Conditioning for Soccer: Scientific Basis

Conditioning for Soccer:Conditioning for Soccer:
Scientific BasisScientific Basis
Adriano VretarosAdriano Vretaros
Strength and Conditioning CoachStrength and Conditioning Coach
20172017
São Paulo – BRAZILSão Paulo – BRAZIL
avretaros@gmail.comavretaros@gmail.com

Conditioning for SoccerConditioning for Soccer
Game Characteristics - IGame Characteristics - I
●
Open Motor SkillsOpen Motor Skills
●
Collective and Individual Motor ActionsCollective and Individual Motor Actions
●
Tactical Game SystemTactical Game System

Game Characteristics - IIGame Characteristics - II
●
Intermittent Character of EffortsIntermittent Character of Efforts
●
Distance TraveledDistance Traveled (~10,4 Km - raging: 8-13(~10,4 Km - raging: 8-13
Km)Km)
●
HRHR (~80% HRmax)(~80% HRmax)
●
Various Eccentric ContractionsVarious Eccentric Contractions (jumps,(jumps,
abrupt stops, change of direction)abrupt stops, change of direction)
(Reilly et al, 1988)(Reilly et al, 1988)

Motor SkillsMotor Skills
●
PassPass
●
DribbleDribble
●
KickKick
●
HeadingHeading (offensive or defensive)(offensive or defensive)
●
Ball ControlBall Control
●
DisarmDisarm

Tactical Systems - ITactical Systems - I
Marking:Marking: Individual, Area, andor MixedIndividual, Area, andor Mixed
4-4-24-4-2 4-1-3-24-1-3-2
4-3-34-3-3 4-2-3-14-2-3-1
5-3-25-3-2 4-3-2-14-3-2-1
4-5-14-5-1 4-1-4-14-1-4-1
3-5-23-5-2 And OtherAnd Other

Tactical Systems - IITactical Systems - II
●
Defensive ZoneDefensive Zone
●
Offensive ZoneOffensive Zone
●
Construction ZoneConstruction Zone
(Melo, 2000)(Melo, 2000)
DZDZ CZCZ OZOZ

Tactical Systems - IIITactical Systems - III
●
Teaching StylesTeaching Styles of the Tactical Systemsof the Tactical Systems
(Adapted from Luguetti, Tsukamoto & Dantas, 2011)(Adapted from Luguetti, Tsukamoto & Dantas, 2011)
DIRECTDIRECT INDIRECTINDIRECT
What To WhenWhat To When Freedom to the AthleteFreedom to the Athlete
Efficient, ObjectiveEfficient, Objective Explore and ExperienceExplore and Experience
Few Interpretation FailuresFew Interpretation Failures Try, Make Mistakes, QuestionTry, Make Mistakes, Question
Group ControlGroup Control Takes TimeTakes Time
Little IndividualityLittle Individuality Initial Phase of TeachingInitial Phase of Teaching
Little CreativityLittle Creativity ChallengesChallenges

Total Distance TraveledTotal Distance Traveled
●
Mildfielders:Mildfielders: ~10,9Km~10,9Km
●
Defenders:Defenders: ~9,8Km~9,8Km
●
Offensive:Offensive: ~10,4Km~10,4Km
●
Goalkeepers:Goalkeepers: ~4Km~4Km
(Gallo et al, 2010 ; Bloomfield et al, 2007)(Gallo et al, 2010 ; Bloomfield et al, 2007)

Type of MovementType of Movement
●
StationaryStationary
●
WalkingWalking – 5Kmh– 5Kmh
●
Slow RunningSlow Running – 11Kmh– 11Kmh
●
Mean RunningMean Running – 15Kmh– 15Kmh
●
Accelerate RunningAccelerate Running – 18Kmh– 18Kmh
●
SprintSprint – 24Kmh– 24Kmh
●
Sprint MaxSprint Max – 27Kmh– 27Kmh
●
Back RunningBack Running – 3-21kmh– 3-21kmh
●
Side RunningSide Running – 0-21Kmh– 0-21Kmh
(D'Ortavio & Tranquilli, 1993)(D'Ortavio & Tranquilli, 1993)

Distances Covered (First and Second Half)Distances Covered (First and Second Half)
(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)
SPEEDSPEED FIRST HALFFIRST HALF
(m)(m)
SECOND HALFSECOND HALF
(m)(m)
SIGNIFICANCESIGNIFICANCE
0-11 Kmh0-11 Kmh 3496+-1483496+-148 3535+-3023535+-302 P<0,05P<0,05
11,1-14 Kmh11,1-14 Kmh 851+-188851+-188 803+-187803+-187 P<0,0001P<0,0001
14,1-19 Kmh14,1-19 Kmh 894+-251894+-251 865+-255865+-255 P<0,05P<0,05
19,1-23 Kmh19,1-23 Kmh 304+-118304+-118 301+-110301+-110 NSNS
>23 Kmh>23 Kmh 165+-95165+-95 172+-94172+-94 NSNS
With the BallWith the Ball 104+-62104+-62 109+-61109+-61 NSNS
TOTALTOTAL 5709+-4855709+-485 5684+-6635684+-663 NSNS

Distances Covered (Work Intensities)Distances Covered (Work Intensities)
(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)
PositionsPositions 0-110-11
KmhKmh
11,1-1411,1-14
KmhKmh
14,1-1914,1-19
KmhKmh
19,1-2319,1-23
KmhKmh
>23>23
KmhKmh
CentralCentral
DefenderDefender
7080+-7080+-
420420
1380+-1380+-
232*232*
1257+-1257+-
244*244*
397+-397+-
114*114*
215+-215+-
100*100*
ExternalExternal
DefenderDefender
7012+-7012+-
377377
1590+-1590+-
257*257*
1730+-1730+-
262*262*
652+-652+-
179*179*
402+-402+-
165*165*
CentralCentral
MidfieldMidfield
7061+-7061+-
272272
1965+-1965+-
288*288*
2116+-2116+-
369**369**
627+-627+-
184*184*
248+-248+-
116*116*
ExternalExternal
MidfieldMidfield
6960+-6960+-
601601
1743+-1743+-
309*309*
1987+-1987+-
412**412**
738+-738+-
174*174*
446+-446+-
161**161**
ForwardForward 6958+-6958+-
438438
1562+-1562+-
295*295*
1683+-1683+-
413*413*
621+-621+-
161*161*
404+-404+-
140**140**

BioenergeticBioenergetic
(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012)(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012)
POSITIONSPOSITIONS ATP-CPATP-CP AnaerobicAnaerobic
LacticLactic
AerobicAerobic
MidfielderMidfielder 60%60% 20%20% 20%20%
WingerWinger 80%80% 20%20% 0%0%
AttackerAttacker 80%80% 20%20% 0%0%
GoalkeeperGoalkeeper 80%80% 20%20% 0%0%

Conditioning for Soccer
Anthropometric Profile - I
●
U15U15 –– U17U17 –– U-20U-20 (range 12-19 years old)(range 12-19 years old)
(Adapted from Lago-Peñas et al, 2011)(Adapted from Lago-Peñas et al, 2011)
VariablesVariables GKGK EDED CDCD CMCM EMEM FF
WeightWeight
(Kg)(Kg)
67,48+-67,48+-
11,57*11,57*
58,81+-58,81+-
9,199,19
70,03+-70,03+-
9,81*9,81*
62,13+-62,13+-
10,2710,27
58,04+-58,04+-
10,7610,76
61,18+-61,18+-
12,0812,08
HeightHeight
(cm)(cm)
172,49+-172,49+-
8,43*8,43*
167,32+-167,32+-
8,358,35
175,07+-175,07+-
7,27*7,27*
168,25+-168,25+-
8,398,39
166,04+-166,04+-
9,529,52
168,41+-168,41+-
9,689,68
BMIBMI
(Kg.m)(Kg.m)
22,53+-22,53+-
2,44*2,44*
20,87+-20,87+-
1,781,78
22,76+-22,76+-
2,16*2,16*
21,79+-21,79+-
2,182,18
20,87+-20,87+-
2,412,41
21,33+-21,33+-
2,362,36
EndoEndo 2,91+-2,91+-
0,70*0,70*
2,52+-2,52+-
0,630,63
2,92+-2,92+-
0,92*0,92*
2,65+-2,65+-
0,660,66
2,36+-2,36+-
0,630,63
2,38+-2,38+-
0,640,64
MesoMeso 4,11+-4,11+-
0,990,99
3,72+-3,72+-
0,900,90
4,01+-4,01+-
1,121,12
3,93+-3,93+-
0,960,96
3,75+-3,75+-
0,860,86
4,03+-4,03+-
1,291,29
EctoEcto 2,58+-2,58+-
0,980,98
3,01+-3,01+-
0,800,80
2,61+-2,61+-
0,89*0,89*
2,64+-2,64+-
0,950,95
2,98+-2,98+-
1,081,08
2,90+-2,90+-
0,900,90

