Thesis Of footstep Power Generation

Footstep Power Generation Using
Piezoelectric Sensor
Authors
Muhammad Ajmal (UET-14F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-66)
Waseem Sarwar (UET-14F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-62)
Maria Anum (UET-14F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-22)
Supervisor
Engr. Awais Masood
Asst. Professor EE Department
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ARMY PUBLIC COLLEGE of MANGAEMENT AND SCIENCES
Affiliated with
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
TAXILA
June 2018

Footstep Power Generation Using Piezoelectric
Sensor
Authors
Muhammad Ajmal
UET-14F-BSc-EE-APCOMS-66
Waseem Sarwar
Maria Anum
Thesis Supervisor:
Engr. Awais Masood
Asst. Professor (Electrical Engineering Department)
External Examiner Signature:________________________________________
Thesis Supervisor Signature: ________________________________________
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ARMY PUBLIC COLLEGE of MANGAEMENT AND SCIENCES
Affiliated with
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
TAXILA
June 2018

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ABSTRACT
The project is to develop an alternative of conventional energy sources. Due to energy
crises and shortfall of electricity in our country, conventional sources are unable to fulfill
the domestic requirements and the alternatives we use in the form of generators create
smoke and noise pollution. So the project create such an alternative of conventional
sources which is environment friendly and cheap too. Piezoelectric material has the
characteristic to generate some voltage when a good amount of pressure is applied upon
it. Piezoelectric generators are arranged in a designed circuit along with other
components which are in series parallel combination under a mechanical structure. The
circuit is controlled by a microcontroller which is programmed. When people would
stroll over that, it will generate electrical power. The voltage generated is instantaneous
so we need to store it in a battery. This obtained electrical energy will be stored in lead
acid battery and can be used when required as DC or also can be used as AC source with
the help of inverter. Electrical parameters will be shown on LCD.
Keywords: Piezoelectric, Sensor, Direct Current, Alternating Current, Generation.

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UNDERTAKING
We certify that research work titled “Foot Step Power Generation Using Piezoelectric
Sensor” is our own work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment.
Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged /
referred.
Signature of Student
Muhammad Ajmal
Waseem Sarwar
Maria Anum

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all we would like to thank Allah Almighty for giving me the courage, empowering
us with knowledge and confidence to fulfill this project.
We like to express our deep gratitude to our supervisor Engr. Awais Masood for
his supervision and constant support. His constructive comments and suggestions
throughout the thesis played a vital role in fulfilling this project. We are really grateful
for his kind behavior and encouraging attitude.
We want to say thanks to our seniors for their courage which gives us strength to
overcome the hurdles in our research work. We wish to express our sincere thanks to our
friends for their help and encouragement without their support we wouldn’t be able to
complete our project.
We are also thankful to our parents for being constant source of inspiration,
creative ideas and emotional support.
“We dedicate this project to our beloved parents and siblings”

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ........................................................................................... ………...iii
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................iv
List of Figures..................................................................................................ix
List of Tables....................................................................................................x
Abbreviations .................................................................................................viii
Chapter 1: Introduction.....................................................................................1
1.1 Motivation ............................................................................................1
1.2 Background Study ................................................................................3
1.3 Description of project ...........................................................................3
1.4 Problem Statement................................................................................2
1.5 Objective of Project ..............................................................................2
1.6 Advantages and unique features ...........................................................2
1.6.1 Advantages ........................................................................................2
1.6.2 Unique Features.................................................................................2
Chapter 2: Literature Review……………………………………....................3
2.1Piezoelectricity......................................................................................3
2.2 Footstep Power Generation Using Piezoelectric Sensors ....................3
2.2.1 Piezoelectric Smart Road Sensor ......................................................3
2.2.2 Flooring Tiles ....................................................................................3
2.2.3 Dance Floors......................................................................................3
2.3 Available Techniques in Past...............................................................4

