Introduction to IoT

1. Introduction to IoT
Mr. Abhishek Das
Assistant Professor
Dept. Of Computer Science and Engineering
MIT School of Engineering
MIT ADT University, Pune
abhishek.das@mituniversity.edu.in

2. What is IoT?
• Main goal – “Connect the unconnected”
• The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a
wireless network between objects.
• By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of
additional gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of
communication between people and things, and between things
themselves.

3. Definition of IoT
• The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of
technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to
reach out into the real world of physical objects.
• “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart
spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate
within social, environmental, and user contexts”.

4. What is IoT?
• From any time, any place connectivity for anyone, we will now have
connectivity for anything!

5. Characteristics
• Event driven
• Ambient Intelligence
• Flexible structure
• Semantic sharing
• Complex access technologies

6. Genesis of IoT
• Started between the years 2008 and 2009
• Kevin Ashton coined the term Internet of Things
• Idea related to linking company’s supply chain to the internet

7. Why IoT?
• Dynamic control of industry and daily life
• Improve the resource utilization ratio
• Integrating human society and physical systems
• Flexible configuration
• Universal transport and internetworking
• Acts as technologies integrator

8. Application of IoT
• Regional office
• House
• Transportation vehicle
• Biosensor taken by people
• Equipment in public place
• Virtual Environment

9. Application of IoT (Part 1) :
Scenario: Shopping
• When entering the doors, scanners
will identify the tags on her
clothing
• When shopping in the market, the
goods will introduce themselves
• When moving the goods, the
reader will tell the staff to put a
new one
• When paying for the goods, the
microchip of the credit card will
communicate with checkout reader

10. Application of IoT (Part 2) :
Scenario: Intelligent Home
• Refrigerator
• Intelligent Refrigerator
• IoT Refrigerator

11. Challenges of IoT
• Technological standardization in most areas are still fragmented
• Managing and fostering rapid innovation is a challenge for governments
• Privacy
• Absence of governance

12. Future of IoT
• Daily life
• Traffic issue
• Production
• Logistics
• Retailing
• Resource and power control

13. Evolution of the Internet
Business
and
Societal
impact Connectivity
Digitize access
• Email
• Web browser
• Search
Networked
Economy
Digitize business
• E-commerce
• Digital supply
chain
• Collaboration
Immersive
Experiences
Digitize interactions
• Social
• Mobility
• Cloud
• Video
Internet of Things
Digitize the world
Connecting:
• People
• Process
• Data
• Things
Intelligent Connections

14. IoT Devices
• Non standard computing devices
• Connect wirelessly to a network
• Have the ability to transmit data
• IoT involves extending internet connectivity beyond standard devices
• Like laptops, desktop PCs, smartphones

15. IoT Devices: Examples
• Connected devices are part of an ecosystem
• In which every device talks to other related devices in an
environment
• To automate home and industry tasks.
• They can communicate usable sensor data to users, businesses and
other intended parties.
• The devices can be categorized into three main groups: consumer,
enterprise and industrial.

16. IoT Devices: Examples
• Consumer connected devices include smart TVs, smart speakers,
toys, wearables and smart appliances.
• In a smart home, for example, devices are designed to sense and
respond to a person's presence.
• When a person arrives home, their car communicates with the
garage to open the door.
• Once inside, the thermostat is already adjusted to their preferred
temperature, and the lighting is set to a lower intensity and color, as
their smart watch data indicates it has been a stressful day.
• Other smart home devices include sprinklers and robotic vacuum
cleaners

17. IoT Devices vs Computers
• Main function of an IoT device is not to compute
• Functions of IoT devices are to do special tasks/operations
• In other words, IoT devices are special purpose devices
• Software and hardware are efficient for the task- but inefficient for other
tasks
• A music player is great for playing music but terrible for playing a video
• Laptops can do both – but less efficiently
• Computers are general purpose devices
• Ok at executing anything
• Not particularly efficient for type of code

18. Physical and Logical Design of IoT

19. Physical Design of IoT
• The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique
identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities.
• IoT devices can:
• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly
or indirectly), or
• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-
ends for processing the data, or
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure,
based on temporal and space constraints

20. Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device
An IoT device may consist of several
interfaces for connections to other
devices, both wired and wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for Internet connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces.

21. IoT Protocols
• Link Layer
• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
• 2G/3G/4G
• Network/Internet Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN

22. IoT Protocols (cont..)
• Transport Layer
• TCP
• UDP
• Application Layer
• HTTP
• CoAP
• WebSocket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP

23. Logical Design of IoT
• Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the
entities and processes without going into the low-level specifics of the
implementation.
• For understanding, logical design of IoT, we describe given below terms:
• IoT Functional Blocks
• IoT Communication Models
• IoT Communication APIs

24. IoT Functional Blocks
An IoT system comprises of a
number of functional blocks that
provide the system the capabilities
for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication, and
management.

25. IoT
Communication
Model
Publish-
Subscribe
Model
Push - Pull
Model
Request
Response
Model
Exclusive
Pair Model

26. IoT Communication Models : Request-Response Model
Request-Response is a
communication model in which
the client sends requests to the
server and the server responds to
the requests.
When the server receives a
request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resource
representations, prepares the
response, and then sends the
response to the client.