Anthropometric Profile - II
●
First Division (n=57)First Division (n=57)
(Adapted from Matkovic et al, 2003)(Adapted from Matkovic et al, 2003)
VARIABLESVARIABLES GKGK ForwardForward MidfieldMidfield DefenderDefender FF PP
AgeAge
(years)(years)
25,225,2 22,722,7 23,423,4 23,323,3 ---- ----
PlayingPlaying
Experience (y)Experience (y)
14,914,9 13,813,8 12,112,1 13,113,1 ---- ----
Body MassBody Mass
(Kg)(Kg)
80,1*80,1* 76,876,8 76,176,1 79,179,1 0,60080,6008 0,61890,6189
Body HeightBody Height
(cm)(cm)
182,1*182,1* 179,2179,2 179,6179,6 182,2182,2 0,44770,4477 0,72050,7205
Fat Tissue (%)Fat Tissue (%) 20,2*20,2* 15,015,0 14,414,4 13,913,9 5,12925,1292 0,00490,0049

Biomotor CapabilitiesBiomotor Capabilities
●
EnduranceEndurance
●
StrengthStrength
●
SpeedSpeed
●
AgilityAgility
●
CoordinationCoordination
●
FlexibilityFlexibility
(Campeiz & Maria, 2013)(Campeiz & Maria, 2013)

Endurance - IEndurance - I
●
ATP-CPATP-CP (Resynthesis of Phosphocreatine Via)(Resynthesis of Phosphocreatine Via)
●
Anaerobic LacticAnaerobic Lactic (Lactate: ~3-12 mmolL)(Lactate: ~3-12 mmolL)
●
AerobicAerobic (~70-75% VO2max)(~70-75% VO2max)
(Bangsbo, 1994 ; Silva Neto, 2013 ; Stolen et al, 2005)(Bangsbo, 1994 ; Silva Neto, 2013 ; Stolen et al, 2005)

Endurance - IIEndurance - II
●
Acyclic and Complex CharacteristicsAcyclic and Complex Characteristics
●
Requirements ofRequirements of Technical Parameters, TacticalTechnical Parameters, Tactical
and Psychologicaland Psychological
●
Anaerobic Power Alactic and LacticaAnaerobic Power Alactic and Lactica
●
Distances:Distances: 5-30m5-30m
●
Reduced Games ¨¨Reduced Games ¨¨
(Toledo, 2013)(Toledo, 2013)

Endurance - IIIEndurance - III
●
DIFFERENCES:DIFFERENCES: playing positionplaying position andand playing styleplaying style
(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005 ; Da Silva, Bloomfield & Marins, 2008)(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005 ; Da Silva, Bloomfield & Marins, 2008)
CATEGORYCATEGORY VO2max (mlKgmin)VO2max (mlKgmin)
U-17U-17 56,95+-3,6056,95+-3,60
U-20U-20 58,13+-3,2158,13+-3,21
Firts DivisionFirts Division 56,58+-5,0356,58+-5,03
GoalkeepersGoalkeepers ~50-55~50-55

Endurance - IVEndurance - IV
●
YouthYouth Soccer PlayersSoccer Players
(Adapted from(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)Wong et al, 2009)
TESTSTESTS GoalkeeperGoalkeeper
(n=10)(n=10)
DefenderDefender
(n=20)(n=20)
MidfielderMidfielder
(n=25)(n=25)
ForwardForward
(n=15)(n=15)
PP
YYIERYYIER
(m)(m)
1548+-6951548+-695 1932+-7401932+-740 2283+-7802283+-780 1971+-9351971+-935 NSNS
VO2maxVO2max
(mlKgmin)(mlKgmin)
55,1+-8,555,1+-8,5 53,2+-6,853,2+-6,8 57,9+-5,157,9+-5,1 56,5+-4,956,5+-4,9 NSNS
HRmaxHRmax
(bpm)(bpm)
198+-6198+-6 197+-8197+-8 201+-7201+-7 204+-7204+-7 NSNS
RunningRunning
Time (s)Time (s)
577+-56577+-56 585+-79585+-79 627+-80627+-80 593+-71593+-71 NSNS
Body MassBody Mass
(Kg)(Kg)
54,6+-7,354,6+-7,3 56,2+-6,256,2+-6,2 52,2+-9,652,2+-9,6 43,9+-9,543,9+-9,5 0,001**0,001**

Endurance - VEndurance - V
●
Interval TrainingInterval Training
(Adapted from Moreira(Adapted from Moreira et al, 2011)et al, 2011)
WORKING PERIODWORKING PERIOD GOALGOAL
Average DurationAverage Duration
(~4min)(~4min)
Increase Distance TraveledIncrease Distance Traveled
Increase Number of SprintsIncrease Number of Sprints
Increase Engagement with the BallIncrease Engagement with the Ball
Short DurationShort Duration
(~30s)(~30s)
Increase Anaerobic PowerIncrease Anaerobic Power
Increase VO2maxIncrease VO2max
Ultra Short DurationUltra Short Duration
(<10s)(<10s)
Increase SpeedIncrease Speed
Increase Endurance SpeedIncrease Endurance Speed

Endurance - VIEndurance - VI
●
Game Based Conditioning DrillsGame Based Conditioning Drills
(Adapted from Fernandes & Navarro, 2014)(Adapted from Fernandes & Navarro, 2014)
REDUCED GAMESREDUCED GAMES RAST TestRAST Test
(pre-post)(pre-post)
GROUP 01:GROUP 01:
1:1, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:41:1, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:4
886,27+-228,79 Watts886,27+-228,79 Watts
850,82+-145,02 Watts850,82+-145,02 Watts
GROUP 02:GROUP 02:
5:5, 6:6, 7:7 and 8:85:5, 6:6, 7:7 and 8:8
877,69+-240,09 Watts877,69+-240,09 Watts
791,39+-141,42 Watts791,39+-141,42 Watts

Strength - IStrength - I
AnatomicalAnatomical
AdaptationAdaptation
HypertrophyHypertrophy
Maximum ForceMaximum Force
PowerPower
METABOLICMETABOLIC
AdaptationsAdaptations
NEURALNEURAL
AdaptationsAdaptations

Strength - IIStrength - II
(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005)(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005)
TYPE OF STRENGTHTYPE OF STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
RELATIVE StrengthRELATIVE Strength Carrying Bodyweight
Acceleration
Deceleration
ABSOLUTE StrengthABSOLUTE Strength Moving an External ForceMoving an External Force
(Opponent and or Ball)(Opponent and or Ball)

Strength - IIIStrength - III
(Adapted from Bompa, 2001 ; Pombo, 1998)(Adapted from Bompa, 2001 ; Pombo, 1998)
Tactical FunctionTactical Function Strength ManifestationsStrength Manifestations
AttackersAttackers Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration,Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration,
Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force,Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force,
Sprints ForceSprints Force
MidfieldersMidfielders Acceleration, Deceleration, Fast ForceAcceleration, Deceleration, Fast Force
Endurance, Jumping Force, SprintsEndurance, Jumping Force, Sprints
Force, Stroke ForceForce, Stroke Force
DefendersDefenders Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration,Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration,
Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force,Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force,
Sprints Force, Stroke ForceSprints Force, Stroke Force
GoalkeepersGoalkeepers Reactive Force, Fast Force Endurance,Reactive Force, Fast Force Endurance,
Explosive ForceExplosive Force