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2.3.1 Fly wheel and gear arrangement .......................................................4
2.3.2 Stair case and faraday’s law arrangement.........................................5
2.3.3 Rack & Pinion and chain Sprocket arrangement ..............................6
2.3.4 Chain Sprocket ..................................................................................6
Chapter 3: System Block Diagrams and Flow Chart .......................................8
3.1 Single line Diagram of project .............................................................8
3.2 Block Diagram .....................................................................................8
3.2.1Piezo sensors ......................................................................................8
3.2.1.1 Suitable Piezoelectric Sensor Arrangements..................................9
3.2.2 Bridge Rectifier and Capacitors ......................................................11
3.2.3 Arduino ...........................................................................................12
3.2.3.1 Arduino UNO Specificat-ions......................................................13
3.2.3.2 Arduino’s Input Yield Pins ..........................................................13
3.2.3.3 Arduino Board Summary.............................................................14
3.2.3.4 System Requirements...................................................................15
3.2.3.5 ACS-712 Current Sensor..............................................................15
3.2.3.6 ACS712 Pins and Connections ....................................................16
3.2.3.7 Functional Description.................................................................16
3.2.4 LCD.................................................................................................17
3.2.4.1 Interfacing of LCD with Uno Arduino.........................................18
3.2.5 Lead Acid Battery...........................................................................18
3.2.5.1 Lead Acid Battery Cells Material ................................................18
3.2.5.2 Lead Battery’s working................................................................19

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Chapter 4: Simulation Result .........................................................................21
4.1 Arduino Code.....................................................................................21
Chapter 5: Results and Conclusion ................................................................32
Conclusion ...............................................................................................36
Chapter 6: Future Recommendations.............................................................32
References......................................................................................................39

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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
Fig 2.1 Fly wheel arrangement ........................................................................6
Fig 2.2 Rack & Pinion .....................................................................................7
Fig 2.3 Chain sprocket .....................................................................................7
Fig 3.1 Single line diagram of our project .......................................................9
Fig 3.2 Block Diagram.....................................................................................9
Fig 3.3 Piezo Sensor. .....................................................................................10
Fig 3.4 Series Combination............................................................................10
Fig 3.5 Parallel Combination.........................................................................11
Fig 3.6 Series Parallel Combination ..............................................................11
Fig 3.7 Piezo Sensor Arrangement ................................................................13
Fig 3.8 Pressing Mechanism..........................................................................14
Fig 3.9 Bridge Rectifier and Capacitor with Piezo ........................................15
Fig 3.10 Arduino............................................................................................16
Fig 3.11 ATMEL ATmega328 ......................................................................18
Fig 3.12 UNO Atmega328.............................................................................18
Fig 3.13 Current sensor..................................................................................19
Fig 3.14 Working of current sensor ...............................................................20
Fig 3.15 LCD Pins .........................................................................................21

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Fig 3.16 LCD interfacing with Arduino ........................................................21
Fig 3.17 Battery............................................................................................. 23
Fig 4.1 Simulation .........................................................................................24

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LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
Table 3.1: PZT 4 Calculations .......................................................................12
Table 3.2: Arduino UNO Specifications........................................................16
Table 5.1: Voltage, Current & Power Generated Summary ..........................31

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivation
Since the human beings came to earth a few million years ago, their needs and use of
electrical energy is growing very fast for their sustenance and comfort. Embryonic man
needs energy mostly in the form of diet. Over time, man began farming the land for
agriculture and cultivating the land for farming. With an additional demand for energy,
man began using wind for sailboats and to drive windmills but now these methods are
also not completely fulfilling the demands. So we need to look upon other non-
conventional sources to acquire energy. [1].
1.2 Background Study
Some of the earliest work to harvest energy from human gait Dates back almost 250
years and include the self-winding Watch. Over the past two decades, there has been
significant interest in converting mechanical energy from human motion into electrical
energy. This electrical energy can then be used to Recharge batteries in electronic devices
or directly power small scale, Low-power circuits. A number of commercial devices use
human power to produce Electricity such as hand-crank generators (for powering
Flashlights, radios, and recharging mobile devices), and pedal Generators (that can be
used to power larger electrical devices typically generating between 100 and 1000W and
can be as high As 1000 W) [2].

