Mobile network structure

Mobile Network
Eng.AhmedHussein Bebars
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CourseTarget
• After finalizing this course :
- you will have an overview for a call route and network
overall
- Understanding the main difference between Mobile
Generations
Eng.AhmedHusseinBebars
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Agenda
• Radio Interface
GSM
UMTS
LTE
• Network
Network Definition
Network Types
OSI Model
VLAN
• Transmission Layers
Access layer
Backhaul layer
Core Layer
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CommunicationHistory
• 1880 : Alexander bell invented a new communication method
by using electrical wire (new media) and he initialized
communication by using a device called telephone
• 1917: people managed to vocally communicate through
wireless (air media), since then the world started
communicating through wireless and wire technology with a
limited rate.
• 1946: First commercial mobile radio-telephone service by Bell
and AT&T in Saint Louis, USA. Half duplex(PTT), called car
telephone.
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AnalogTo Digital
• Three steps to convert from analog to Digital:
• Sampling (According to Nyquist rate)
• Quantization
• Coding
• Digital signal Advantages
• provides us added security to our information signal.
• Digital Communication system has more immunity to noise
and external interference.
• Digital information can be saved and retrieved when
necessary while not possible in analog.
• Digital Communication is cheaper than
Analog Communication.
• The configuring process is simple compared to analog
communication system. Even though they are complex.
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CommunicationMediaTypes
• Simplex
• Duplex
half duplex
Full duplex
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CommunicationMediaTypes
• Wire
• Wireless
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MultiplexingTechniquesIn Wireless
Communication
What is multiplexing?
it is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals are
combined into one signal over a shared medium . The aim is to
share an expensive resource.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
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MultiplexingTechniquesIn Wireless
Communication
• FDMA (Frequency-division multiple access)
• TDMA (Frequency-division multiple access)
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GSMMobile NetworkStructure
• AUC Authentication Center
• BSC Base Station Controller
• BTS Base Transceiver Station
• EIR Equipment Identity
Register
• HLR Home Location Register
• MS Mobile Station
• MSC Mobile services Switching
Center
• NMC Network Management
Center
• OMC Operation and
Maintenance Center
• VLR Visitor Location Register
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• MOBILE STATION (MS):
An MS is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the
mobile network
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
The BTS controls the radio interface to the MS. The BTS
comprises the radio equipment such as transceivers and
antennas which are needed to serve each cell in the network.
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• Base Station Controller (BSC):
The BSC manages all the radio-related functions of a GSM
network. It is a high capacity switch that provides functions
such as MS handover, radio channel assignment and the
collection of cell configuration data.
• Mobile services Switching Center (MSC):
The MSC performs the telephony switching functions for the
mobile network. It controls calls to and from other telephony
and data systems, such as the Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN)
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• Gateway MSC (GMSC):
if a person connected to the PSTN wants to make a call to a
GSM mobile subscriber. Call control through GMSC
• Home Location Register (HLR):
The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and
manages all mobile subscriptions
information stored in HLR:
Subscriber identity
Subscriber supplementary services
Subscriber location information
Subscriber authentication information
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• Visitor Location Register (VLR):
The VLR database contains information about all the mobile
subscribers currently located in an MSC service area.
• Authentication Center (AUC):
The main function of the AUC is to authenticate the
subscribers attempting to use a network.
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR):
The EIR is a database containing mobile equipment identity
information which helps to block calls from stolen,
unauthorized, or defective MSs

