Cara Menggugurkan Sperma Yang Masuk Rahim Biyar Tidak Hamil
Water and Waste Water Engineering
1. Subject:- Water and waste water engineering
Subject code:- 2160601
Guided by:- Prof. Mamta Patel
Prof. Manali Shah
Name Enrollment No.
Bambhroliya Rishabh 151103106001
Deshmukh Bhavik 151103106002
Mistry Aditya 151103106009
Pandya Dhrumil 151103106010
Patel Nirmal 151103106012
2. Topic: Estimation of storm water in
urban area
Outline
What is storm water?
Estimation of storm water discharge
Rational method
Empirical formula
Example
3. What is storm water?
Water falls as rain, snow, or ice. Most seeps into ground.
If ground is saturated, frozen, or has paved surfaces, water flows
& is called stormwater runoff.
Stormwater Flows over surfaces such as roads, highway.
4. Estimation of storm water discharge
The peak rate of runoff depends upon various factors such as; the type of
precipitation, the intensity and duration of rainfall distribution, the soil
moisture deficiency, the climatic conditions, the shape, size and type of
catchment area, etc.
Due to these variable it is not precisely determine the runoff by exact
equation.
In recent years, a rational method has been evolved to estimate the peak
drainage discharge.
This method can be applied most precisely to areas smaller than 50 hectares.
However, for large areas, empirical formulae are used to determine the peak
rate of runoff.
The most modern method for computing urban storm water is drainage is by
‘digital computer simulatios’.
5. Rational method:
If a rainfall is applied to an impervious surface at a constant rate, the
resultant runoff from the surface would finally reach a rate equal to the
rainfall.
In the beginning, only a certain amount of water will reach the outlet, but
after some time, the water will start reaching the outlet from the entire
area, and the runoff rate would equal to the rate of rainfall.
The period after which the entire area will start contributing to the runoff is
called the time of concentration.
It is the time required by the water to reach the outlet from the most remote
point of the drainage area.
The runoff resulting from a rain having a duration lesser than the time of
concentration will not be maximum, as the entire area will start contributing
to runoff in this case.
6. Based upon this principles, the rational formula was developed by the efforts of kuichling
of America, fruhling of Germany and Lloyd davis of England.
This formula states that,
Qp= 1/36*K*Pc*A
Where,
Qp= peak rate of runoff in cumecs
K= Coefficient of runoff
Pc= critical rainfall intensity during the critical rain fall
direction
A= Catchment area contributing to runoff at the considerd
point in hectare
7. Coefficient of runoff is in fact, the impervious factor of runoff,
representing, the ratio of runoff to precipitation . The value of K
increases as the imperviousness of the area increases. For perfectly
impervious area K=1.
Runoff coefficient for different surfaces
Sr.
No.
Type of Surface Value of K
1. Water tight roof surface 0.7 to 0.95
2. Asphalt pavement in good order 0.85 to 0.90
3. Stone, brick, wood-block pavement with
cement joints
0.75 to 0.85
4. Same as above with uncemented joints 0.50 to 0.70
5. Water bound macadam roads 0.25 to 0.60
6. Gravel roads 0.15 to 0.30
7. Unpaved streets and vacant lands 0.10 to 0.30
8. Parks, lawns, gardens, etc. 0.05 to 0.25
9. Wooden lands 0.01 to 0.20
8. Runoff coefficient for different types of localities
Sr.
No.
Type of Surface Value of K
1. Business areas 0.85
2. Areas closely built up 0.75
3. Areas with 50% attached house and 50%
detached houses
0.65
4. Suburban areas with widely detached
houses
0.45 to 0.55
5. Extremely suburban areas with 20 to 40%
parking and widely detached houses
0.35
9. Empirical Formulae
For the design of drains having catchment area larger than 400 hectares, it is
generally advisable to use the empirical formula suggested for that region.
Various empirical formulae for calculating storm water run-off have been
suggested by various investigators. Some if the important formulae are given
below:
1. Burki zielgler formula
2. Dicken’s formula
3. Ryve’s formula
4. Inglis formula
10. Example:
In a a district area 40 hectares, the density of population is 300 persons/hectare.
The quota of water supply is 225 lpcd.
20% of the are consists of roof with runoff ratio is 0.80. Maximum rainfall intensity
is 5 cm/hr.
Calculate the quantity of
Sewage for which the sewers of a separate system should be designed.
Storm water for which the sewers of partially separate system should be designed.
11. Solution:
Case 1
Total area of the district = 40 hectares
Population density= 40*300
= 12000 persons
Average water supply= 225 litres/capita/day
Average quantity of water required supplied to the district per day
= 12000*225
= 2700000 litres per day
= 2700 m3 per day
Rate of water supplied= 2700/(2400*60*60)= 0.03125 cumecs
12. Assuming the sewage discharge as 0.8 times the water supplied.
Average rate of sewage produced= 0.8*0.03125
= 0.025 cumecs.
Now, assuming peak rate of sewage as 3 times the average,
Peak rate of flow= 3*0.025
= 0.075 cumecs
13. Case 2: In case of particularly separate system, the storm water from roofs
and paved yards of houses will be allowed to enter the sewers.
Area of roofs= 20*40/100= 8 hectares (K=0.9)
Area of paved yards= 5/100*40= 2 hectares (K=0.80)
The discharge from roofs and paved yards of houses is given by rational formula,
Qp=1/36.K.Pc.A
=[1/36*0.9*5*8+1/36*0.8*5*2]
= 1+0.22
= 1.22 cumecs
Hence, the storm water which must pass through the sewers of a partially
separate system= 1.22 cumecs.