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1.3 Description of project
Footstep energy generation can be an effective method to generate electricity. Walking is
the most common activity in human life. When a person walks, he loses some energy to
road surface in the form of impact, vibration and sounds etc due to transfer of his weight
on to the road surface, through foots falls on the ground during every step results in
losing kinetic energy. This kinetic energy can be tapped and converted in to useable form
such as in electrical form. This procedure contains number of simple configurations that
are fitted under the walking floor. Walking on this platform, body weight compresses the
piezoelectric transducers that produce electric power. The current generated is stored in
the battery [3]. Greater circulation of people will generate more power. A piezoelectric
transducer is an electrical generator that produces direct current (doubt) when pressure is
applied upon it [4].
1.4 Problem Statement
Some developing countries and newly-industrialized countries have several hours of daily
power-cuts in almost all cities and villages. People in these countries may use a power-
inverter (rechargeable batteries) or a diesel/petrol-run electric generator at their homes
during the power- cut. The use of standby generators is common in industrial and IT
hubs. This ultimately increases the shortage of power. The objective of this work is
power generation through footsteps as a source of renewable energy that we can obtained
while walking on to the certain arrangements like footpaths, stairs, plate forms and these
systems can be install elsewhere specially in the dense populated areas.

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1.5 Objective of Project
The main aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power
generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well as
reduce the power shortages.
1.6 Advantages and Unique Feature
1.6.1 Advantages
 It is a renewable source of energy.
 It saves agricultural land.
 It is not harmful to atmosphere.
 No smoke or ash or any toxic chemical is produced.
 Utilized human waste walking energy in to electrical energy.
 Economic
 Easy maintenance
1.6.2 Unique Features
 Reduce Environment pollution.
 Utilized renewable source of energy.
 Easy to install and Low Cost.

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CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
2.1 Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1880 by Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie, who found that
when they compressed certain types of crystals including quartz, tourmaline, and
Rochelle salt, along certain axes, a voltage was produced on the surface of the crystal.
This effect is known as piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectricity is a form of electricity
created when certain crystals are bent or otherwise deformed. These same crystals can
also be made to bend slightly when a small current is run through them, encouraging their
use in instruments for which great degrees of mechanical control are necessary [5].
A piezoelectric crystal consists of multiple interlocking domains which have positive and
negative charges. These domains are symmetrical within the crystal lattice, causing the
lattice as a whole to be electrically neutral. When stress is put on the crystal, the
symmetry is slightly broken generating voltages [2].
2.2 FootstepPowerGenerationUsing Piezoelectric Sensors
There are a number of approaches being used to generate alternative power supply.
2.2.1 Piezoelectric Smart Road Sensor
One among the other methods is piezoelectric smart road sensor. Here smart roads refer
to the roads on which piezoelectric sensors can be placed in order to generate electricity.
When any vehicle moves on the roads it produces very small vertical deformations and
vibrations on the roads. The increasing demand of the electricity forces us to think about
harvesting that vibration energy from vehicles which is wasted otherwise [6].

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2.2.2 Flooring Tiles
Japan has already started experimentation with the use of piezoelectric effect for energy
generation. They implement piezoelectric effect on the stairs of the bus. Thus every time
passenger steps on the tiles; they trigger a small vibration that can be stored as energy.
The flooring tiles are made up of rubber which can absorb the vibration. This vibration
generates when running or walking on it. Under these tiles piezoelectric material are
placed. When the movement is felt by the material they can generate the electricity. This
generated energy is simultaneously stored into the battery. Generated electricity we can
use the lightning of lamp or street light. Energy is generated by step of one human being
is too less but if number of steps increases ultimately energy production also increases
[8].
2.2.3 Dance Floors
Europe is another one of the country which started experimenting use of piezoelectric
crystal for energy generation in night clubs. Floor is compressed by the dancer’s feet and
piezoelectric materials makes contact and generate electricity. Generated electricity is
nothing but 2-20 watt. It depends on impact of the dancer’s feet.
2.3 Available Techniques in Past
Generation of electricity using foot step is not a new concept there are many techniques
available in the past for this purpose, some of which are
 Fly wheel and gear arrangement
 Stair case faraday’s law arrangement
 Rack and pinion
 Chain sprocket arrangement