MobileIdentity Number
MSISDN : Human Identity used to call a Mobile
Station
IMEI: Serial number unique to every Mobile
Station
IMSI : Network Identity unique to a
SIM 3
digits
2
digits
10
digits TMSI : Identity unique in a LAI
MSRN : Mobile Station Roaming
No
CC NDC SN
98 XXX 12345
MCC MNC MSIN
404 XX 12345
TAC FAC SNR S
6 digits 2 digits 6 digits 1 digit
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GSMBand
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Cluster
• Cell : is the basic unit of a cellular system and is defined
as the area of radio coverage given by one BTS antenna
system
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Cluster
• Cell Size
Large Cells Small Cells
35 Km Near about 1 KM
Remote Areas Urban Areas
High Transmission Power Low Transmission Power
Few subscribers Many Subscribers
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Cluster
• Cluster: groups of frequencies can be placed together
into patterns of cells called clusters. A cluster is a group
of cells in which all available frequencies have been used
once and only once.
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Cluster
• Three types of frequency reuse patterns
 7 Cell reuse pattern
 4 cell reuse pattern
 3 cell reuse pattern
• D=R (3N)
• where N is Cluster size
• R Cell Diameter
• By frequent reuse of frequency more capacity can be
achieved

Cluster
• MSC SERVICE AREA: An MSC service area is made up of a
number of LAs (Location Area) and represents the
geographical part of the network controlled by one MSC
• A Location Area (LA): is defined as a group of cells
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GSMAccess Method (TDMA/FDM)
• In GSM, a TDMA frame consists of 8 time slots. This
means that a GSM radio carrier can carry 8 calls.
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TransmissionProblems
• PATH LOSS
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• MULTIPATH FADING: occurs when there is more than
one transmission path to the MS or BTS
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• MULTIPATH FADING
Time dispersion is another problem relating to multiple paths to the Rx
antenna of either an MS or BTS. However, in contrast to Rayleigh fading,
the reflected signal comes from an object far away from the Rx antenna.
Time dispersion causes Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) where consecutive
symbols (bits) interfere with each other making it difficult for the
receiver to determine which symbol is the correct one. An example of
this is shown in the figure below where the sequence 1, 0 is sent from
the BTS.
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SolutionsTo TransmissionProblems
• CHANNEL CODING
Channel coding is used to detect and correct errors in a
received bit stream. It adds bits to a message. These bits
enable a channel decoder to determine whether the
message has faulty bits, and to potentially correct the
faulty bits.
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SolutionsTo TransmissionProblems
• Interleaving:
Interleaving is frequently used in digital communication and
storage systems to improve the performance of forward error
correcting codes attenuation factor.
For example:
Transmission without interleaving
With interleaving:
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GSMTransmissionProcess
• STAGE ANALOG TO DIGITAL (A/D)
Sampling
Quantization: GSM8,192 levels are used.
Coding: Coding involves converting the quantized values into
binary. Every value is represented by a binary code of 13 bits (213
= 8192). For example, a quantized value of 2,157 would have a bit
pattern of 0100001101101
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• STAGE SEGMENTATION AND STAGE 3: SPEECH CODING
 it is an application of data compression of digital
audio signals containing speech
The GSM speech coder produces a bit rate of 13 kbits/s per
subscriber. When it is considered that 8 subscribers use one
radio channel, the overall bit rate would be 8 x 13 kbits/s =
104 kbits/s
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• STAGE CHANNEL CODING
Channel coding in GSM uses the 260 bits from speech
coding as input to channel coding and outputs 456
encoded bits. The 260 bits are split according to their
relative importance
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• First level of interleaving
The channel coder provides 456 bits for every 20 ms of
speech. These are interleaved, forming eight blocks of 57
bits each, as shown in the figure below
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• Second level of interleaving
If only one level of interleaving is used,
a loss of this burst results in a total loss
of 25%.
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• STAGE CIPHERING/ENCRYPTION
The purpose of ciphering is to encode the burst so that it
cannot be interpreted by any other device than the intended
receiver. The ciphering algorithm in GSM is called the A5
algorithm
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• STAGE MODULATION & TRANSMISSION
The bits must be sent over the air using a carrier frequency.
as previously explained, GSM uses the GMSK modulation
technique, The bits are modulated onto a carrier frequency
and transmitted (e.g. 912.2 MHz).
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LogicalChannels
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LogicalChannels
• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

LogicalChannels
• Common Control Channels (CCCH)

LogicalChannels
• Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH's)

