Microprocessors and microcontrollers

MICROPROCESSOR ANDMICROPROCESSOR AND
MICROCONTROLLERMICROCONTROLLER
ADITYA PORWALADITYA PORWAL
SASKEN BATCH-7SASKEN BATCH-7

SignificanceSignificance
Due to their compact size, low cost and simple
design aspects made embedded systems very
popular and encroached into human lives and
have become indispensable. They are found
everywhere from kitchen ware to space craft.
To emphasize this idea here are some
illustrations.

Embedded systems everywhere?Embedded systems everywhere?
Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there
are many examples of their use.
a) Biomedical Instrumentation – ECG Recorder, Blood cell
recorder, patient monitor system
b) Communication systems – pagers, cellular phones, cable
TV terminals, fax and transreceivers, video games and so
on.
c) Peripheral controllers of a computer – Keyboard
controller, DRAM controller, DMA controller, Printer
controller, LAN controller, disk drive controller.

d) Industrial Instrumentation – Process controller,
DC motor controller, robotic systems, CNC
machine controller, close loop engine controller,
industrial moisture recorder cum controller.
e) Scientific – digital storage system, CRT display
controller, spectrum analyser.

Were the embedded systems existingWere the embedded systems existing
earlier ?earlier ?
Yes, We have been enjoying the grace of embedded
system quite a long time. But they were not so popular
because in those days most of the embedded systems
were designed around a microprocessor unlike today’s
systems which were built around a microcontroller.
As we know a microprocessor by itself do not possess
any memory, ports etc. So everything must be
connected externally by using peripherals like 8255,
8257, 8259 etc. So the embedded system designed using
microprocessor was not only complicated in design but
also large in size. At the same time the speed of
microprocessor is also a limitation for high end
applications.

Why a microcontroller ?Why a microcontroller ?
A microcontroller is a single silicon chip with
memory and all Input/Output peripherals on it.
Hence a microcontroller is also popularly known as
a single chip computer. Normally, a single
microcomputer has the following features :
 Arithmetic and logic unit
 Memory for storing program
 EEPROM for nonvolatile data storage
 RAM for storing variables and special function
registers
 Input/output ports

 Timers and counters
 Analog to digital converter
 Circuits for reset, power up, serial programming,
debugging
 Instruction decoder and a timing and control unit
 Serial communication port

So, its no wonder to say that the microcontroller is the most
sought after device for designing an efficient embedded system.

What is inside an embedded system ?What is inside an embedded system ?
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built
around a Central Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware also
contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The
software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’.
The operating system runs above the hardware, and the
application software runs above the operating system. The same
architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop
computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not
compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded
system.

For small appliances such as remote control units, air-
conditioners, toys etc., there is no need fir an operating
system and we can write only the software specific to that
application. For applications involving complex processing, it is
advisable to have an operating system.
In such a case, you need to integrate the application software
with the operating system and then transfer the entire
software on to the memory chip. Once the software is
transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to
run for a long time and you don’t need to reload new
software .
The next slide shows the layered architecture of an
embedded system.

Layered architecture of an Embedded System

Now let us see the details of the various building
blocks of the hardware of an embedded system.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory (Read only memory and Random access
memory)
Input Devices
Output Devices
Communication interfaces
Application specific circuitry

This slide shows the Hardware architecture of anThis slide shows the Hardware architecture of an
embedded systemembedded system

Features of an embedded systemFeatures of an embedded system
Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot
be programmed to do different things.
Embedded systems have very limited resources,
particularly the memory. Generally, they do not
have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM
or the floppy disk.
Embedded systems have to work against some
deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within
a specific time. In some embedded systems, called
real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent.
Missing a dead line may cause a catastrophe – loss of
life or damage to property.

Embedded systems are constrained for power, As
many embedded systems operate through a battery,
the power consumption has to be very low.
Embedded systems need to be highly reliable. Once
in a while, pressing ALT-CTRL-DEL is OK on your
desktop, but you cannot afford to reset your
embedded system.
Some embedded systems have to operate in
extreme environmental conditions such as very high
temperatures and humidity.

Embedded systems that address the consumer
market (for example electronic toys) are very cost-
effective. Even a reduction of Rs.10 is lot of cost
saving, because thousands or millions systems may
be sold.
Unlike desktop computers in which the hardware
platform is dominated by Intel and the operating
system is dominated by Microsoft, there is a wide
variety of processors and operating systems for the
embedded systems. So, choosing the right platform
is the most complex task .