Strength - IVStrength - IV
●
Muscle Biopsies (MHC)Muscle Biopsies (MHC) –– Youth Soccer PlayersYouth Soccer Players
(Adapted from Metaxas et al, 2014)(Adapted from Metaxas et al, 2014)
GROUPGROUP AGEAGE
(years)(years)
Years ofYears of
TrainingTraining
FibersFibers
Type IType I
FibersFibers
Type IIAType IIA
CSACSA PP NMFNMF SatelliteSatellite
CellsCells
AA 11,2+-11,2+-
0,40,4
3,7+-3,7+-
1,51,5
____
+18,1%+18,1%
____ p<0,01*p<0,01* 482+482+
-182-182
80+-80+-
4040
BB 13,1+-13,1+-
0,50,5
6,6+-6,6+-
1,61,6
____
+18,4%+18,4% **** ______
508+508+
-203-203
97+-97+-
4040
CC 15,2+-15,2+-
0,60,6
8,0+-8,0+-
1,11,1
--
21,3%*21,3%*
____
****
0,05**0,05**
<p<0,00<p<0,00
11
527+527+
-312-312
87+-87+-
4040

Strength - VStrength - V
●
Maximum StrengthMaximum Strength – 2 years – Youth Players –– 2 years – Youth Players – Part 1Part 1
(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)
CohortCohort GROUPGROUP T1 Front SquatT1 Front Squat
(Kg)(Kg)
T2 Front SquatT2 Front Squat
(Kg)(Kg)
Changes T1-T2Changes T1-T2
(%)(%)
A (U-19)A (U-19) STGSTG 53,8+-6,853,8+-6,8 106,2+-10106,2+-10 101,6+-43*101,6+-43*
CGCG 54,5+-6,954,5+-6,9 65+-1065+-10 20,9+-22,920,9+-22,9
B (U-17)B (U-17) STGSTG 46,2+-7,446,2+-7,4 97,8+-13,397,8+-13,3 115,1+-34,4*115,1+-34,4*
CGCG 35,6+-7,535,6+-7,5 51,5+-10,151,5+-10,1 49,8+-39,649,8+-39,6
C (U-15)C (U-15) STGSTG 21,4+-8,521,4+-8,5 81,4+-14,481,4+-14,4 312,5+-312,5+-
118,6*118,6*
CGCG 25,7+-13,325,7+-13,3 36,1+-6,636,1+-6,6 62,3+-53,862,3+-53,8

Strength - VIStrength - VI
●
Maximum StrengthMaximum Strength – 2 years – Youth Players -– 2 years – Youth Players - Part 2Part 2
(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)
CohortCohort GROUPGROUP T1 Back SquatT1 Back Squat
(Kg)(Kg)
T2 Back SquatT2 Back Squat
(Kg)(Kg)
Changes T1-T2Changes T1-T2
(%)(%)
A (U-19)A (U-19) STGSTG 61,2+-1061,2+-10 120,4+-11,4120,4+-11,4 101,6+-37*101,6+-37*
CGCG 69,5+-12,969,5+-12,9 87,7+-10,187,7+-10,1 29,2+-22,729,2+-22,7
B (U-17)B (U-17) STGSTG 52+-10,752+-10,7 113+-15,2113+-15,2 123+-38,5*123+-38,5*
CGCG 41,7+-11,641,7+-11,6 65+-11,265+-11,2 67+-51,467+-51,4
C (U-15)C (U-15) STGSTG 25+-9,625+-9,6 90+-13,590+-13,5 290,9+-290,9+-
107,8*107,8*
CGCG 32,9+-16,132,9+-16,1 46,8+-10,946,8+-10,9 59,7+-43,459,7+-43,4

Strength - VIIStrength - VII
●
Two TeamsTwo Teams – (n=29) - Norwegian– (n=29) - Norwegian Elite DivisionElite Division
(Adapted from Wisloff et al, 1998)(Adapted from Wisloff et al, 1998)
TESTSTESTS
(Average Results)(Average Results)
ABSOLUTEABSOLUTE
StrengthStrength
RELATIVERELATIVE
StrengthStrength
1RM Squat1RM Squat
(Kg)(Kg)
150 (17,2)150 (17,2) 8,0 (0,9) Kg.mb8,0 (0,9) Kg.mb
1RM Bench Press1RM Bench Press
(Kg)(Kg)
79,9 (13,6)79,9 (13,6) 4,4 (0,8) Kg.mb4,4 (0,8) Kg.mb
Vertical JumpVertical Jump
(cm)(cm)
54,9 (5,3)54,9 (5,3) ________

Strength - VIIIStrength - VIII
●
1RM1RM Back SquatsBack Squats (2sw – 6 weeks) –(2sw – 6 weeks) – Youth PlayersYouth Players
(Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)(Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)
TYPE OFTYPE OF
STRENGTHSTRENGTH
BEFOREBEFORE AFTERAFTER Effect Size (Effect Size (dd))
ABSOLUTEABSOLUTE
(Kg)(Kg)
125,4+-13,78125,4+-13,78 149,3+-16,62*149,3+-16,62* 0,620,62
RELATIVERELATIVE
(Kg.Kg.-1)(Kg.Kg.-1)
1,66+-0,241,66+-0,24 1,96+-0,29*1,96+-0,29*
*p<0,001*p<0,001
0,450,45

Strength - IXStrength - IX
(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)
TESTSTESTS FirstFirst
DivisionDivision
SecondSecond
DivisionDivision
AmateurAmateur FF
RatioRatio
PP
SJSJ
(cm)(cm)
38,4838,48
(3,80)(3,80)
33,8633,86
(7,47)(7,47)
39,8339,83
(5,15)(5,15)
9,719,71 P<0,001P<0,001
CMJCMJ
(cm)(cm)
41,5641,56
(4,18)(4,18)
39,7139,71
(5,17)(5,17)
43,9343,93
(5,65)(5,65)
5,595,59 P<0,01P<0,01
Ball SpeedBall Speed
(Kmh)(Kmh)
106,37106,37
(12,89)(12,89)
106,94106,94
(7,52)(7,52)
107,77107,77
(5,71)(5,71)
0,190,19 0,830,83

Strength - XStrength - X
●
YouthYouth Soccer PlayersSoccer Players (n=70)(n=70) - U-14- U-14
(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)
(n=10)(n=10)
DefenderDefender
(n=20)(n=20)
(n=25)(n=25)
ForwardForward
(n=15)(n=15)
PP
VerticalVertical
JumpJump
(cm)(cm)
52,5+-52,5+-
5,75,7
54,3+-54,3+-
7,77,7
53,2+-53,2+-
12,912,9
53,9+-53,9+-
6,16,1
NSNS
BallBall
ShootingShooting
(Kmh)(Kmh)
73,4+-73,4+-
13,313,3
73,1+-73,1+-
12,112,1
76,3+-76,3+-
8,98,9
67,9+-67,9+-
13,313,3
NSNS
BodyBody
MassMass
(Kg)(Kg)
54,6+-54,6+-
7,37,3
56,2+-56,2+-
6,26,2
52,2+-52,2+-
9,69,6
43,9+-43,9+-
9,59,5
0,001**0,001**

Strength - XIStrength - XI
●
Isocinetic EvaluationIsocinetic Evaluation of Lower Limb Muscle Powerof Lower Limb Muscle Power
(Adapted from Rinaldi et al,(Adapted from Rinaldi et al, no dateno date))
GROUPGROUP 6060 degrees seconddegrees second
Extension FlexionExtension Flexion
300300 degrees seconddegrees second
Extension FlexionExtension Flexion
DefenderDefender
Center ForwardCenter Forward
225+-26,9 225+-26,9
132+-22,7 Nm*132+-22,7 Nm*
181,2+-181 181,2+-181
155,3+-22,7 Nm155,3+-22,7 Nm
MidfielderMidfielder 221,8+-47,12 221,8+-47,12
139+-29,3 Nm*139+-29,3 Nm*
185,6+-76,5 185,6+-76,5
147+-33,1 Nm147+-33,1 Nm
Full BackFull Back
WingerWinger
214+-19,72 214+-19,72
134+-21,9 Nm134+-21,9 Nm
197,7+-31,7 197,7+-31,7
66,8+-19,1 Nm*66,8+-19,1 Nm*

Speed - ISpeed - I
●
PerceptionPerception
●
AnticipationAnticipation
●
ReactionReaction
●
MovementMovement
●
AccelerationAcceleration
●
DisplacementDisplacement
SPEEDSPEED
EnduranceEndurance