LogicalChannels
• Traffic Channels
Once call set-up procedures have been completed on the
control physical channel, the MS tunes to a traffic physical
channel. It uses the Traffic Channel (TCH) logical channel. There
are two
• Types of TCH:
 Full rate (TCH): transmits full rate speech (13 kbits/s). A full
rate TCH occupies one physical channel.
Half rate (TCH/2): transmits half rate speech (6.5 kbits/s).
Two half rate TCH's can share one physical channel, thus
doubling the capacity of a cell.
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SampleTraffic Case: CallToMS
• The MSC/VLR knows which LA the MS is located in. A paging message is
sent to the BSC's controlling the LA.
• The BSC’s distributes the paging message to the BTS's in the desired LA.
the BTS's transmit the message over the air interface using PCH.
• When the MS detects a PCH identifying itself, it sends a request for a
signaling channel using RACH.
• The BSC uses AGCH to inform the MS of the signaling channel (SDCCH and
SACCH) to use.
• SDCCH and SACCH are used for call set-up. A TCH is allocated and the
SDCCH is released.
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SampleTraffic Case: CallToMS
• The MS and BTS switch to the identified TCH frequency and time
slot, the MS generates ring tone, If the subscriber answers, the
connection is established. During the call, signals can be sent and
received by the MS using SACCH.
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Handovers
• Types of GSM handover
 Intra-BTS handover
 Inter-BTS Intra BSC handover
 Inter-BSC handover
 Inter-MSC handover
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Handovers
• Handover Mechanism
 Hard Handover
 Soft Handover

Handovers
• The mobile measures up to 32 adjacent cells for
 Signal Strength (Rx Level)
 Signal Quality (Rx Quall)
 updated every 480 m/s and sends to BTS
• Handover based on
 Rx Level
 interference
 Rx Qual
 Timing Advance
 Power Budget

BTSComponents
• GSM RBS (Radio Base Station) Node

BTSComponents
• Power Cabinet

BTSComponents
• Transmission Cabinet

3G Network
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3G Network
• Radio Network Subsystem (RNS): The RNS also known
as the UMTS Radio Access Network, UTRAN, is the
equivalent of the previous Base Station Subsystem or BSS
in GSM.
• Core Network: The core network provides all the central
processing and management for the system. It is the
equivalent of the GSM Network Switching Subsystem or
NSS
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3G Network
• The GPRS Core Network:
is the central part of the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
which allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to
transmit IP packets to external networks such as the Internet.
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3G Network
• Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) function
 Session management: The SGSN manages the data
sessions providing the required quality of service and
also managing what are termed the PDP (Packet data
Protocol) contexts
 Billing: The SGSN is also responsible billing

3G Network
• Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Aims to provide IP Telephony ultra broadband internet access
and game services

4GNetwork
It uses OFDM (Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing) techniques to
access wireless media
Supports flexible channel BW between 5 MHz to 20 MHz with data rate up
to 100 Mb/S

4GNetwork
•Radio Access Network (RAN) in any type of network is very
critical logic components. It is mainly responsible for forwarding the
request to the allocated radio channel, its consist from e-Node B
•PGW (PDN): which is similar to the function GGSN network
element for border gateway EPC network, providing user session
management and load control, data forwarding, IP address
assignment
•PCRF: PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function Policy and
Charging Rules Function units) policy and charging control is a
policy decision point service data and IP bearer resources.

4GNetwork
•MME: MME (Mobility Management Entity, the mobility
management entity) is the key to the control node LTE access
network, which is responsible for idle mode UE (User
Equipment) positioning, paging process, including repeaters,
simply MME is responsible for signaling processing section
•SGW (Serving Gateway): The SGW routes and forwards user
data packets
.