Classification of Embedded SystemsClassification of Embedded Systems
Based on functionality and performance
requirements, embedded systems are
classified as :
Stand-alone Embedded Systems
Real-time Embedded Systems
Networked Information Appliances
Mobile Devices

Stand-alone Embedded SystemsStand-alone Embedded Systems
As the name implies, stand-alone systems work in
stand-alone mode. They take inputs, process them
and produce the desired output. The input can be
electrical signals from transducers or commands
from a human being such as the pressing of a button.
The output can be electrical signals to drive another
system, an LED display or LCD display for displaying
of information to the users. Embedded systems
used in process control, automobiles, consumer
electronic items etc. fall into this category.

Real-time SystemsReal-time Systems
Embedded systems in which some specific work
has to be done in a specific time period are called
real-time systems. For example, consider a system
that has to open a valve within 30 milliseconds when
the humidity crosses a particular threshold. If the
valve is not opened within 30 milliseconds, a
catastrophe may occur. Such systems with strict
deadlines are called hard real-time systems.

In some embedded systems, deadlines are imposed,
but not adhering to them once in a while may not
lead to a catastrophe. For example, consider a DVD
player. Suppose, you give a command to the DVD
player from a remote control, and there is a delay of
a few milliseconds in executing that command. But,
this delay won’t lead to a serious implication. Such
systems are called soft real-time systems .

Hard Real-Time Embedded System

Networked Information AppliancesNetworked Information Appliances
Embedded systems that are provided with network
interfaces and accessed by networks such as Local
Area Network or the Internet are called networked
information appliances. Such embedded systems are
connected to a network, typically a network running
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) protocol suite, such as the Internet or a
company’s Intranet.
These systems have emerged in recent years.
These systems run the protocol TCP/IP stack and
get connected through PPP or Ethernet to an
network and communicate with other nodes in the
network.

Here are some examples of such systems
A networked process control system consists of a
number of embedded systems connected as a local
area network. Each embedded system can send
real-time data to a central location from where the
entire process control system can be monitored.
The monitoring can be done using a web browser
such as the Internet Explorer.
A web camera can be connected to the Internet.
The web camera can send pictures in real-time to
any computer connected to the Internet. In such a
case, the web camera has to run the HTTP server
software in addition to the TCP/IP protocol stack.

 The door lock of your home can be a small
embedded system with TCP/IP and HTTP server
software running on it. When your children stand in
front of the door lock after they return from school,
the web camera in the door-lock will send an alert
to your desktop over the Internet and then you can
open the door-lock through a click of the mouse.

This slide shows a weather monitoring system connected
to the Internet. TCP/IP protocol suite and HTTP web
server software will be running on this system. Any
computer connected to the Internet can access this system
to obtain real-time weather information.

The networked information appliances need to run
the complete TCP/IP protocol stack including the
application layer protocols. If the appliance has to
provide information over the Internet, HTTP web
server software also needs to run on the system.

Mobile DevicesMobile Devices
Mobile devices such as mobile phones, Personal
Digital Assistants (PDAs), smart phones etc. are a
special category of embedded systems. Though the
PDAs do many general purpose tasks, they need to
be designed just like the ‘conventional’ embedded
systems.

The limitations of the mobile devices – memory
constraints, small size, lack of good user interfaces
such as full fledged keyboard and display etc. are
same as those found in the embedded systems
discussed above. Hence, mobile devices are
considered as embedded systems.
However, the PDAs are now capable of supporting
general purpose application software such as word
processors, games, etc.

Languages for Programming EmbeddedLanguages for Programming Embedded
SystemsSystems
Assembly language was the pioneer for
programming embedded systems till recently.
Nowadays there are many more languages to
program these systems. Some of the languages are
C, C++, Ada, Forth, and Java together with its new
enhancement J2ME.
The presence of tools to model the software in
UML, SDL is sufficient to indicate the maturity of
embedded software programming

The majority of software for embedded systems is
still done in C language. Recent survey indicates that
approximately 45% of the embedded software is still
being done in C language.
C++ is also increasing its presence in embedded
systems. As C++ is based on C language, thus
providing programmer the object oriented
methodologies to reap the benefits of such an
approach.