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These all techniques are proved to be very costly and were not practically feasible in day-
today real life.
2.3.1 Fly wheel and gear arrangement
The thrust power is transformed into electrical energy by means of a suitable drive
device. The racks are attached to the sloping floor. The spring tide is used to release the
load and restore operational the same tilted position. The pinion shaft is connected to the
bearing by end bearing. Larger gears also engage the pinion shaft and operate at the same
speed. The largest sprocket is attached to the small gear ring via the chain. This large
sprocket is used to convert the torque of the smallest sprocket. The smallest sprocket
rotates in a direction similar to the direction of rotation of the high sprockets on the front
and rear. This action is freezes like a bicycle pedal.
Fig 2.1 Fly wheel arrangement
The wheel and sprocket are coupled to the shaft of the smaller sprocket. The steering
wheel is used to enlarge the speed of the axis of smallest sprocket. The gearwheel is
attached to the generator shaft through additional gear. The generator is used here, is a
permanent magnet generator. The generated voltage is 12V DC. This D.C voltage is
stored in the lead acid 12Vbattery [9].

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2.3.2 Stair case and faraday’s law arrangement
People who go up or down the stairs will apply impact force or push up the stairs in the
spring. This impact pressure energy can be used to operate the power flywheel through a
one-way ratchet device using a chain and sprocket drive. The flywheel stores energy and
uses it for continuous rotation of the generator pulley and belt drive system. It consists of
three steps that steps the staircase box unit. All stages are coupled to the large gear, which
in turn is coupled to the small gear through the chain drive. The small gear in turn is
coupled to the ratchet wheel, allowing only the unidirectional rotation of the ratchet
wheel of the sleeve shaft. Likewise, every two large gear wheels are individually coupled
to the same single shaft through the separate chain mechanism. When a person is walking
on the individual stage, while this particular pair of gears rotates the ratchet wheel and
therefore the main shaft rotates at this time. Therefore, the sum of the total accumulation
of rotational energy is carried out on a single main axis. The main shaft is only installed
with the wheel that continues to rotate at high speed. The flywheel using the drive belt
coupled to the generator pulley rotates the generator field rotor and the EMF that is
generated in the stator winding [9].
2.3.3 Rack & Pinion and chain Sprocket arrangement
Racks and pinions are a type of linear actuator that includes a pair of gears that convert
rotational motion into linear motion [9]. The circular gear engrosses teeth on a linear bar
"gears", the frame. Rotational movement applied to the pinion would displace the rack to
one side, to the limit of its travel [11].

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Fig 2.2 Rack & Pinion
2.3.4 Chain Sprocket
A pinion is a reported wheel with teeth that makes net with a chain, a path or other
punctured or indented material. It differs from a gear that the pinions do not mesh directly
with each other, and differs from a pulley in which the gears have teeth and the pulleys
are smooth. Here, the spring-and-rack arrangement is attached to the inclined passage.
The method of releasing the load spring and returning the tilt operation at the same
position is used. The pinion shaft is connected to the bearing by end bearing [7].
Fig 2.3 Chain sprocket
The larger gear also involves the pinion shaft so that it runs at the equivalent speed. The
larger gear is attached to the small ring gear by means of the chain (ring). This large
pinion is used to transmit the torque of the smaller sprocket. The small pinion rotates in
the same direction as the direction of rotation of the front and large rear sprockets. This
action locks up like a bicycle pedal. The wheel and sprocket are coupled to the smaller
sprocket shaft [9].

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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.1 Single line Diagram of project
The diagram of the project is:
Fig 3.1: Single line diagram of our project
Arduino Uno can be used as a microcontroller. Arduino is the core of this structure that
takes control in its functionary as the framework methodology. The microcontroller
examines the information concerning the voltage current and the wattages generated by
the piezoelectric sheet when the force is applied. The microcontroller will be
programmed using the inserted 'C' language.

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3.2 Block Diagram
Fig 3.2: Block Diagram
3.2.1 Piezo sensors
The piezo sensors can be used in series parallel combination depend upon our required
current or voltages values. One piezo sensor produces maximum voltage 5V and
maximum current 1 mA.
Fig 3.3: Piezo Sensor
3.2.1.1 Suitable Piezoelectric Sensor Arrangements
For obtaining maximum current output and voltage output, following arrangements of
sensors are used:

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I. Series Combination
II. Parallel Combination
III. Series-Parallel Combination
I. Series Combination
In this type of combination, sensors are connected in such a way that current flowing
through all sensors is same and voltage is different Veq =V1+V2+V3…Vn
Fig 3.4: Series Combination
II. Parallel Combination
In this type of combination, Voltage across each sensor remains the same while current
flowing through each sensor is different. Ieq= I1+I2+I3…In
Fig 3.5: Parallel Combination
III. Series Parallel Combination
In series & parallel combination both voltages and currents are maintained to get the
required value.