Speed - IISpeed - II
(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)
10m10m
(s)(s)
1,8041,804
(0,063)(0,063)
1,8181,818
(0,058)(0,058)
1,8591,859
(0,075)(0,075)
5,205,20 P<0,01P<0,01
30m30m
(s)(s)
4,2234,223
(0,192)(0,192)
4,2494,249
(0,147)(0,147)
4,2944,294
(0,141)(0,141)
1,301,30 0,280,28
TESTSTESTS FirstFirst
DivisionDivision
SecondSecond
DivisionDivision
AmateurAmateur FF
RatioRatio
PP

Speed - IIISpeed - III
●
YouthYouth Soccer Players (n=70)Soccer Players (n=70) - U-14- U-14
(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)
(n=10)(n=10)
DefenderDefender
(n=20)(n=20)
(n=25)(n=25)
ForwardForward
(n=15)(n=15)
PP
10m sprint10m sprint
(s)(s)
2,06+-2,06+-
0,120,12
2,09+-2,09+-
0,230,23
2,05+-2,05+-
0,140,14
2,07+-2,07+-
0,150,15
NSNS
30m sprint30m sprint
(s)(s)
4,92+-4,92+-
0,320,32
4,81+-4,81+-
0,360,36
4,82+-4,82+-
0,310,31
4,96+-4,96+-
0,400,40
NSNS
BodyBody
MassMass
(Kg)(Kg)
54,6+-54,6+-
7,37,3
56,2+-56,2+-
6,26,2
52,2+-52,2+-
9,69,6
43,9+-43,9+-
9,59,5
0,001**0,001**

Speed - IVSpeed - IV
●
1 RM1 RM BS+RD+NLBS+RD+NL in Short Sprints (2sw per 6 weeks)in Short Sprints (2sw per 6 weeks)
(Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)(Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)
TESTSTESTS BEFOREBEFORE AFTERAFTER Effect Size (Effect Size (dd))
5-m sprint (s)5-m sprint (s) 1,11+-0,041,11+-0,04 1,05+-0,03*1,05+-0,03* 0,550,55
10-m sprint (s)10-m sprint (s) 1,83+-0,051,83+-0,05 1,78+-0,05*1,78+-0,05* 0,450,45
20-m sprint (s)20-m sprint (s) 3,09+-0,073,09+-0,07 3,05+-0,05*3,05+-0,05*
*p<0,001*p<0,001
0,310,31

Speed - VSpeed - V
●
Normative ValuesNormative Values Sprint PerformanceSprint Performance (U-10 to U15)(U-10 to U15)
(Adapted from Nikolaidis et al, 2016)(Adapted from Nikolaidis et al, 2016)
CategoryCategory 20m sprint20m sprint 0-10m split0-10m split 10-20m split10-20m split
U-10U-10 4,824,82 4,334,33 5,465,46
U-11U-11 4,854,85 4,224,22 5,625,62
U-12U-12 5,145,14 4,594,59 5,885,88
U-13U-13 5,245,24 4,444,44 6,256,25
U-14U-14 5,715,71 4,984,98 6,806,80
U-15U-15 5,805,80 5,035,03 6,946,94

Speed - VISpeed - VI
●
Normative ValuesNormative Values Sprint PerformanceSprint Performance (U-16 to U-21)(U-16 to U-21)
U-16 5,995,99 5,155,15 7,357,35
U-17 6,336,33 5,435,43 7,527,52
U-18 6,216,21 5,385,38 7,637,63
U-19 6,476,47 5,465,46 7,877,87
U-20 6,436,43 5,595,59 7,757,75
U-21 6,256,25 5,385,38 7,817,81

Speed - VIISpeed - VII
●
Normative ValuesNormative Values Sprint PerformanceSprint Performance (U-25 to U-35)(U-25 to U-35)
U-25U-25 6,436,43 5,465,46 7,817,81
U-30U-30 6,236,23 5,355,35 7,637,63
U-35U-35 6,296,29 5,355,35 7,587,58

Speed - VIIISpeed - VIII
●
Anaerobic Speed Endurance TrainingAnaerobic Speed Endurance Training (2 sw – 4 weeks)(2 sw – 4 weeks)
(Adapted from Mohr & Krustrup, 2016)(Adapted from Mohr & Krustrup, 2016)
TRAININGTRAINING YYIR-2YYIR-2 RSTRST PP
Speed EnduranceSpeed Endurance
Production (SEP)Production (SEP)
+50,0+-8,0%*+50,0+-8,0%* +2,1+-0,3%+2,1+-0,3% <0,001<0,001
Maintenance (SEM)Maintenance (SEM)
+26,0+-5,0%+26,0+-5,0% +1,3+-0,4%+1,3+-0,4% 0,03*0,03*
TRAININGTRAINING RST FatigueRST Fatigue
IndexIndex
Peak andPeak and
Average SpeedAverage Speed
______
Production (SEP)Production (SEP)
-4,4+-0,8 to-4,4+-0,8 to
3,4+-0,5%**3,4+-0,5%**
24,5+-0,3 vs24,5+-0,3 vs
19,2+-0,3 Kmh-119,2+-0,3 Kmh-1
<0,04**<0,04**
Maintenance (SEM)Maintenance (SEM)
______ 15,5+-0,1 vs15,5+-0,1 vs
9,4+-0,1 Kmh-19,4+-0,1 Kmh-1
______

Speed - IXSpeed - IX
●
Correlation of theCorrelation of the Explosive ForceExplosive Force of the Soccer Playersof the Soccer Players
Lower Limbs withLower Limbs with Sprint Speeds:Sprint Speeds:
a)a) 10m10m (r=-0,74)(r=-0,74)
b)b) 20m (r=-0,73)20m (r=-0,73)
c)c) 30m30m (r=-0,81)(r=-0,81)
d)d) 40m40m (r=-0,88)(r=-0,88)
(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)

Agility - IAgility - I
●
Multi-directional Nature:Multi-directional Nature:
a)a) Physiological CapacitiesPhysiological Capacities
b)b) Biomechanical AbilitiesBiomechanical Abilities
c) Advanced Cognitive Strategiesc) Advanced Cognitive Strategies
(W(Wheeler, 2009)heeler, 2009)

Agility - IIAgility - II
(Wheeler, 2009)(Wheeler, 2009)
TYPESTYPES CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
SIMPLESIMPLE Planned MovementPlanned Movement
Planned EnviromentPlanned Enviroment
TEMPORALTEMPORAL Planned MovementPlanned Movement
Unplanned EnviromentUnplanned Enviroment
SPATIALSPATIAL Unplanned MovementUnplanned Movement
Planned EnviromentPlanned Enviroment
UNIVERSALUNIVERSAL Unplanned MovementUnplanned Movement
Unplanned EnviromentUnplanned Enviroment

Agility - IIIAgility - III
●
Multi-directional Sprints Movements:Multi-directional Sprints Movements:
a)a) StabilityStability
b)b) BalanceBalance
●
Sport-specific Movements:Sport-specific Movements:
1)1) Dynamic StateDynamic State (Deceleration)(Deceleration)
2)2) Static StateStatic State (Stopping to Change Direction)(Stopping to Change Direction)
3)3) Dynamic StateDynamic State (Reacceleration)(Reacceleration)
(Lockie et al, 2016)(Lockie et al, 2016)

Agility - IVAgility - IV
(Adapted from Lockie et al, 2016)(Adapted from Lockie et al, 2016)
POSITIONSPOSITIONS 0-10m0-10m 0-20m0-20m 0-40m0-40m T-testT-test CODATCODAT
AnterolateralAnterolateral 0,1570,157 0,1490,149 0,4460,446 0,502*0,502* 0,804**0,804**
LateralLateral 0,1030,103 0,1810,181 0,3940,394 0,679**0,679** 0,547*0,547*
PosterolateralPosterolateral 0,2320,232 -0,131-0,131 0,0500,050 0,2180,218 0,597*0,597*
PosteromedialPosteromedial 0,682**0,682** 0,3190,319 0,4290,429 0,3790,379 0,594*0,594*
MedialMedial 0,0650,065 0,0000,000 0,1350,135 -0,109-0,109 0,1760,176
AnteromedialAnteromedial 0,2010,201 0,1710,171 0,2330,233 0,3130,313 0,1120,112
P<0,05*P<0,05* P<0,01**P<0,01**