5G Network
•The 5G mobile phones will have access to different wireless
technologies at the same time and the terminal should be
able to combine different flows from different technologies.
5G is predicted to be an intelligent technology capable of
interconnecting the entire world without limits. Mobile data
rate 1 Gb/S

Network
• What is a network?
It's collection of Devices connected to apply applications

Network
• Why we study network in our course

NetworkTypes
• LAN
• MAN
• WAN
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OSIModel
• OSI (Open Systems Interconnect)
• Why a layered network Model?
• Reduce Complexity
• Standardized interface
• Accelerate Evolution
• Simplify learning and teaching
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OSIModel
• Physical layer
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OSIModel
• Data Link Layer
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OSIModel
• Network Layer
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OSIModel
• Transport Layer
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OSIModel
• Presentation Layer

OSIModel
• Application Layer

OSIModel
• Data Encapsulation Process
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NetworkAddress
• How to data send over network and addressing used
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NetworkAddress
• MAC
 MAC (Media Access Controller): it's addressing used in
layer 2 to allow transmit data between source and
destination
 each device has unique address
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NetworkAddress
• MAC types:
• Unicast MAC: from specific source MAC to destination MAC
• Broadcast MAC: destination MAC address write FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
• Multicast MAC: this address assign by Organization called IANA that
assign multicast MAC, for example network games that have
Multicast MAC address to allow group from users play it on network
when setup this games on their PC's automatically multicast MAC
address will assign on NIC

NetworkAddress
• IP (Internet Protocol)
Every host (computer, networking device, peripheral) must
have a unique address. An IP address consists of two parts
(Network ID & Host ID)

NetworkAddress
• IP (Internet Protocol)
IPv4 has 32bits these bits divided between network and host
ID according to 3 classes from address:
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NetworkDevices
• Computer
Function: The function of a computer server is to store,
retrieve and send computer files and data to other
computers on a network.
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NetworkDevices
• Switch
• It’s allow host connect together through the same LAN
Network
• Use MAC address to forward traffic between ports
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NetworkDevices
• Router
• It use to reroute traffic from Network to another
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VLAN
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VLAN
• Router
• there are two port types:
Access port: port member in specific VLAN
Trunk port: port Member in all VLAN and it created between
switches to allow users in the same VLAN connected
• Tagged Protocol:
to identify frame by use tagging use protocol IEEE802.1Q
to tagged all frame transmitted over network
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VLAN
• Video Lab
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Transmission
Mobile network transmission divided to three layers:
• Access layer: from Site to HUB, where hub is first point to
multiplex more than one site to transmit it again to next
point, there are three technology method use to support
data transmission
Microwave (cheaper and most used)
DSL (there are two types from it ADSL & SDSL and we
use SDSL in our network, this solution use for micro
sites)
Fiber
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Transmission
• Backhaul layer: from HUB to BSC and RNC, in this point
use high data rate to allow BSC and RNC to communicate
with BTS, there are many nodes and technology use in
this layer
DXX (Digital Cross Connection) use PDH system
ADM (Add drop Multiplexer) use SDH technology
Tellabs smart router use MPLS technology
PTN use MPLS technology
• Core layer: this layer use to allow MSC communicate
together and GMSC connect to another network, this
layer use Router carry huge traffic may be reach to 10 G
on port, inside this part we use one technology is MPLS
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• Microwave: it's cheaper and easy installation method to
transmit data from point to point there are many vendors
supply this technology such as Ericsson and Huawei and SIAE
and NEC
Ericsson Nodes: such as TN traffic Node) and CN (Compact
Node) and PT (Packet transport)
Huawei Nodes: such as RTN950 and RTN 980
SIAE Nodes: ALC (Access Link Compact) PDH and ALC +2
and ALC +2e and Alpho in old MW transmit PDH technology
only but today we target packet also to support another
mobile generation such as 3G and 4 G as show in below
Access Layer
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Access Layer
• DSL (Digital Subscriber line): its technology used to
support data traffic over traditional telephone cable we
use HDSL (High Digital Subscriber line) in our network to
support 2.048 Mb/S in Upload and download and use 4
wire
• Fiber cable: this technology depend on light phoneme to
reflect inside fiber and transfer high data rate there are
two types single mode and multi mode and main
difference between them in coverage distance also there
are two main connector types as show in below
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Access Layer
SC connector Subscriber
Connector Or
square
connector Or
Standard
Connector
Snap 2.5mm
LC
connector
Lucent
Connector
Snap
(push-pull
coupling
like RJ45)
1.25mm
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TransmissionTechnology
• PDH (Plesiochronus Digital Hierarchy ): is a technology
used in telecommunications networks to transport large
quantities of data over digital transport equipment such
as microwave radio systems
• There are three systems:
E1
T1
J1
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• SDH (Synchronous digital Hierarchical): is a standard technology for
synchronous data transmission on optical media
• The world convert from PDH system to SDH system due to below
reasons
PDH ( Plesiochronus Digital Hierarchy) disadvantage:
1. World divided to island (European use E1 and America use T1)
2. Less synchronized, E2 rate 8.448 MB/S not equal four E1 rate
(4x2.048 Mb/S = 8.192 Mb/Sec), we add stuffing bit for
Multiplex and DE multiplex E1
3. Low data rates
4. The maximum capacity for PDH is 140 Mbps, which is limited in
bandwidth