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Fig 3.6: Series Parallel Combination
Table 3.1: PZT 4 Calculations
Material Type No of
Pieces
Combination Output
V
Output(I)
mA
Ceramic PZT 4 30 Series 90 0.5
Ceramic PZT 4 30 Parallel 3 15
Ceramic PZT 4 30 25 in parallel &
5 in series
15 12.5
Ceramic PZT 4 30 20 in parallel &
10 in Series
30 10
Ceramic PZT 4 30 15 in Parallel &
15 in series
45 7.5
In our project, we utilized the 3rd combination of sensors from above to get the most
extreme output productivity. For this reason, we included the 25 piezoelectric sensors in
parallel and 5 sensors in series. Each piezoelectric sensor is connected with each other
with the assistance of soldering wire. For pressing mechanism we use Polystyrene sheet
between two wooden plates.

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Fig 3.7: Piezo Sensor Arrangement

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Fig 3.8: Pressing Mechanism
3.2.2 Bridge Rectifier and Capacitors
Piezo sensor produce ac to convert it to dc we use bridge rectifiers, that convert the piezo
voltage to dc which are later use for charging the battery. Bridge rectifier not give pure dc

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(some ripples comes) to get pure dc we use capacitor which removes the ripples and give
us pure DC. In this project bridge rectifier and capacitor are used with each piezo sensor
to get maximum output.
Fig 3.9: Bridge Rectifier and Capacitor with Piezo
3.2.3 Arduino
The Arduino can be a small board with a brain (called a microcontroller) that could be
customized. An Arduino is an open-source microcontroller advancement board.
Basically, this stage passes on an approach to manufacture and program electrical
modules. The Arduino programming language is a learner's modifying language from the
programming dialect C/C ++, in view of which is called Arduino "sketches" utilizing
basic programming structures, factors and capacities. At that point these are changed over
in a C ++ program. This enables us to download programs code for this gathering, which
can connect with things in this present world, you can make gadgets that react and
respond to the world with this. It interfaces with LEDs, sensors, engines, LCDs, ringers,

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and so on for this real world. The Arduino encoding dialect is a fundamental type of
C/C++. On the off chance that you know C, as encoding the Arduino will be
recognizable. In a case that you don’t know C, there are just some fundamental directions
that are required to perform significant capacities. A key component of Arduino is that
you can assemble controller programming on your PC and it will definitely be
downloaded to Arduino. Unplug the connector from the USB link, and the program is
continually running from starting when you press the reset button. On the off chance that
you interface the battery, at that point it executed last put away program. This tells you
can connect the Arduino to the PC to build your program and repair, however once this is
done, you needn't bother with a computer to run the program [12].
Fig 3.10: Arduino
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with USB cable or power it with an AC to DC adapter or battery
to get started.

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3.2.3.1 Arduino UNO Specificat-ions
Table 3.2: Arduino UNO Specificat-ions
3.2.3.2 Arduino's Input Yield Pins
One of the 14 advanced sticks on the Arduino UNO can be utilized as info or yield
utilizing the "pin Mode ()", "digital Write ()" and "digital Read ()" capacities. They all
work at 5 volts. Each pin can get up to 40 mA and furthermore give an inner draw up
resistor of 20-50 kilo ohms.
 Serial: pin 0 (RX) and pin 1 (TX). Used here to receive (RX) and transfer (TX)
TTL serial data
 External Interrupts: pin 2 and pin 3. These are designed to trigger an interrupt
on a low bit, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
 PWM: Pin number 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11. These provide 8bit PWM output with
analogWrite() function.
 SP1: Pin number 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13(SCK). They provide
support SPI communication.