CoordinationCoordination
●
Eye-footEye-foot
●
Eye-handEye-hand
●
Orientation spatiotemporalOrientation spatiotemporal
●
LateralityLaterality
●
PrecisionPrecision
●
Anticipatory TimingAnticipatory Timing

FlexibilityFlexibility
●
MobilityMobility
●
ElasticityElasticity
a)a) Plastic ComponentsPlastic Components
b)b) Elastic ComponentsElastic Components
(Dantas, 1999 ; Boyle, 2015)(Dantas, 1999 ; Boyle, 2015)

Physical ConditioningPhysical Conditioning
●
General Physical PreparationGeneral Physical Preparation
●
Physical Preparation Specific:Physical Preparation Specific:
a)a) Individualized Tactic by FunctionIndividualized Tactic by Function
b)b) Team Style of PlayTeam Style of Play

Training TypesTraining Types
●
TechnicalTechnical
●
PhysicalPhysical
●
Technical-tacticalTechnical-tactical
●
Technical-physicalTechnical-physical
●
Technical-tactical-physicalTechnical-tactical-physical

Physical Assessment - IPhysical Assessment - I
1) FIELD TESTING1) FIELD TESTING
●
EnduranceEndurance (VO2max, Yo-Yo test, etc)(VO2max, Yo-Yo test, etc)
●
StrengthStrength (SJ, CMJ, HJ, DJ, SBJ, BPT, 1RM Squat, Bench Press,(SJ, CMJ, HJ, DJ, SBJ, BPT, 1RM Squat, Bench Press,
Deadlift, etc)Deadlift, etc)
●
AgilityAgility (10m shuttle run, Zig-zag agility, T-test, Pro-agility, etc)(10m shuttle run, Zig-zag agility, T-test, Pro-agility, etc)
●
SpeedSpeed (5, 10, 15, 20, 30m sprint, etc)(5, 10, 15, 20, 30m sprint, etc)
●
Position-specific drillsPosition-specific drills
●
FMSFMS ++ Y-Balance TestY-Balance Test ++ Global Postural AnalysisGlobal Postural Analysis
2) LABORATORY TESTING2) LABORATORY TESTING
●
Isokinetic evaluation, Wingate test, Medical Injury Evaluation,Isokinetic evaluation, Wingate test, Medical Injury Evaluation,
Biochemical Tests, Endocrine Tests, Dental evaluation, etcBiochemical Tests, Endocrine Tests, Dental evaluation, etc

Physical Assessment - IIPhysical Assessment - II
●
Biochemical TestsBiochemical Tests
(Santos Silva et al, 1999)(Santos Silva et al, 1999)
HemoglobinHemoglobin ErythrocytesErythrocytes
IronIron GlucoseGlucose
FerritinFerritin Parasitological StoolParasitological Stool
TransferrinTransferrin UrinalysisUrinalysis
HematocritHematocrit Biological MarkersBiological Markers

Physical Assessment - IIIPhysical Assessment - III
●
PeriodicityPeriodicity
●
Forms of AnalysisForms of Analysis
●
Structural ResourcesStructural Resources
●
Staff ResourcesStaff Resources
●
QUESTIONS:QUESTIONS:
a)a) What to do?What to do?
b)b) How to make?How to make?
c)c) Why do?Why do?
d)d) It is efficient?It is efficient?

Types of Fatigue - ITypes of Fatigue - I
●
Periferic Fatigue **Periferic Fatigue **
a)a) Neuromuscular ***Neuromuscular ***
b)b) Cardiovascular *Cardiovascular *
c)c) Metabolic **Metabolic **
●
Central FatigueCentral Fatigue
(Noakes, 2000 ;(Noakes, 2000 ; Mohr et al, 2005 ; Bangsbo et al, 2007)Mohr et al, 2005 ; Bangsbo et al, 2007)

Types of Fatigue - IITypes of Fatigue - II
(Adapted from Platonov(Adapted from Platonov apudapud Vretaros, 2015)Vretaros, 2015)
VISIBLEVISIBLE
FatigueFatigue
AcuteAcute Non-Non-
residualresidual
CompensatoryCompensatory Risk ofRisk of
OverreachingOverreaching
Non-functionalNon-functional
HIDDENHIDDEN
FatigueFatigue
ChronicChronic ResidualResidual
Non-Non-
compensatorycompensatory
Risk ofRisk of
OvertrainingOvertraining

Types of Fatigue - IIITypes of Fatigue - III
●
SYMPTOMS:SYMPTOMS:
1)1) PhysiologicalPhysiological
2)2) BiochemistsBiochemists
3)3) ImmunologicalImmunological
4)4) PsychologicalPsychological
(Checchi, 2013)(Checchi, 2013)

Types of Fatigue - IVTypes of Fatigue - IV
●
MEASURINGMEASURING the Physiologicalthe Physiological Stress of FatigueStress of Fatigue::
a)a) CkCk
b)b) TestosteroneCortisol RatioTestosteroneCortisol Ratio
c)c) LDHLDH
d)d) Neuromuscular TestsNeuromuscular Tests
e)e) Scales of Subjective PerceptionScales of Subjective Perception

Types of Fatigue - VTypes of Fatigue - V
●
GlycogenGlycogen
●
DehydrationDehydration
●
ProprioceptionProprioception

Types of Fatigue - VITypes of Fatigue - VI
●
GLYCOGEN:GLYCOGEN:
a)a) Fast twitch fibersFast twitch fibers (287,4+-41,2 mmolglucose)(287,4+-41,2 mmolglucose)
b)b) Slow-twitch fibersSlow-twitch fibers (182,2+-34,5 mmolglucose)(182,2+-34,5 mmolglucose)
(Nicholas et al, 1999)

Types of Fatigue - VIITypes of Fatigue - VII
●
DEHYDRATION:DEHYDRATION:
●
(n=156)(n=156) Professional Soccer PlayersProfessional Soccer Players
a)a) 0,6%0,6% HydratedHydrated
b)b) 9,0%9,0% Minimal DehydrationMinimal Dehydration
c)c) 76,9%76,9% Significant DehydrationSignificant Dehydration
d)d) 13,5%13,5% Serious DehydrationSerious Dehydration
(Castro-Sepúlveda et al, 2015)(Castro-Sepúlveda et al, 2015)

Types of Fatigue - VIIITypes of Fatigue - VIII
●
DEHYDRATION:DEHYDRATION:
a)a) CMJCMJ (-2,6%)(-2,6%)
b)b) 3 sets of sprints of 30 m3 sets of sprints of 30 m (-8,2%)(-8,2%)
(Mohr et al, 2010)(Mohr et al, 2010)

Types of Fatigue - IXTypes of Fatigue - IX
●
DEHYDRATION HYDRATION:DEHYDRATION HYDRATION:
a)a) Pre, during and post GamePre, during and post Game
b)b) Water, Carbohydrate and ElectrolytesWater, Carbohydrate and Electrolytes
c)c) HyperhydrationHyperhydration
d)d) AcclimatizationAcclimatization
e)e) ClothingClothing
f)f) Body Weight ControlBody Weight Control
g)g) Urine ControlUrine Control
(Vretaros, 1998 ; Monteiro et al, 2003)(Vretaros, 1998 ; Monteiro et al, 2003)

Types of Fatigue - XTypes of Fatigue - X
●
PROPRIOCEPTION:PROPRIOCEPTION:
●
Muscle Responses in Extremely Fast ConditionsMuscle Responses in Extremely Fast Conditions
a)a) Joint StabilityJoint Stability
b)b) Muscle StabilityMuscle Stability
c)c) Proprioceptive FeedbackProprioceptive Feedback
d)d) INJURIES ¨¨INJURIES ¨¨
(Ergen & Ulkar, 2008 ; Santos Silva et al, 2006)(Ergen & Ulkar, 2008 ; Santos Silva et al, 2006)

Types of Fatigue - XITypes of Fatigue - XI
●
SPRINTS ABILITYSPRINTS ABILITY
(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)
MUSCLE FACTORSMUSCLE FACTORS
Muscle Excitability,Muscle Excitability,
Limitations on Energy Supply,Limitations on Energy Supply,
Accumulation of MetabolitesAccumulation of Metabolites
NEURAL FACTORSNEURAL FACTORS
Neural Unit,Neural Unit,
Muscle Recruitment StrategiesMuscle Recruitment Strategies
OTHERSOTHERS
Regulation of Muscle Stiffness,Regulation of Muscle Stiffness,
Environmental DisturbancesEnvironmental Disturbances