C is very close to assembly programming and it
allows very easy access to underlying hardware. A
huge number of high quality compilers and debugging
tools are available for the C language.
Though C++ is theoretically more efficient than C,
but some of its compilers have bugs due to the huge
size of the language. These compilers may cause a
buggy execution.

C language can definitely claim to have more mature compilers C+
+. Now in order to avail the extra benefits of C++ and plus to
avoid buggy execution, experts are doing efforts to identify a
subset of C++ that can be used in embedded systems and this
subset is called Embedded C++ .

Communication InterfacesCommunication Interfaces
For embedded systems to interact with the external
world, a number of communication interfaces are
available. They are
Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI):
RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc
Synchronous Serial Communication Interface:
I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC and ESSI
Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Networks:
Ethernet, Controller Area Network, LonWorks, etc
Timers:
PLL(s), Capture/Compare and
Time Processing Units
Discrete IO:
General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)

Which is the best suited microcontrollerWhich is the best suited microcontroller
for design of embedded system?for design of embedded system?
There is always a trade off between efficiency and
power dissipation. To know this, let us review the
various types of microcontrollers and their
specifications and the vendors.

From the previous slide we can find that the
ARM processor is a strong option for better
performance. But when we consider the
power consumption, in the case of ARM it is
around 400mW and the ATmega1031, AVR
microcontroller consumes low power
around 16.5mW, but provides low
performance.

But the Texas instruments MSP430 with
wide range of operation modes consumes
only 1.2mW with reasonably good
performance. So it is always left to the
designer to choose a suitable device
according to the requirement.

IntroductionIntroduction
The microprocessor also known as the
central processing unit, is the brain of all
computers and many household and
electronic devices. Multiple
microprocessors, working together, are
the "hearts" of datacenters, super-
computers, communications products,
and other digital devices.

HistoryHistory
Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957)
invented the first IC in 1959.
In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore,
Andrew Grove resigned from Fairchild
Semiconductors.
They founded their own company Intel
(Integrated Electronics).
The first microprocessor invented was of 4-
bit, after that 8-bit,16-bit,.32-bit & 64-bit are
founded

Microprocessors TimelineMicroprocessors Timeline

HistoryHistory
4-bit microprocessor
Intel 4004
Intel 4040
8-bit microprocessor
Intel 8008
Intel 8080
Intel 8085
Intel 8086
Intel 8088
Intel 80186 & 80188

HistoryHistory
Intel 80286
Intel 80386
Intel 80486
Intel pentium
Intel pentium pro
Intel pentium II
Intel pentium II xeon
Intel pentium III
Intel pentium IV
Intel dual core

HistoryHistory
64-bit microprocessors
• Intel core 2
• Intel core i7
• Intel core i5
• Intel core i3

Microprocessor (MPU)Microprocessor (MPU)
MPU (CPU)
◦ Read instructions
◦ Process binary data
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Parts of microprocessorParts of microprocessor
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Control Unit
Prefetch Unit
Bus Unit
Decode Unit
Data and instruction cache
Registers

MemoryMemory
Storage Device
◦ Addresses
◦ Registers
Major Categories
◦ Read/Write
Memory (R/W)
◦ Read-only-Memory
(ROM)
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D7 D0

Input/Output (I/O)Input/Output (I/O)
Input Devices
◦ Switches and Keypads
◦ Provide binary information to the MPU
Output devices
◦ LEDs and LCDs
◦ Receive binary information from the MPU
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Microprocessor ArchitectureMicroprocessor Architecture
The MPU communicates with Memory
and I/O using the System Bus
◦ Address bus
 Unidirectional
 Memory and I/O Addresses
◦ Data bus
 Bidirectional
 Transfers Binary Data and Instructions
◦ Control lines
 Read and Write timing signals
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Microprocessor – Basic conceptMicroprocessor – Basic concept
CPU
contains
CCU
ALU
data registers
and
pointer registers
ADDRESS BUS
32-bit / 64-bit wide
CONTROL BUS
Timing signals, ready signals,
interrupts etc
DATA BUS – bidirectional
8-bit / 16-bit / 32-bit / 128-bit
Microprocessor, by-itself, completely useless – must have external peripherals to
Interact with outside world

Contents….Contents….
1. Computer processor
2. Components of a processor.
3. Schematic diagram of computer
architecture.
4. Machine cycle for a processor.
5. History of processor.
6. Micro processor.
7. Concept of Generation.
8. 4th
Generation Intel Core Processor &
Advantages.
9. Intel i3 processor

Continue..Continue..
1. Feature of i3 processor.
2. Available i3 processor.
3. i3 over core 2 duo.
4. Intel i5 processor.
7. i5 over i3.
8. Intel i7 processor.
11. i7 over i5.