• First frame structure is STM1 with rate 155 Mb/S
SDH Level Rate
STM1 155 Mb/S
STM4 622Mb/S (4x155)
STM16 2488 Mb/S
STM64 9953 Mb/S
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Microwave
• Its electromagnetic signal use to carry traffic by use
modulation and send it to long distance , it's cheap
technology use to transfer data
• The microwave spectrum is
usually defined as
electromagnetic energy
ranging from
approximately 1 GHz to 100
GHz in frequency
• in Mobile network we use frequency band from 7 GHz to
40 GHz and now we use e-band 80 GHz
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MicrowaveB.W
• By international regulations frequency bands are divided into
below parts:
• for example we use BW 17 GHz it divided to Sub band (group of
frequency inside 17 GHz BW) and it divided to two band high band
and low band and each band divided to channel called channel B.W

• each channel in high band has mirror to it in low band to
send and receive data simultaneous (full duplex) and
distance between them called duplex distance
MicrowaveB.W
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Transmissionproblem
• frees space loss: it is the loss in signal strength of
an electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-
sight path through free space
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• Free space formula (FSPL) equation:
• A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f
• d = distance in km
• f = frequency in GHz
• Relation between frequency and loss value:
Transmissionproblem
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• Fading:
• It's random variation of the received level, the variation
is irregular and the reasons for this are various
• Fading Mechanism:
• Rain Fading
• Multipath fading
Transmissionproblem

• Video show problem:
RainFading

• Solution:
Lower frequency band
Increased system gain (increased fade margin) Larger
antennas, increased transmitter output power.
Vertical antenna polarization
(Shorter hop…)
RainFading

• Is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching
the receiving antenna by two or more paths
MultipathFading

MultipathFading
• Solution:
Increased system gain Larger antennas, Increased
transmitter output power.
Space or Frequency diversity
(Shorter hop…)

FirstFresnelZone
• The 1st Fresnel zone shall be free from obstacles at k =
4/3

Microwavepolarization
• Single polarized
• Vertical: Most recommend it resist rain fading
• Horizontal
• Dual Polarized:
Send data in two polarization Vertical and horizontal to get double
capacity, this solution use technique XPIC Technology

ModulationTechniques
• In telecommunications, modulation is the process of
conveying a message signal
• QAM:
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• There is relation between Modulation and channel
spacing to get total link capacity
ModulationTechniques
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Link Performance
• Performance: these counters use to measure link quality and
troubleshooting
 BER (Bit Error rate): is the number of bit errors per unit time A block
in which one or more bits are in error
 Errored Second, ES: A one-second period in which one or more
blocks are in error.
 Severely Errored Second, SES: A one-second period which contains
>30% error blocks.
 UAS (Unavailable error second): after count 10 SES through one
second

EthernetCarriers
• E-line: service connecting two customer Ethernet ports
over Microwave.
• E-LAN: multipoint service connecting a set of customer
endpoints, giving the appearance to the customer of a
bridged Ethernet network connecting the sites.