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 LED: Pin 13, there is an in-built LED associated to digital pin number 13. When
pin’s value is LED turns on and vice versa.
The UNO has six simple sources of info, each giving 10 bits of tirelessness (i.e. 1024
values). By default, they vary from 0 to 5 volts, instead of it can be changed to the higher
furthest reaches of their range utilizing the "AREF" stick and the "analogReference()"
work. In addition, a few pins have specific functions.
There are some other pins on the board:
 Aref: Reference voltage for inputs. Used with "analogReference()"
 Reset: Bring this line LOW to microcontroller. Normally used to add reset button
which block the one on the board.
 Reset Pin: Used to reset Arduino board
 Voltage Pins: This pin gives voltages to outer circuits.
 Microcontroller: ATMEL ATmega328 microcontroller is used here.
Fig 3.11: ATMEL ATmega328

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3.2.3.3 Arduino Board Summary
Fig 3.12: UNO Atmega328
3.2.3.4 System Requirements
 Arduino UNO board
 USB Cable
 External power supply (9V battery)
 Breadboard used external circuits
 The PC to run the Arduino advancement environment. Accessible on Windows, Mac,
and Linux
3.2.3.5 ACS-712 Current Sensor
The "Allegro ACS712" conveys cheap and detailed answers for AC or DC current
perceiving in engineering frameworks, business and correspondence. The whole unit
permits simple work by the operator. Unmistakable applicat-ions cover controlling of
motor, recognition of load and administration, exchanged mode control supplies, and
ensure against overvoltage. This gadget is not gotten ready for car operations. The
product is exact. It has a low offset and comprises of a Hall sensor circuit with a copper
conduction track situated close to the surface of the die. At the point when a current is

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produced and it courses through this copper conduction way, magnetic field is produced
and distinguished by the implicit Hall IC and changed over into a correlation voltage.
Gadget precision is improved by the vicinity of attractive signs to Hall sensors. The fixed
settled voltage is given by an ultralow-resistance, chopper-stabilized Bi CMOS Hall IC
encoded for accuracy after packaging. At the point when an increasing current moves
through the fundamental copper conduction way (from pins 1 and 2, to pins 3 and 4) the
yield of the package gives a positive graph, which is the way used for sensing the current.
Normally, giving low power loss interior resistance of this conductive track made 1.2
mΩ. The thickness of copper channels takes into consideration device progression in up
to 5 times overcurrent conditions. The connector in the conductive way is electrically
protected from the sensor IC drives (pins 5 to 8). This permits the ACS712 current sensor
IC to be utilized as a part of utilizations that require electrical release without the
utilization of light breakers or other costly protection technology.The ACS712 is
provided in a trivial surface stand SOIC8 package. The lead frame is plated with 100%
tin, which is well suited with standard lead (Pb) free printed circuit board assembly
process [13].
3.2.3.6 ACS712 Pins and Connections
Figure underneath characterizes the pins outs for the ACS172 Module. Now if we
connect as follows, the output will increase. If connected conversely to this photo, the
result will decrease from the 2.5 volt.

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Fig 3.13: Current sensor
3.2.3.7 Functional Description
This module is mostly designed for use with microcontrollers like Arduino. In these
operations, following are the contacts are as shown:
Fig 3.14: Working of current sensor
The output of this ACS712 would be 2.5 volts, now if the bulb shown in the figure above
was separated. The output would be related to the current drawn by the bulb once joined.
The output would be 2.68 volts if this is a 5 Amp module and the bulb takes 1 Amp. If
battery terminals are turned around, the output would be 2.31 volts containing the same
5A module.

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3.2.4 LCD
To observe electrical parameters, we are using 16*2 alphanumeric LCDs. A 16x2
alphanumeric network can show 224 distinct characters and symbols. It requires +5V for
input control supply. This LCD is equipped for handle 8 bits at once. It has up to 14 pins
from which 8 pins are information pins and utilized for sending and getting information
to LCD as numbers or characters.
Three control pins are described below:
 Reset pin:
It is used for resetting the display.
 Read & Write Pin:
This pin is set as (1) for reading operations and (0) for writing Operations.
 Enable pin:
Used to enable or disable the LCD
Fig 3.15: LCD Pins