Introduction to Computer ProcessorIntroduction to Computer Processor
 A machine that processes something is a processor.
 An electronic circuit which executes computer programs,
containing a processing unit and a control in computer CPU
processes the machine.
 A central Processing unit is the hardware within a computer
system which carries out the instructions of a computer
program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and i/o
operations of the system.

Components of a processorComponents of a processor
Two typical components of cpu:
The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations.
The CPU extracts instructions from the memory and
decodes and executes them,
Calling on the ALU when necessary.
The CPU is comprises of several components that executes
specific functions.
1.Execution unit
2.Branch predictor
3.Floating point unit
4.Primary cache
5.Bus interface
6.Processor clock

Schematic Diagram ofSchematic Diagram of
Computer ArchitectureComputer Architecture

Machine cycle for a processorMachine cycle for a processor
Step 1: Fetching
Step 2: Decoding
Step 3: Executing
Step 4: Storing

History of processorHistory of processor
1960 cpu by ibm
By the end of the 1970s technology had reached the point
where CPUs could be commercially produced and were the
size of a fingernail.
During the 1980s, CPUs became a
 standard components in consumer electronic &could be found
in camera, tv and pocket calculator etc...
By the next decade, due to small size & chip cost the CPU
allowed computer to cross over from the industry to home.
Today, engineers are making them even smaller and more
powerful.

MicroprocessorMicroprocessor
 Fabrication of ALU unit & control unit in a single IC package is known
as microprocessor and is known as the brain of computer.
 It’s the example of sequential digit logic as it has internal memory.
 It includes:-
 Control unit
 Alu
 I/O unit
 Register unit
 Memory unit
• Type of Microprocessor designed
1. 8-bit design
2. 12-bit design
3. 16-bit diesgn
4. 32-bit design
5. 64-bit design

Types of microprocessorTypes of microprocessor
Based on the number of instructions built
into it, they can be classified as:
◦ Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) –
Many instructions built into it
◦ Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) –
Instructions built into the microprocessor

Working of the MicroprocessorWorking of the Microprocessor
Accepts data
Processes data
Stores data
Sends output data

Concept of GENERATIONConcept of GENERATION
The term Generation is applied to Intel
processor to mean new and significant
developments in processor architecture
or function.
And all intel team is ultimately the one
deciding the names 2nd
, 3rd
,4th
and so on
generation.

44thth
Generation Intel CoreGeneration Intel Core
Processor & AdvantagesProcessor & Advantages
4th
Generation Intel Core processor, more
advanced, faster and new line of low-power
processor, have arrived in 2013, aims to set a
new standard for mobile computing experience
and innovative Ultrabook, and tablets designs

Intel i3 processor.Intel i3 processor.
The only question I have is if there's any
advantage to using a Core i3 over a Core2Duo.
The Core i3 is a 3.2 GHz dual core chip, and
it's quite a big improvement over the
Core2Duo. It's a good 700 MHz faster, much
faster bus with significantly faster RAM.
The first Core i3 processors were launched on
January 7, 2010.

feature of i3feature of i3
The Core i3 is a 3.2 GHz dual core chip, and
it's quite a big improvement over the
Core2Duo.
 It's a good 700 MHz faster, much faster bus
with significantly faster RAM.
Uses less heat and energy than earlier
processors, which is always a good thing in this
day and age.

Available i3 processor.Available i3 processor.
Processor
Number
Cache Clock
Speed
#of cores
#of
threads
Max
power
Graphics
I3-4000M 3.0 MB 2.40 GHz 2/4 37 Intel HD
Graphics
4600
I3-4005U 3.0 MB 1.70 GHz 2/4 15 Intel HD
Graphics
4400
I3-4100E 3.0 MB 2.40 GHz 2/4 37 Intel HD
Graphics
4600
I3-4102E 3.0 MB 1.60 GHz 2/4 24 Intel HD
Graphics
4600

I3 over core 2 duo.I3 over core 2 duo.