Biomechanics of the Kick - IBiomechanics of the Kick - I
●
Kinesiological Analysis:Kinesiological Analysis: Sagittal PlaneSagittal Plane andand Frontal AxisFrontal Axis
a)a) Knee (sudden and rapid extension)Knee (sudden and rapid extension)
b)b) Hip FlexionHip Flexion
c)c) Contraction of the CoreContraction of the Core
d)d) Ankle (plantar flexion)Ankle (plantar flexion)
1)1) Dominant LegDominant Leg
2)2) Non-dominant LegNon-dominant Leg
(Adapted from Machado et al, 2014)(Adapted from Machado et al, 2014)

Biomechanics of the Kick - IIBiomechanics of the Kick - II
●
ConsecutiveConsecutive Soccer Instep Kicks –Soccer Instep Kicks – Part 1Part 1
(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)
VARIABLESVARIABLES K-1K-1 K-2K-2 K-3K-3 K-4K-4 K-5K-5
LAVLAV 40,26+-40,26+-
0,430,43
40,06+-40,06+-
0,530,53
39,87+-39,87+-
0,500,50
39,50+-39,50+-
0,510,51
32,28+-32,28+-
0,46*0,46*
TAVTAV 18,83+18,83+
-0,29-0,29
18,80+-18,80+-
0,250,25
18,74+-18,74+-
0,230,23
18,60+-18,60+-
0,210,21
18,51+-18,51+-
0,210,21
LMLM 92,13+-92,13+-
0,980,98
91,66+-91,66+-
1,211,21
91,23+-91,23+-
1,141,14
89,78+-89,78+-
1,16*1,16*
89,26+-89,26+-
1,05*1,05*
TMTM 20,58+-20,58+-
0,320,32
20,54+-20,54+-
0,270,27
20,48+-20,48+-
0,260,26
20,22+-20,22+-
0,230,23
20,12+-20,12+-
0,230,23

Biomechanics of the Kick - IIIBiomechanics of the Kick - III
●
ConsecutiveConsecutive Soccer Instep Kicks –Soccer Instep Kicks – Part 2Part 2
(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)
VARIABLESVARIABLES K-6K-6 K-7K-7 K-8K-8 K-9K-9 K-10K-10
LAVLAV 39,04+-39,04+-
0,35*0,35*
39,02+-39,02+-
0,29*0,29*
38,81+-38,81+-
0,31*0,31*
38,09+-38,09+-
0,19*0,19*
37,67+-37,67+-
0,41*0,41*
TAVTAV 18,23+-18,23+-
0,19*0,19*
18,17+-18,17+-
0,34*0,34*
18,09+-18,09+-
0,21*0,21*
17,87+-17,87+-
0,08*0,08*
17,67+-17,67+-
0,18*0,18*
LMLM 88,74+-88,74+-
0,79*0,79*
88,68+-88,68+-
0,65*0,65*
86,82+-86,82+-
0,69*0,69*
85,21+-85,21+-
0,43*0,43*
84,27+-84,27+-
0,92*0,92*
TMTM 19,82+-19,82+-
0,21*0,21*
19,65+-19,65+-
0,37*0,37*
19,56+-19,56+-
0,22*0,22*
19,32+-19,32+-
0,08*0,08*
19,11+-19,11+-
0,19*0,19*

Injuries - IInjuries - I
( Marujo, 2014)( Marujo, 2014)
EXTRINSIC FactorsEXTRINSIC Factors
Environment,Environment,
Playing Field,Playing Field,
Equipment,Equipment,
Game Rules,Game Rules,
etcetc
INTRINSIC FactorsINTRINSIC Factors
Muscle Weakness,Muscle Weakness,
Instability,Instability,
Fatigue,Fatigue,
Lack of FlexibilityLack of Flexibility

Injuries - IIInjuries - II
●
In TrainingIn Training (54,54%)(54,54%)
●
In MatchesIn Matches (45,45%)(45,45%)
(Nascimento et al, 2015)(Nascimento et al, 2015)

Injuries - IIIInjuries - III
●
Most Injuries in theMost Injuries in the Lower Limbs:Lower Limbs:
a)a) KneeKnee
b)b) ThighThigh
c)c) AnkleAnkle
d)d) Fatigue InjuriesFatigue Injuries
(Costa, 2011)(Costa, 2011)

Injuries - IVInjuries - IV
(Checchi, 2013)(Checchi, 2013)
SLIGHT InjurySLIGHT Injury 1 to 3 days of absence1 to 3 days of absence
MILD InjuryMILD Injury 3 to 7 days of absence3 to 7 days of absence
MODERATE InjuryMODERATE Injury 8 to 28 days of absence8 to 28 days of absence
SERIOUS InjurySERIOUS Injury Above 28 days of absenceAbove 28 days of absence

Injuries - VInjuries - V
●
Severity of Injury Duration of Absence Period:Severity of Injury Duration of Absence Period:
1)1) Trauma SeverityTrauma Severity
2)2) Nature of Injured TissueNature of Injured Tissue
3)3) Intensity CureIntensity Cure
4)4) Age of AthleteAge of Athlete
5)5) Treatment and Rehabilitation ParticularitiesTreatment and Rehabilitation Particularities
6)6) Character the Training ActivityCharacter the Training Activity
(Platonov, 2008)(Platonov, 2008)

Injuries - VIInjuries - VI
LINE PLAYERSLINE PLAYERS
Incidence PatternIncidence Pattern
AUTHORAUTHOR
2,42 per 1000 hours2,42 per 1000 hours Pedrinelli et al, 2013Pedrinelli et al, 2013
7,2 per 1000 hours7,2 per 1000 hours Dias, 2011Dias, 2011

Injuries - VII
(Strand et al, 2011)(Strand et al, 2011)
GOALKEEPERSGOALKEEPERS
Incidence PatternIncidence Pattern
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
27,9 per 1000 hours27,9 per 1000 hours In MatchesIn Matches
23,6 per 1000 hours23,6 per 1000 hours In TrainingIn Training

Injuries - VIIIInjuries - VIII
●
FemaleFemale Soccer PlayersSoccer Players
(Berredo & Malschik, 2010)(Berredo & Malschik, 2010)
Ankle (16)Ankle (16) Leg (02)Leg (02)
Shoulder (04)Shoulder (04) Ligament (10)Ligament (10)
Hand (01)Hand (01) Fracture (04)Fracture (04)
Finger (01)Finger (01) Dislocation (01)Dislocation (01)
Lumbar (01)Lumbar (01) Muscle (02)Muscle (02)
Pelvis Sacro (01)Pelvis Sacro (01) Sprain (10)Sprain (10)
Thigh (02)Thigh (02) Other (03)Other (03)
Knee (06)Knee (06) Without Diagnosis (04Without Diagnosis (04))

Injuries - IXInjuries - IX
●
Professional MaleProfessional Male Soccer Players - One SeasonSoccer Players - One Season
(Nascimento et al, 2015)(Nascimento et al, 2015)
Ankle SprainsAnkle Sprains
(18.18%)(18.18%)
Low Back PainLow Back Pain
(18.18%)(18.18%)
Thigh DistensionThigh Distension
(18.18%)(18.18%)
TendonitisTendonitis
(9.09%)(9.09%)
Knee DislocationKnee Dislocation
(9.09%)(9.09%)
Direct Mechanical ContactDirect Mechanical Contact
(36.36%)(36.36%)
Knee SprainsKnee Sprains
(18.18%)(18.18%)
Repetitive OverloadRepetitive Overload
(27.27%)(27.27%)
ContusionContusion
(9,09%)(9,09%)
MidfieldersMidfielders
(44.44%)(44.44%)

Injuries - XInjuries - X
●
Male AmateurMale Amateur Soccer Players -Soccer Players - 01 Championship01 Championship
(Adapted from Zanuto et al, 2010)(Adapted from Zanuto et al, 2010)
43% Minor Injuries43% Minor Injuries 10% Knee10% Knee
33% Moderate Injury33% Moderate Injury 10% Leg10% Leg
24% Serious Injuries24% Serious Injuries 10% Upper Extremities10% Upper Extremities
38% Thigh38% Thigh 5% Foot5% Foot
24% Ankle24% Ankle 5% Trunk5% Trunk