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3.2.4.1 Interfacing of LCD with Arduino UNO:
Fig 3.16: LCD interfacing with Arduino
LCD is used to show the parameter like voltage of piezo sensors and current, also give
battery voltages and charging percentage of battery.
3.2.5 Lead Acid Battery:
Batteries are electrical devices made of electrochemical separate cells that are connected
with one another and housed in a single unit. Electrical battery consists of at least one
electrochemical cell. Its main function is to convert chemical energy obtained from the
cell into electrical energy. The battery can be utilized just once and can be disposed of or
revived for quite a long time as in backup power applicat-ions. Listening devices and
wrist watches are controlled by little cells. A vast battery supplies energy to the phone
trade or Data center. For energy usage, here electrical energy is stored as chemical
energy, which can be converted electricity at any time. Battery charging is done by
applying external voltage which changes electrical energy into chemical energy.
Discharging occurs when external load is applied and chemical energy is converted into
electrical energy [14].

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3.2.5.1 Lead Acid Battery Cells Material:
Materials required to build a battery are as follows:
 Lead Peroxide
 Lead(Sponge)
 Dilute H2SO4
 Lead Peroxide (PbO2)
Lead Peroxide is used to build the positive terminal of the battery. Lead peroxide is
dark brown in color and brittle material.
 Lead (Pb)
Pure Lead is used to build the negative terminal of the battery.
 Charging
Battery charging is a process in which external energy source is applied to the battery
which converts the electrical energy in chemical energy. The negative terminal is
made up of lead and the positive terminal contains H2SO4 in a completely charged
condition together with the electrolyte. In case of overcharging, hydrogen and
oxygen are created due to electrolysis of water. Water is also lost due to this
electrolysis. Some types of batteries are designed to maintain electrolyte level.
3.2.5.2 Lead Battery’s working:
Battery is used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy. It comprises of various
voltaic cells and every voltaic cell is comprised of two half-cells connected in
arrangement by an electrolyte having an-ions and cat-ions. A half-cell contains the
electrolyte and the terminal to which the an-ions travels that is the anode or the negative
anode while the other half-cell contains the electrolyte and the cathode to which cat-ions

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that is to state the cathode or the positive cathode, travel. In the oxidation-reduction
response which works the battery, reduction happens at cat-ions at the cathode, while
oxidation occurs at the an-ions at the anode. Numerous cells utilize two half-cells with
various electrolytes. For this situation, every half-cell is encased in a holder, and a
permeable particle differentiator is available which keeps them separate. Every half-cell
has the calculated (EMF) as the capacity to actuate current from within the cell to the
outside. Volta perceived that the difference between EMFs of the two half cells is the
actual EMF. In this way, if there is EMF E1 and E2 on the electrodes, then the EMF is E2
- E1, i.e. the resultant EMF is the genuine EMF. The electrical force between the
terminals of the battery is known as the terminal voltage and is characterized in volts. The
terminal voltage of a battery that is not charged or discharged is known as the open
circuit voltage and is equivalent to the EMF of the cell. It is to be noted that technology
doesn't give any sign of charge capacity but just give charge levels. The charge limit of a
rechargeable battery diminishes with age and utilization, and may not be notwithstanding
when completely charged. Different tests, including the current gutters are utilized to
decide the charge capacity of the battery.
Fig 3.17 Battery

26
CHAPTER 4
Simulation Result and Code
4.1 Simulation Result:
Fig 4.1: Simulation
4.2 Arduino Code:
#include<LiquidCrystal.h> // LCD
LiquidCrystal lcd (12,11,10,9,8,7);
float piezo=A0; //Sense piezo
float battery=A1; //sense battery
int ldr=A3;
int mosfet=6; // Mosfet for charging
int current=0;
int ldr1;
float batt;
float pi;
void setup()

27
CHAPTER 5
Results and Conclusion
As we take the average value of the current and voltage generated by piezoelectric
sensors, then try to find out the total generated power.
5.1 Case 1:
Let’s assume the 100 footsteps push the plate of piezo electric transducer in 1 hour
then the current produce is
5.6 Conclusion:
The purpose of this project is to design and implementation of reliable environmental
friendly renewable energy source using foot step power generation to reduce the energy
shortfalls. Successful implementation of driving a 20W watt DC load is made possible
using correct arrangement for piezoelectric transducers and monitoring the all electrical
parameters with Arduino. Several developing countries and new developed countries
have numerous hours of daily energy shortages in almost all cities and towns that
increase electricity production. People in these countries use solar inverter for charging
batteries or an electrical power generator at home during the electricity shortfall which
creates smoke and noise pollution. For this purpose, backup generators are popular in
industries and IT stations. This eventually increases the power shortage. Power cuts are
also very dangerous when road and road traffic lights cause serious accidents.