EthernetCarriers
• Ethernet frame over microwave
Ethernet over PDH
Native Ethernet
Ethernet Over SDH
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ComparisonbetweenEthernetCarriers
Parameter Ethernet Over PDH Native Ethernet
Frame Size Support frame 2048 byte Support frame 9 Kbyte (Jumbo
frame)
Mapping Protocol PDH-IME (n*E1) RL-IME framing and segment
Throughput 95 Mb/Sec per PDH-IME with
ETU card 30 Mb/Sec for total
PDH-IME with NPU3 card
The following maximum bit rate
over the radio hop is supported by
MMU2 H:
a. 406 Mbps in a 56 MHz
channel
b. 812 Mbps in a 56 MHz
channel with XPIC and
Adaptive Modulation
Latency end to end latency contribution
between two Ethernet ports on two
nodes connected with Ethernet over
PDH mapping with 95 Mbps link
capacity is:
a. 0,2 ms for 64 Byte frame size
b. 0,6 ms for 2048 Byte frame
size
NPU3 has an average latency
contribution of 1,5 ms for all frame
sizes.
Typical end to end latency
contribution between two Ethernet
ports on two nodes connected with
Ethernet over packet Link with 135
Mbps link capacity is: 0,15 ms for
64 Byte frame size 0,35 ms for
2048 Byte frame size
Ethernet frame Header Increased 6 % Increased 0.5 ,0.6 %

Microwavecomponent
• Indoor
• Outdoor
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Microwave component
• Outdoor Unit
• Reflector and Radom
This part used to reflect
electromagnetic wave also
diameter of this part control lobe width degree
(gain).
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Microwave component
• Reflector Size & Beam width relation
• Reflector types:
• HP (High Performance)
• SHP (Super High Performance)
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Microwave component
• Horn Types:
• Single
• Dual
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Microwave component
• RAU (Radio Access Unit): This part responsible for radio
Modulation (GHZ) to start transmit wave through Horn
and reflector
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Microwave component
• Integrated Power Splitter (IPS): this Module use to
support RAU protection
• Asymmetric
• Symmetric
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Microwave component
• IF cable: it's connection between outdoor unit and
indoor unit,
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ProtectionTypes
• Microwave Protection:
1+0: Microwave use one RAU to transmit and received
if there is problem in RAU all data dropped
1+1: Microwave use two RAU one of them protected
and another as protection if there is problem in one
RAU another RAU can transmit and received
• Data protection:
MSP (Multiplex Section Protection): it is port
protection
SNCP (Sub network connection Protection) it is path
protection
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TNTypes
• AMM (Access Module Modem):
TN2P
TN6P
 TN6PC
 TN6PD
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TNTypes
• AMM (Access Module Modem):
TN20P
 TN20P
 TN20PB
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TNModules
• MMU (Modem Module Unit):
Function: Modulate base band signal to IF (Intermediate
Frequency) Signal and send it to RAU
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TNModules
• Node Processor Unit (NPU):
Function: The NPU handles the control functions of the system. It
also provides traffic and management interfaces
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TNModules
• LTU (Line termination Unit):
Function: It is card support output traffic
 There are two types:
Traditional
Channelized STM
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TNModules
• ETU (Ethernet Terminal Unit):
Function: Module card used to Support Ethernet over PDH by use
PDH-IME Protocol
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TNEthernet
• Ethernet Connection types:
E-LAN
E-Line
• Ethernet Over radio Microwave:
Ethernet Over PDH
Native Ethernet
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RadioLink Configuration
• Radio Link Parameter Configured:

RadioLink Configuration
• RSL (Received Signal Level):

TNManagement
• DCN (Data Communication Network):

TNManagement
• Configure Basic NE:

TNManagement
• Configure OSPF:

Alignment
• Antenna Radial Pattern Envelope :
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Alignment
• RSL=40*(Volt value)-120
• The following fig show relation between volt and RSL value
• RSL: Received Signal Level (dBm)
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OperatorNMC Basicchart
NMC
Access team
Transmission
Team
Core Team
Service
Team

Mobile network structure

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Mobile network structure