Knee InjuriesKnee Injuries
●
LCALCA in Soccer Playersin Soccer Players
(Fernandes, 2007)(Fernandes, 2007)
EXTERNAL FactorsEXTERNAL Factors
Level of CompetitionLevel of Competition
Number of Matches in theNumber of Matches in the
SeasonSeason
Sports ShoesSports Shoes
INTERNAL FactorsINTERNAL Factors
Age, SexAge, Sex
Anatomical ChangesAnatomical Changes
Joint StabilityJoint Stability
Strength, Agility, CoordinationStrength, Agility, Coordination
History of InjuriesHistory of Injuries

Ankle Injuries - IAnkle Injuries - I
●
YoungYoung Soccer Players (15-17 years old)Soccer Players (15-17 years old)
(Beirão & Marques, 2008)(Beirão & Marques, 2008)
INCIDENCEINCIDENCE CAUSECAUSE
36%36% Direct TraumaDirect Trauma
43%43% Field of PlayField of Play
7%7% Obstacles (stepping on theObstacles (stepping on the
ball, on the foot, etc.)ball, on the foot, etc.)
14%14% Body ImbalanceBody Imbalance
86%86% Inversion SprainsInversion Sprains
14%14% Eversion SprainsEversion Sprains

Ankle Injuries - IIAnkle Injuries - II
(Beirão & Marques, 2008)(Beirão & Marques, 2008)
FUNCTIONFUNCTION INCIDENCEINCIDENCE
DefendersDefenders 21%21%
Left LateralLeft Lateral 7%7%
MidfieldersMidfielders 36%36%
AttackersAttackers 36%36%

Hip Injuries - IHip Injuries - I
●
PubalgiaPubalgia
(Azevedo et al, 1999 ; Oliveira, 2011)(Azevedo et al, 1999 ; Oliveira, 2011)
MECHANISMMECHANISM CAUSECAUSE
Hip RotatorsHip Rotators Compensatory MovementsCompensatory Movements
(internal andor external)(internal andor external)
ShearShear
Hamstrings andor IliopsoasHamstrings andor Iliopsoas ShorteningShortening
Sacroiliac JointSacroiliac Joint InstabilityInstability
Reduced MobilityReduced Mobility

Hip Injuries - IIHip Injuries - II
●
MUSCLES inMUSCLES in PUBALGIA:PUBALGIA:
a)a) Rectus AbdominisRectus Abdominis
b)b) Long AdductorLong Adductor
c)c) Gluteus MediusGluteus Medius
(Silva et al, 2011)(Silva et al, 2011)

Hamstring Injuries - IHamstring Injuries - I
●
HAMSTRING:HAMSTRING:
a)a) Femoral BicepsFemoral Biceps
b)b) SemitendinousSemitendinous
c)c) SemimembranousSemimembranous
(Kamel, 2004)(Kamel, 2004)

Hamstring Injuries - IIHamstring Injuries - II
●
Predominant Injury Mechanism:Predominant Injury Mechanism: High-speed RunningHigh-speed Running
●
AccelerationsAccelerations
●
DecelerationsDecelerations
●
Eccentric Actions:Eccentric Actions:
a)a) HipHip (flexion)(flexion)
b)b) KneeKnee (reduction of flexion)(reduction of flexion)
(Duhig et al, 2016 ; Rodrigues et al, 2007 ; Carlson, 2008)(Duhig et al, 2016 ; Rodrigues et al, 2007 ; Carlson, 2008)

Hamstring Injuries - IIIHamstring Injuries - III
●
Balance of MusculatureBalance of Musculature IndexIndex::
a)a) QuadricepsQuadriceps
b)b) HamstringHamstring
●
Deficit ofDeficit of 10%10%
(Gonçalves, 2000)(Gonçalves, 2000)

Hamstring Injuries - IVHamstring Injuries - IV
●
Type of Evaluation EmployedType of Evaluation Employed
●
Deficit of Eccentric StrengthDeficit of Eccentric Strength
●
Unilateral or Bilateral Deficit in quadriceps hamstringUnilateral or Bilateral Deficit in quadriceps hamstring
ratioratio
●
FatigueFatigue
●
Performance LevelPerformance Level
(Navarro et al, 2015)(Navarro et al, 2015)

Loads versus InjuriesLoads versus Injuries
●
SOFT TISSUE INJURIESSOFT TISSUE INJURIES (non-contact)(non-contact)::
1)1) Dose-response RelationshipDose-response Relationship
2)2) > 10% - Week-to-week Change> 10% - Week-to-week Change
3)3) ACUTE Training LoadACUTE Training Load
4)4) CHRONIC Training LoadCHRONIC Training Load
5)5) PEAK LoadsPEAK Loads
6)6) Adaptation to the Demands of GameAdaptation to the Demands of Game
(Gabbett, 2015)(Gabbett, 2015)

Injury Prevention - IInjury Prevention - I
●
Injury ProblemsInjury Problems (number, incidence, time trends,(number, incidence, time trends,
severity, consequences, impairments, disabilities andseverity, consequences, impairments, disabilities and
costs)costs)
●
Etiology, Risks Factors, and Mechanisms of InjuriesEtiology, Risks Factors, and Mechanisms of Injuries
●
Preventive Measure or ProgrammePreventive Measure or Programme
●
Assessing the Effectiveness andAssessing the Effectiveness and
Cost Effectiveness of the Preventive ActionCost Effectiveness of the Preventive Action
(Adapted from Parkkari, Kujala & Kannus, 2001)(Adapted from Parkkari, Kujala & Kannus, 2001)

Injury Prevention - IIInjury Prevention - II
(Adapted from Vretaros, 2002 ; Vretaros, 2015)(Adapted from Vretaros, 2002 ; Vretaros, 2015)
InjuredInjured
Soccer PlayerSoccer Player
SportsSports
Medicine PhysicianMedicine Physician
SportsSports
PhysiotherapistPhysiotherapist
PhysicalPhysical
Preparation CoachPreparation Coach
Examinations,Examinations,
Diagnostic Evaluation,Diagnostic Evaluation,
Treatment IndicationTreatment Indication
Rehabilitation,Rehabilitation,
Functional ReevaluationFunctional Reevaluation
of the Injured Limbof the Injured Limb
Muscle-functionalMuscle-functional
Adaptation for Sport,Adaptation for Sport,
Specific Physical ConditioningSpecific Physical Conditioning

Injury Prevention - IIIInjury Prevention - III
●
AnamnesisAnamnesis
●
Injury HistoryInjury History
●
Mapping of the Most Common InjuriesMapping of the Most Common Injuries
●
TestsTests

Injury Prevention - IVInjury Prevention - IV
●
InspectionInspection
●
Physical ExamPhysical Exam
●
Diagnostic TestingDiagnostic Testing
(De Francesco & Inesta, 2012)(De Francesco & Inesta, 2012)

Injury Prevention - VInjury Prevention - V
●
FIFA 11+FIFA 11+::
a)a) Strength ExercisesStrength Exercises
b)b) PlyometricsPlyometrics
c)c) CoreCore
d)d) StabilityStability
(Costa, 2012)(Costa, 2012)

Injury Prevention - VIInjury Prevention - VI
Warm upWarm up
MobilityMobility
MovementMovement
LearningLearning
ProprioceptionProprioception
CORECORE
StabilityStability
StrengthStrength
PowerPower

Injury Prevention - VIIInjury Prevention - VII
●
ADDITIONAL THERAPIES:ADDITIONAL THERAPIES:
a)a) PilatesPilates
b)b) YogaYoga
c)c) ChiropracticChiropractic
d)d) Global Posture ReeducationGlobal Posture Reeducation
e)e) RolfingRolfing
f)f) And othersAnd others

Periodization - IPeriodization - I
(Pivetti, 2012 ; Borges, 2014 ; Haff & Haff, 2015)(Pivetti, 2012 ; Borges, 2014 ; Haff & Haff, 2015)
MODELSMODELS CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
ClassicClassic Linear, Multifaceted, Long PeriodsLinear, Multifaceted, Long Periods
Undulatory VariationsUndulatory Variations
PEAK: competitive periodPEAK: competitive period
ConjugatedConjugated Phase 1: AccumulationPhase 1: Accumulation
Phase 2: TransmutationPhase 2: Transmutation
Phase 3: RealizationPhase 3: Realization
TacticTactic Technical and Tactical SituationsTechnical and Tactical Situations
Transfer of Fractual OrganizationTransfer of Fractual Organization
Game Model: Ensure ComplexityGame Model: Ensure Complexity