27. IoT Communication Models : Publish-Subscribe Model
• Publish-Subscribe is a
communication model that
involves publishers, brokers
and consumers.
• Publishers are the source of
data. Publishers send the data
to the topics which are
managed by the broker.
Publishers are not aware of
the consumers.

28. IoT Communication Models : Publish-Subscribe Model
• Consumers subscribe to the
topics which are managed by
the broker.
• When the broker receives data
for a topic from the publisher,
it sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers.

29. IoT Communication Models : Push-Pull Model
• Push-Pull is a communication
model in which the data
producers push the data to
queues and the consumers Pull
the data from the Queues.
Producers do not need to be
aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the
messaging between the
Producers and Consumers.

30. IoT Communication Models : Push-Pull Model
• Queues also act as a buffer
which helps in situations when
there is a mismatch between
the rate at which the
producers push data and the
rate at which the consumer
pull data.

31. IoT Communication Models : Exclusive Pair Model
• Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional,
fully duplex communication
model that uses a persistent
connection between the client
and server.
• Once the connection is setup it
remains open until the client
sends a request to close the
connection.
• Client and server can send
messages to each other after
connection setup.

32. IoT Communication APIs
• Generally we use two APIs for IoT Communication. These IoT
communication APIs are:
• REST-based communication APIs
• WebSocket-based Communication APIs

33. IoT Communication APIs : REST-based communication APIs
• Representational State Transfer
(REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which you can
design web services and web
APIs that focus on a system’s
resources and how resource
states are addressed and
transferred.

34. IoT Communication APIs : REST-based communication APIs
• REST APIs follow the request
response communication model.
• The REST architectural
constraints apply to the
components, connectors, and
data elements, within a
distributed hypermedia system.

35. IoT Communication APIs : WebSocket-based communication APIs
WebSocket APIs allow bidirectional,
full duplex communication between
clients and servers.
WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive
pair communication model

36. IoT Enabling Technologies
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
• Cloud Computing
• Big Data Analytics
• Communication Protocols
• Embedded Systems

37. IoT Levels and Deployment Templates

38. Components of IoT
• Device
• Resource
• Controller Service
• Database
• Web Service
• Analysis Component
• Application

39. IoT Level-1
• A level-1 IoT system has a single
node/device that performs sensing
and/or actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and hosts the
application.
• Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for
modelling low-cost and low-
complexity solutions where the
data involved is not big and the
analysis requirements are not
computationally intensive.

40. IoT Level-1 (cont..)
• Have one sensor/device to sense (could be temperature sensor/pressure
sensor, etc.)
• The data to be stored in locally
• Data analysis to be done
• Monitoring/control can be done through an application (.apk or webapp)
• This is used for simple applications with limited complexity or no
complexity
• Data is not huge, means, not a big data here! All the controls happen
through internet.

41. IoT Level-2
• A level-2 IoT system has a single
node that performs sensing and/or
actuation and local analysis. Data is
stored in the cloud and the
application is usually cloud-based.
• Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for
solutions where the data involved
is big; however, the primary
analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive and can
be done locally.
IoT Level 2

42. IoT Level-2
• Here, the data is definitely voluminous
• Means, the frequency of the sensing done by sensor is faster
• Here, cloud storage is preferred as data is huge
• Analysis done locally, cloud meant for storage alone
• Based on the data analysis, the control action can be triggered through the
webapp or mobile application
• Some examples could be agriculture applications, room refreshening
solutions based on odour, etc.

43. IoT Level-3
• Here, the data is definitely
voluminous
• Means, the frequency of the
sensing done by sensor is faster
• Here, cloud storage is preferred as
data is huge
• Analysis done in the cloud
IoT Level 3

44. IoT Level-3
• Based on the data analysis, the
control action can be triggered
through the webapp or mobile
application
• Some examples could be
agriculture applications, room
refreshening solutions based on
odour, etc.
IoT Level 3

45. IoT Level-4
• A level-4 IoT system has
multiple nodes that perform
local analysis. Data is stored in
the cloud and application is
cloud-based.
• Level-4 contains local and
cloud-based observer nodes
which can subscribe to and
receive information collected
in the cloud from IoT devices

46. IoT Level-4
• Level-4 IoT systems are
suitable for solutions where
multiple nodes are required,
the data involved is big and
the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.

47. IoT Level-5
• A level-5 IoT system has multiple
end nodes and one coordinator
node.
• The end nodes that perform
sensing and/or actuation.
• Coordinator node collects data
from the end nodes and sends to
the cloud.

48. IoT Level-5
• Data is stored and analyzed in
the cloud and application is
cloud-based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions based on wireless
sensor networks, in which the
data involved is big and the
analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.

49. IoT Level-6
• A level-6 IoT system has
multiple independent end
nodes that perform sensing
and/or actuation and send data
to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and
application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component
analyses the data and stores
the results in the cloud
database.

50. IoT Level-6
• The results are visualized with
the cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is
aware of the status of all the
end nodes and sends control
commands to the nodes.

51. The End