I5 provides the opportunity to the users to
use the system with multi tasking.
A big feature of the I5 processors is that they
have ability to run two multitasking
processors together that are generally called
as dual processors and can increase the
working performance of the system efficiently.
Turbo boost technology of I5 processors is
the key beneficial feature of the I5 processors
that allow the users to do their regular and
important working with the help of heavy
applications.

Features of i5 processor.Features of i5 processor.
 I5 processors have ability to work with integrated memory and can
enhance the performance of the applications. The increase the
memory up to 1333 MHz
 as I5 processors have high speed performing rate so they are able
to perform at the maximum CPU rate of 3.6 GHz
 turbo technology is present in the device that boost up the
working speed of the computational systems
 It provides the 64 bit architecture for the users for the reliable
working.
 Micro architecture for the I5 processors was presented by the
Nehalem and these processors have a cache rate up to 8 MB.

Processor
Number
Cache Clock
Speed
#of cores
#of threads
Max power Graphics
I5-4200H 3.0 MB 2.80 GHz 2/4 47 Intel HD
Graphics
4600
I5-4440 6.0 MB 3.10 GHz 4/4 84 Intel HD
Graphics
4600
I5-4440S 6.0 MB 2.80 GHz 4/4 65 Intel HD
Graphics
4600
I5-4400E 3.0 MB 2.70 GHz 2/4 37 Intel HD
Graphics
4600

i5 over i3.i5 over i3.
 This is the mid-size processor of this bunch, recommended for
those who demand a little speed, but not quite enough where
the user will be able to run intensive applications.
 As with the Core i3 processor, this comes with 2-4 cores, the
main difference is that it has a higher clock speed than the
Core i3.
 This is also a heat and energy efficient processor, but it does
seem to be better at this particular job than the Core i3.
 The number of threads used in this is no different than the
Core i3 with 2-4 threads , it also uses hyper threading
technology for a boost in performance.
 The cache of the Core i5 is bigger than the Core i3.
 The Core i5 is in turbo mode is made available, this provides
users with the opportunity to turn off a core if it’s not being
utilized.

Intel developed different types processors for
the users for the sake of faster working as
compared to the previous versions. After the
development of I3 and I5 processor Intel
introduces a new version i.e. I7 processor
that is comparatively faster than the old ones.
Basically I7 processors were designed to meet
the challenges of the intelligent and the faster
working performance of the computer
system. They were designed in 2008 and were
announced in 2009 just after the I5
processors.

Feature of i7 processor.Feature of i7 processor.
 With the help of I7 processors users can enjoy the high speed
working with the additional feature of the multitasking i.e. using
two different documents or the files at the same time.
 Dual core technology is also a part of I7 processors that provide
reliable and high data rate working performance to the customers.
 A big feature of the I7 processors is the Turbo Boost technology.
This technology provides the high performance to the system to
the users to overcome the work load of different applications on
the system and maintain the speed of the system.
 Like I5 and I3 processors I7 also have a feature of Hyper threading
technology enhances the activity and the speed of the system by
managing the multitasking, work load and different types of heavier
applications of the users.
 I7 processors are so advanced to deals with the integrated memory
of e system and have ability to increase the memory up to 1066
Mbits and provide the working speed of 25.6 GB/sec.

Processor
number
Cache Clock speed #of cores
#of threads
Max power Graphics
I7-4960HQ 6.0 MB 2.60 GHz 4/8 47 IntelIris Pro
graphics 5200
I7-4600M 4.0 MB 2.90 GHz 2/4 37 Intel Iris Pro
graphics 4600
I7-4600U 4.0 MB 2.10 GHz 2/4 15 Intel Iris Pro
graphics 4400
I7-4610Y 4.0 MB 1.70 GHz 2/4 Intel Iris Pro
graphics 4200

i7 over i5.i7 over i5.
This is for the users that demand power,
The cache on this one is for the users that demand
more cache memory.
The cache on this one is 4-8 MB.
This processor comes with 8 threads, definitely
enough to get the job done quickly, maybe even at the
speed of light. And yes it also utilizes hyperthreading
technology.
You will have four cores to take advantage of with this
particular series.
And just like the other ones in this Intel series of
processors, it is more energy efficient and produces
less heat.

