So IC Engine power is convenient to use on highway. Also
on highway we are not using brake so regenerative energy can not
produced. Hence it is inconvenient to use motor on highway
• But in city area vehicle speed is slow due to this opening and closing
of inlet and exhaust valve is slow. Hence fuel consumption is more in
city area and emission also more. Hence it is not convenient to use IC
engine in city area. Also in city area vehicle speed is low so due to
operation of brake pedal regenerative energy will produced hence it is
convenient to use motor in city area

24. Supervisory control and selection of mode
• As technology is advancing continuously more and more features are
provided in electric and hybrid vehicle
• Various driving modes are provided to match different driving
conditions.
• Driving modes are selected by ECU which monitors vehicle speed
suspension, steering and braking system.
• Sport mode- Here vehicle speed is high so fuel efficiency is good
hence ic engine mode is selected
• Economy mode- Here vehicle speed is low so motor is convenient to
use

25. Cont..
• On highway road condition is good so
comfort mode suspension is used
• But in rural area road condition is not good
so normal mode of suspension is used
• Battery operating temperature is 15 to 40
degree.
• So EV can not be used in cold and hot region hence in this area IC
Engine is convenient to use