28
We can conclude that:
 The project “POWER GENERATION USING FOOT STEP” is successfully
tested and implemented which is the best economical, affordable energy solution
to common people.
 This can be used for many applications in rural areas where power availability is
less or totally absence.
 As Pakistan is a developing country where energy management is a big challenge
for huge population. By using this project we can drive both A.C. as well as D.C
loads according to the force we applied on the piezo electric sensor.
 It is a smart system.
 Produce 2000 watts of electricity.
 It is made to be durable.
 It has an approx. life of 5 years

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CHAPTER 6
Future Recommendations
6.1 Future Recommendations
Maximum crowded public can be seen in railways stations, airports, metro station and
holy places, hence, such places can be use of piezoelectric crystals for generation of
electricity. In holy places Gathering ranging from thousands to millions, so setting up
of piezoelectric crystals at floor would generate enough power to light up lights of
houses. Use of piezoelectric crystals has been started and hopeful results are attained.
Better manufactured piezoelectric crystals and better selection of place of installations
with further advancement in field of electronics so more electricity can be generated
and it can be viewed as a next auspicious source of generating electricity.
 If we improve piezoelectric material, then output efficiency can be increased by
using large sized piezoelectric transducers which in turn gives a large amount of
power.
 If this mechanism is implemented on large industrial scale, then output wattage
can be enlarged like footpaths and roads etc.
 The output efficiency also depends on mechanical structure of the project as
carefully designed structure may increase the output efficiency.
 We can also connect DC as well AC loads by using invertor circuit.

30
 With the advancement in the technology we can improve this idea to a new level
for industrialization.
Apart from all the above places the attempts are made to develop energy from our
daily life by initialing piezoelectric crystals in shoe thus in each step piezoelectric
crystal can be compressed which can turn enough power to charge a cell phone, mp3
player etc. through this we can generate electric power and used that for small
electronic gadgets.

31
REFERENCES
[1] Varghese, J., & Karikottil, P. (August 2017). Footstep Power Generation Using
Piezoelectric Sensors. International Journal of Recent Innovation in Engineering and
Research, 2(8), 2456 – 2084, 11-17. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
[2] Adhithan, A., Vignesh, K., andManikandan, M. (2015). Proposed Method of Foot
Step Power Generation Using Piezo Electric Sensor. International Advanced
Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(4).
[3] Afzal, S., & Hafeez, F. (April 2014). Power Generation Footstep. International
Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, 3(4), 2278-7763, 1-3.
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[4] Dhimar, M. K., Patel, M. K., Patel, M. Z., & Pindiwala, M. N. (2017). Footstep
Power Generation System
[5] Ng, T. H., & Liao, W. H. (2005). Sensitivity analysis and energy harvesting for a
self-powered piezoelectric sensor. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and
Structures, 16(10), 785-797.
[6] Kaur, J., & Vishnoi, A. (May 2016). A Review on Piezoelectric Smart Road Sensor.
International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 4(5),
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[7] Young, J. D., & Marshek, K. M. (2008). U.S. Patent No. 7,416,500. Washington,
DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[8] Muhammad, A., Bibi, S., Brohi, A. A., & Anjum, Z. (2016). Foot Step Power
Generation System. 4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and
Sustainable Development 2016. Retrieved May/June, 2018.
[9] G.V. Anilkumar. ‘Foot Step Power Generation system for rural energy application to
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Karnataka India. 2014
[10] Yadav, V. K., Yadav, V. K., Kumar, R., & Yadav, A. (2014). Power generation
through step. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5(5).
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[12] Kushner, D. (2011). The making of arduino. IEEE Spectrum, 26.
[13] Albarbar, A., Teay, S., & Batunlu, C. (2017). Smart sensing system for enhancing
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Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, 10(2), 407-424.
[14] Dürr, M., Cruden, A., Gair, S., & McDonald, J. R. (2006). Dynamic model of a lead
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