Intel Pentium MicroprocessorIntel Pentium Microprocessor
Designed to work with everyday applications
◦ Word processors
◦ Spreadsheets
◦ Multimedia applications
◦ Games
Versions
◦ Pentium I
◦ Pentium II
◦ Pentium III
◦ Pentium IV

Pentium IPentium I
Released in 1993
First chip from the fifth generation of
microprocessors
Has a 5-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions

Pentium IIPentium II
Released in 1997
Available on a daughter card that has L2
cache
instructions

Pentium IIIPentium III
Released in 1999
Has a unique Processor Serial Number
(PSN) embedded in the chip
instructions

Pentium IVPentium IV
 Released in 2000
 Enables to work with
applications that require a lot
of processing
 Has a 20-stage data pipeline for
executing instructions
 Available in the following
editions:
◦ Hyper-Threading (HT)
◦ HT Extreme

Intel Centrino MobileIntel Centrino Mobile
TechnologyTechnology
Released in the year 2003
The components that constitute this
technology are:
◦ Intel Pentium M Processor
◦ Intel 855 chipset family
◦ Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 Network
connection

Intel Pentium MIntel Pentium M
Small in size
Consumes less energy and prolong the
battery life
Used in
◦ Laptops
◦ notebook computers

Intel CeleronIntel Celeron
Cheaper and economical
Used for running applications that do not
require a lot of processing

Intel XeonIntel Xeon
Heavy-duty microprocessors
Used to power servers and workstations on
a network
Supports multiprocessors

Intel ItaniumIntel Itanium
Used to power network
servers and workstations
Can execute three
instructions at a time
Is a Reduced Instruction
Set Computing (RISC)
based microprocessor
and has limited
instructions built into the
microprocessor

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
 Created in the year 1969
 Developed
◦ Duron
◦ Athlon
 Uses Slot A to connect the AMD microprocessor to the
motherboard

Microprocessor DesignMicroprocessor Design
Specifies the type of the microprocessor
that can be installed on the motherboard
Uses the
◦ Socket
◦ Slot

Microprocessor SocketMicroprocessor Socket
Connects the microprocessor to the
motherboard
Available as
◦ Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) uses a lever to
install the microprocessor
◦ Low Insertion Force (LIF) requires little
force to install the microprocessor

Socket 1Socket 1
169 pins arranged in
three rows
Supplies maximum 5
volts to the
microprocessor
Supports the 80486
and 80486 OverDrive
microprocessor

Socket 2Socket 2
four rows
volts to the
microprocessor
Supports the 80486
OverDrive and
Pentium OverDrive
microprocessors

Socket 3Socket 3
237 pins arranged in four
rows
Supplies 3.3 to 5 volts to
the microprocessor
Voltage can be adjusted
using the jumpers on the
motherboard
Supports the 80486,
AMD, Cyrix and
Pentium OverDrive
microprocessors

Socket 4Socket 4
four rows
volts to the
microprocessor
Supports the Pentium
and Pentium
Overdrive
microprocessors

Socket 5Socket 5
320 pins arranged in five
rows
Supplies maximum 3.3
volts to the
microprocessor
Supports the Pentium,
Pentium with MMX and
Pentium OverDrive
microprocessors

Socket 6Socket 6
four rows
Supplies maximum
3.3 volts to the
microprocessor

Socket 7Socket 7
321 pins in five rows
supplies 2.5 to 3.3
volts to the
microprocessor
This socket supports
the Pentium, Pentium
with MMX and
Pentium OverDrive
microprocessors

Socket 8Socket 8
five rows
Supplies 3.1 to 3.3
volts to the
microprocessor
Supports the Pentium
Pro microprocessors

Socket 370Socket 370
six rows
Has L2 cache built
into the
microprocessor
Supports Celeron 2
and Pentium III
microprocessors

Known as Socket A
Has 462 pins but 9
pins are blocked
Has the L2 cache
built into the
microprocessor
Supports the Athlon
and Duron
microprocessors

478 pins
Has the L2
cache built into
the
microprocessor
Supports the
Intel Pentium 4
microprocessor

Slot 1Slot 1
Supports microprocessors that have 242 pins
Microprocessor is mounted on a card that uses
Socket 8
Supplies 2.8 to 3.3 volts to the microprocessor
Supports the Pentium II, III, and Celeron
microprocessors

Slot 2Slot 2
Supports microprocessors that have 330 pins
Supports the Pentium Xeon microprocessors
Found on server motherboards

Slot ASlot A
Created by AMD
Supports the Athlon microprocessors
Uses the EV6 protocol for increased speed