Periodization - IIPeriodization - II
MACROCYCLEMACROCYCLE
MESOCYCLEMESOCYCLE
MICROCYCLEMICROCYCLE
TRAININGTRAINING
UNITUNIT

Periodization - IIIPeriodization - III
●
MICROCYCLE:MICROCYCLE:
●
~ 1 week –~ 1 week – Types:Types:
a)a) IncorporationIncorporation
b)b) OrdinaryOrdinary
c)c) ShockShock
d)d) PrecompetitivePrecompetitive
e)e) CompetitiveCompetitive
f)f) RecuperativeRecuperative
g)g) Control (Dantas, 2014)Control (Dantas, 2014)

Periodization - IVPeriodization - IV
●
LOAD CONTROL:LOAD CONTROL:
1)1) VolumeVolume
2)2) IntensityIntensity
3)3) DensityDensity
4)4) ComplexityComplexity
(Bompa & Haff, 2012)(Bompa & Haff, 2012)

Periodization - VPeriodization - V
(Carravetta, 2012)(Carravetta, 2012)
ANNUAL SEASONANNUAL SEASON REGENERATIVEREGENERATIVE
TRAININGTRAINING
PHYSICALPHYSICAL
TRAININGTRAINING
Technical-Tactical-Technical-Tactical-
TrainingTraining
1 game per week at1 game per week at
17 weeks17 weeks
17 training units17 training units 17 training units17 training units 85 training units85 training units
2 games per week2 games per week
at 25 weeksat 25 weeks
50 training units50 training units ________ 75 training units75 training units
TOTAL: 42 weeksTOTAL: 42 weeks
Mean of 67 gamesMean of 67 games
Total: 67 trainingTotal: 67 training
unitsunits
unitsunits
unitsunits
Five Championships in the SeasonFive Championships in the Season

Periodization - VIPeriodization - VI
(Carravetta, 2012)(Carravetta, 2012)
ANNUAL SEASONANNUAL SEASON REGENERATIVEREGENERATIVE
TRAININGTRAINING
PHYSICALPHYSICAL
TRAININGTRAINING
Technical-Tactical-Technical-Tactical-
TrainingTraining
1 game per week at1 game per week at
28 weeks28 weeks
28 training units28 training units 56 training units56 training units 112 trainng units112 trainng units
2 games per week2 games per week
at 14 weeksat 14 weeks
28 training units28 training units ______ 70 training units70 training units
TOTAL: 42 weeksTOTAL: 42 weeks
and 56 gamesand 56 games
TOTAL: 56 trainingTOTAL: 56 training
unitsunits
TOTAL: 56 trainingTOTAL: 56 training
unitsunits
TOTAL: 182TOTAL: 182
training unitstraining units
Three Championships in the SeasonThree Championships in the Season

Periodization - VIIPeriodization - VII
●
U-15U-15 – Traditional Periodization– Traditional Periodization
(Alves et al, 2009)(Alves et al, 2009)
P1P1 P2P2 P3P3 P4P4
PHYSICALPHYSICAL 54%54% 31%31% 43%43% 18%18%
TECHNIQUETECHNIQUE 28%28% 37%37% 30%30% 38%38%
TACTICTACTIC 18%18% 32%32% 27%27% 44%44%
Total HoursTotal Hours 59,459,4 45,745,7 41,641,6 65,165,1
Number ofNumber of
MicrocyclesMicrocycles
77 66 55 99
Mean Hours Mean Hours
MicrocycleMicrocycle
8,58,5 7,67,6 8,38,3 7,37,3
Mean Hours Mean Hours
SessionSession
1,71,7 1,51,5 1,71,7 1,51,5

Periodization - VIIIPeriodization - VIII
●
Professional Soccer PlayersProfessional Soccer Players
(Oaks & Simali-Garcia, 2013)(Oaks & Simali-Garcia, 2013)
MONTHSMONTHS DURATIONDURATION
(minutes)(minutes)
Intensity % HR maxIntensity % HR max
Training SessionsTraining Sessions
JanuaryJanuary 32873287 76,8976,89
FebruaryFebruary 18291829 80,0580,05
MarchMarch 10621062 73.0173.01
AprilApril 17611761 82,2682,26
MayMay 25752575 80,2480,24
JuneJune 21002100 80,9880,98
JulyJuly 16801680 81,3281,32
AugustAugust 21752175 78,0478,04
SeptemberSeptember 14251425 71,3171,31
OctoberOctober 20852085 79,8679,86
NovemberNovember 19551955 81,3981,39
MeanMean 1994+-586,151994+-586,15 79,40+-2,6279,40+-2,62

Periodization - IXPeriodization - IX
●
ProfessionalProfessional Soccer PlayersSoccer Players
(Ramos da Silva et al, 2006)(Ramos da Silva et al, 2006)
T1 - T2T1 - T2 T2 - T3T2 - T3 T1-T2 to T2-T3T1-T2 to T2-T3
RecoveryRecovery 30 min30 min 44 22 -50%-50%
AerobicAerobic 60 min60 min 44 22 -50%-50%
Specific SoccerSpecific Soccer 30 min30 min 22 44 +100%+100%
Specific SpeedSpecific Speed 40 min40 min 22 44 +100%+100%
TacticalTactical 30 min30 min 22 44 +100%+100%
TechniqueTechnique 40 min40 min 22 44 +100%+100%
Friendly MatchFriendly Match 60 min60 min 33 33 0%0%
RecreativeRecreative 60 min60 min 11 11 0%0%
Type ofType of
TrainingTraining
SessionSession
LengthLength
Weekly FrequencyWeekly Frequency WF -WF -
VariationVariation

Periodization - XPeriodization - X
(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012 ; Silva et al, 2009)(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012 ; Silva et al, 2009)
PERIODIZATIONPERIODIZATION
TACTICTACTIC
GameGame
ModelModel
Tactical =Tactical =
CentralCentral
ComponentComponent
Physical +Physical +
Technique =Technique =
SubordinateSubordinate

Periodization - XIPeriodization - XI
PERIODIZATION TACTICPERIODIZATION TACTIC
FORMAL GAMEFORMAL GAME
Open SystemOpen System
DynamicDynamic
ComplexComplex
Not LinearNot Linear
(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012)(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012)

Periodization - XIIPeriodization - XII
(Adapted from Martins, 2003 ; Pivetti, 2012)(Adapted from Martins, 2003 ; Pivetti, 2012)
GAME MODELGAME MODEL
++
Great PrinciplesGreat Principles
SubprinciplesSubprinciples
Sub-principles of Sub-principlesSub-principles of Sub-principles
Morphocycle of PreparationMorphocycle of Preparation
Structure + Function + EvolutionStructure + Function + Evolution

Periodization - XIIIPeriodization - XIII
(Adapted from Scaglia, 2011 ; Silva et al, 2009)(Adapted from Scaglia, 2011 ; Silva et al, 2009)
PERIODIZATION TACTICPERIODIZATION TACTIC
Organizational PatternOrganizational Pattern
Producing Diversity of ResponsesProducing Diversity of Responses
Transfer Emergencies to Complex UnitsTransfer Emergencies to Complex Units
++
Technique + Tactics + Physical +Technique + Tactics + Physical +
PsychologicalPsychological

Recovery & Regeneration - IRecovery & Regeneration - I
●
ACTIVEACTIVE RecoveryRecovery
●
PASSIVEPASSIVE RecoveryRecovery

Recovery & Regeneration - IIRecovery & Regeneration - II
(Gill et al, 2006 ; Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Vretaros, 2015)(Gill et al, 2006 ; Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Vretaros, 2015)
CryotherapyCryotherapy Slowdown ActiveSlowdown Active
MagnetotherapyMagnetotherapy AcupunctureAcupuncture
ThermotherapyThermotherapy SleepSleep
Compression GarmentCompression Garment Cupping TherapyCupping Therapy
Hyperoxia TherapyHyperoxia Therapy NutritionNutrition
ElectrostimulationElectrostimulation And OthersAnd Others

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