Install Microprocessor in ZIF socket - IInstall Microprocessor in ZIF socket - I
1. Check voltage requirements
2. Wear an anti-static wristband
3. Place motherboard on work desk
4. Take microprocessor out from anti-static bag
5. Check that all pins on underside of microprocessor
are straight

Install Microprocessor in ZIF socket - IIInstall Microprocessor in ZIF socket - II
1. Locate socket where microprocessor must be installed
2. Find lever located besides the socket for
microprocessor
3. Raise lever so that it is at right angle with
motherboard
4. Align notch on microprocessor with alignment notch
on motherboard socket
5. Gently, place microprocessor in the socket
6. Push lever back down such that it is parallel to
motherboard and locked in place

Configuring the MicroprocessorConfiguring the Microprocessor
Possible by adjusting the jumpers or by
changing the system BIOS
Overclocking the microprocessor to
perform faster

Upgrading the MicroprocessorUpgrading the Microprocessor
Improves the speed and performance of
the system and to keep the system up to
date
To upgrade
◦ Replace old microprocessor with new
and better microprocessor
◦ Replace old processor card on the slot
with a new card

Troubleshooting the MicroprocessorTroubleshooting the Microprocessor
 Troubleshooting microprocessor techniques solve the
problems that arise due to the improper functioning of the
microprocessor.
 General problems are:
Overheating
Slow Processing or Hanging Issues
No display

Summary - ISummary - I
 The microprocessor is the heart of the system.
 Microprocessors process the data using instructions.
 CISC microprocessors have many instructions built into the
microprocessor.
 RISC microprocessors have limited instructions built into the
microprocessor.
 The speed of the microprocessor depends on various factors, such as
the number of instructions it processes, the bandwidth and the clock
speed.
 Transistors in the microprocessor boost the data signals on the
processor.
 Intel Pentium microprocessors are designed to work with everyday
applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, multimedia
applications, and games.

Summary - IISummary - II
 Intel Pentium M microprocessors are used for laptops and
notebook computers.
 Intel Celeron microprocessors are cheaper and more
economical than the Pentium microprocessors.
 Intel Celeron microprocessors have a smaller cache size
than the Pentium microprocessors.
 Intel Xeon microprocessors power servers and
workstations on a network.
 Intel Itanium is an RISC microprocessor that powers
network servers and workstations.
 AMD Duron and Athlon are economical microprocessors.
 The socket on the motherboard connects the
microprocessor to the motherboard.

Summary - IIISummary - III
The microprocessors available on cards use motherboards that have a
slot to install the microprocessor.
 The different parts of the microprocessor work together to process
the data and give the user valuable information.
 Data and information flows from the microprocessor to the different
devices connected to the system using the bus.
 Configuring the microprocessor is possible by adjusting jumpers on
the motherboard or using the system BIOS.
 Overclocking the microprocessor increases the speed of the
processor.
 To upgrade a microprocessor, we replace the microprocessor in the
system with a new and better microprocessor.
 By troubleshooting, we can solve the microprocessor problems like
overheating and slow processing.

MicrocontrollerMicrocontroller

Micro controllerMicro controller
A self-contained system in which a processor,
support, memory, and input/output (I/O) are
all contained in a single package.
A small computer system on a single IC
115

History of MicrocontrollerHistory of Microcontroller
First used in 1975(Intel 8048)
The introduction of EEPROM in 1993, allowed
microcontrollers to be electrically erased
The same year, Atmel introduced the first
microcontroller using Flash memory.

Internal StructureInternal Structure

Types of microcontrollerTypes of microcontroller

8051 Block Diagram:8051 Block Diagram:

Basic Features of MicrocontrollerBasic Features of Microcontroller
Processor reset
Device clocking
Central processor
Program and Variable Memory (RAM)
I/O pins
Instruction cycle timers

More Sophisticated FeaturesMore Sophisticated Features
Built-in monitor/debugger program
Interrupt capability
Analog I/O (PWM and variable dc I/O
Serial I/O (synchronous, a synchronous)
Parallel I/O (including direct interface to a
master processor
External memory interface

Basic microcontroller architecture (1/3)Basic microcontroller architecture (1/3)

Memory
◦ RAM
◦ ROM
◦ Store data and code
CPU
◦ Mathematical and logical operation
◦ Memory units are called Register

BUS
◦ Group of 8,16 or more wires
◦ Three type, address bus, data bus and control bus
Input-output unit
◦ port A, port B, port C … …
◦ Input, output and bidirectional ports
Serial communication
Timer unit
Watchdog
◦ Automatic reset to prevent stall
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

Processor ArchitectureProcessor Architecture
CISC
Large amount of instructions each carrying out a
different permutation of the same operation
Functionality of the instructions is more
dependent upon the processor’s designer.
RISC
Fundamental set of instructions
More control for users to design their own
operations

Von Neumann ArchitectureVon Neumann Architecture

Princeton (Von Neumann) architecture
Common memory for program and data
Simple chip design
Execution of an instruction can take multiple
cycles

Princeton architecture example
Mov acc, reg
Cycle 1 Read instruction
Cycle 2 Read data out of Ram
and put into
Acc

Harvard architecture
Separate memory space program and data
Instructions are executed in one cycle
Easier timing of loops and delays

Harvard ArchitectureHarvard Architecture

Harvard architecture example
Mov acc, reg
Cycle 1 Execute previous instruction
Read “move acc, reg”
Cycle 2 Execute “move acc, reg”
instruction

Block diagram ofBlock diagram of
MicrocontrollerMicrocontroller

MemoryMemory
The memory in a computer system stores
the data and instructions of the programs.
Adress
decoder Storage
Area
Adress
bus
Data bus
Other signals
(Vcc,Gnd, CS,
etc.)

Microcontrollers Memory TypesMicrocontrollers Memory Types
Variable Area (RAM)
Control Store (ROM)
Program Counter Stack
I/O Space (Hardware interface Registers)

RAM MemoryRAM Memory
RAM = random access memory
◦ Read-and-Write Memory
◦ volatile
Types
◦ Static RAM - on flip-flops
◦ Dynamic RAM - with transistors and capacitors

ROM MemoryROM Memory
 ROM = read only memory
◦ nonvolatile (retaining data when powered down)
◦ permanent
 Types
-external ROM
◦ mask-programming ROM
 written when manufactured
◦ PROM - programmable read-only memory
 blow tiny fuses
◦ EPROM - erasable PROM
 by UV light
◦ EEPROM - electrically erasable PROM

I/O SpaceI/O Space
- Memory Mapped I/O Versus Programmed I/O
Programmed I/O
Special instructions such as IN and OUT are
used to transfer data between a CPU register and
an external device.
Memory Mapped I/O
Standard instructions are used to transfer data
between a CPU register and an external device.
I/O ports appear as memory addresses.

InterruptsInterrupts
 Instruction support for interrupts
 Internal CPU handling of interrupts
 Interruptible instructions
139

Instruction support for interruptsInstruction support for interrupts
Processors provide two instructions,
enable priority interrupt (EPI) and for
disable priority interrupt (DPI).
These are atomic instructions that are
used for many purposes, such as buffering,
within interrupt handlers, and for
parameter passing.

Internal CPU handling of interruptsInternal CPU handling of interrupts
141
Step 1: finish the currently executing macroinstruction. Step 2: save the contents of the
program counter to the interrupt return location. Step 3: load the address held in the
interrupt handler location into the program counter. Resume the fetch and execute
sequence.
Single interrupt support

Internal CPU handling of interruptsInternal CPU handling of interrupts
Step 1: complete the currently executing instruction. Step 2: save the contents of PC to interrupt
return location i. Step 3: load the address held in interrupt handler location i into the PC. Resume
the fetch-execute cycle.
Multiple interrupt support

Advantages of Microcontroller over MicroprocessorAdvantages of Microcontroller over Microprocessor
Pin count down
Design time down, Board layout size down
Upgrade path easier – matching between
peripherals for speed
Cost down – bulk purchases
Reliability up
Common software / hardware design
environment available from manufacturer

Microprocessor Microcontroller
Contains ALU, general purpose register,
stack pointer, programme counter, clock
timing & interrupt circuit
Contains the circuitary of microprocessor
& in addition it has built in ROM, I/O
devices, timer & counter
It has too many instructions to move the
data between CPU & memory
It has one or two instruction to move the
data between CPU & memory
It has one or two bit handling instruction It has many bit handling instruction
Access time for memory & I/O devices is
more
Less access time for built in memory &
I/O devices
Microprocessor based system requires
more hardware
Microcontroller based system requires
less hardware, reducing PCB size &
increasing the reliability
More flexible in design point of view Less flexible in design point of view
It has single memory map for data & code It has separate memory map for data &

Microprocessors and microcontrollers

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